Potential Source Of New Drugs Research Articles

Exploring the enzyme inhibitory properties of Antarctic algal extracts

Abstract Objectives Marine organisms obtained from Antarctica are prominent sources for many important activities. Algae are known for adapting to various adverse environmental conditions and for producing secondary metabolites with various biological activities. This study examined the enzyme inhibitory properties of six different Antarctic algal extracts. Methods We investigated the activity of specific enzymes, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carbonic anhydrase (CA I/II), glutathione reductase (GR), and α-glucosidase (AG), as these enzymes have potential therapeutic applications such as in Alzheimer’s disease, malaria, cancer, and diabetes mellitus. Results The results of the study found that the algal extracts had potent inhibitory effects on these enzymes, with IC50 values ranging from 0.60 to 48.85 μg/mL, indicating that these extracts could be source of potential new drugs. Monostroma harioti and Cystosphaera jacquinotii extracts demonstrated highest AChE and CA I enzymes inhibiton. M. harioti and Desmarestia antarctica extracts presented highest GR enzyme inhibiton, C. jacquinotii and D. antarctica extracts presented highest inhibitory activity against BChE, CA II and α-glucosidase enzymes. Conclusions Extracts of algae samples taken from Antarctica have high enzyme inhibitory activity, and further studies are needed to find out which compounds may be responsible for the effect.

Benzoic acid derivatives as potent antibiofilm agents against Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm

Klebsiella pneumoniae is responsible for a significant proportion of human urinary tract infections, and its biofilm is a major virulence. One potential approach to controlling biofilm-associated infections is targeting the adhesin MrkD1P to disrupt biofilm formation. We employed Schrodinger's Maestro tool with the OPLS 2005 force field to dock compounds with the target protein. Two benzoic acid derivatives, 3-hydroxy benzoic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, had strong binding free energies (-55.57 and-18.68kcal/mol) and were the most potent compounds. The in-vitro experiments were conducted to validate the in-silico results. The results showed that both compounds effectively inhibited biofilm formation at low concentrations (4 and 8mg/mL, respectively) and had antibiofilm activity, restricting cell attachment. Both compounds demonstrated a strong biofilm inhibitory effect, with 97% and 89% reduction in biofilm by 3-hydroxy benzoic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. These findings suggest that natural compounds can be a potential source of new drugs to combat biofilm-associated infections. The study highlights the potential of targeting adhesin MrkD1P as an effective approach to controlling biofilm-associated infections caused by K.pneumoniae. The results may have implications for the development of new therapies for biofilm-associated infections and pave the way for future research in this area.

Neuroprotective, neurogenic, and anticholinergic evidence of Ganoderma lucidum cognitive effects: Crucial knowledge is still lacking.

Ganoderma lucidum is a mushroom that has been widely used for centuries in Asian countries for its antiaging properties. It is popularly known as"Ling Zhi,""Reishi," and "Youngzhi,"and because of its benefits, it is known as the "immortality mushroom." Pharmacological assays have revealed that G. lucidum ameliorates cognitive impairments through inhibition of β-amyloid and neurofibrillary tangleformation, antioxidant effect, reduction of inflammatory cytokine release and apoptosis, genic expression modulation, among other activities.Chemical investigations onG. lucidumhaverevealed the presence of metabolites such as triterpenes, which are the most explored in this field, as well as flavonoids, steroids, benzofurans, and alkaloids; in theliterature, thesehave also been reportedto havemnemonic activity. These properties of the mushroom make ita potential source of new drugs to prevent or reverse memory disorders,as actual medications are able toonly alleviate some symptomsbut are unable to stop the progress of cognitive impairments, with no impact on social, familiar, and personal relevance. In this review, we discuss the cognitive findings of G. lucidum reported in the literature, converging the proposed mechanisms through the several pathways that underlie memory and cognition processes. In addition, we highlight the gaps that deserveparticular attention to support future studies.

Aspergillus co-cultures: A recent insight into their secondary metabolites and microbial interactions.

There is an urgent need for novel antibiotics to combat emerging resistant microbial strains. One of the most pressing resources is Aspergillus microbial cocultures. The genome of Aspergillus species comprises a far larger number of novel gene clusters than previously expected, and novel strategies and approaches are essential to exploit this potential source of new drugs and pharmacological agents. This is the first review consulting recent developments and chemical diversity of Aspergillus cocultures and highlighting its untapped richness. The analyzed data revealed that cocultivation of several Aspergillus species with other microorganisms, including bacteria, plants, and fungi, is a source of novel bioactive natural products. Various vital chemical skeleton leads were newly produced or augmented in Aspergillus cocultures, among which were taxol, cytochalasans, notamides, pentapeptides, silibinin, and allianthrones. The possibility of mycotoxin production or complete elimination in cocultivations was detected, which pave the way for better decontamination strategies. Most cocultures revealed a remarkable improvement in their antimicrobial or cytotoxic behavior due to their produced chemical patterns; for instance, weldone and asperterrin whose antitumor and antibacterial activities, respectively, were superior. Microbial cocultivation elicited the upregulation or production of specific metabolites whose importance and significance are yet to be revealed. With more than 155 compounds isolated from Aspergillus cocultures in the last 10 years, showing overproduction, reduction, or complete suppression under the optimized coculture circumstances, this study filled a gap for medicinal chemists searching for new lead sources or bioactive molecules as anticancer agents or antimicrobials.

A Review of Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activities of Vitex negundo

Vitex negundo is a plant with medicinal properties that has been employed in traditional medicine to address a wide range of health conditions. This review summarizes the phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Vitex negundo. The plant contains various bioactive compounds such as terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils, which exhibit diverse pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, antioxidant, antitumor, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiparasitic effects. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy of Vitex negundo in the treatment of various diseases. The plant also possesses hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and neuroprotective effects. However, further studies are needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action of Vitex negundo and to develop new drugs based on its bioactive compounds. In conclusion, Vitex negundo is a promising medicinal plant that deserves further investigation as a potential source of new drugs for the treatment of various diseases.

Marine Natural Products with Activities against Prostate Cancer: Recent Discoveries.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, with over 52,000 new cases diagnosed every year. Diagnostics and early treatment are potentially hindered by variations in screening protocols, still largely reliant on serum levels of acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen, with tumour diagnosis and grading relying on histopathological examination. Current treatment interventions vary in terms of efficacy, cost and severity of side effects, and relapse can be aggressive and resistant to the current standard of care. For these reasons, the scientific community is looking for new chemotherapeutic agents. This review reports compounds and extracts derived from marine organisms as a potential source of new drugs against prostate cancer. Whilst there are several marine-derived compounds against other cancers, such as multiple myeloma, leukemia, breast and lung cancer, already available in the market, the presently collated findings show how the marine environment can be considered to hold potential as a new drug source for prostate cancer, as well. This review presents information on compounds presently in clinical trials, as well as new compounds/extracts that may enter trials in the future. We summarise information regarding mechanisms of action and active concentrations.

Trewia nudiflora: A potential source of new drugs

Medicinal plants have long history of being using as traditional medicines in almost every corner of the earth. Various chemical constituents of the plant are responsible for the activities. The plant Trewia nudiflora, belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family and is found abundantly in South Asia and Eastern Australia. Almost all parts of the plant such as root, stem bark, leaf, fruit and seed possess bioactive chemical constituents. The major chemical constituents are taraxerone, betasitosterol, nudiflorine, trewiasine, dehydrotrewiasine and maytanbutine. Although various parts of the plant have potential activity against cancer, tuberculosis, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer and antimicrobial activities, but many activities like diabetes, arthritis, analgesic, anticoagulant has not yet been studied. So, this plant could be a potential source for the future research.

Analgesic Action of Catechin on Chronic Constriction Injury–Induced Neuropathic Pain in Sprague–Dawley Rats

Chronic neuropathy is a common and debilitating problem that poses a significant challenge to health care worldwide. Natural compounds have received considerable attention as potential sources of new drugs for the treatment of neuropsychiatric pain. Catechin is a well-known novel flavonoid with several therapeutic properties, notably in neurodegenerative diseases. The current study is designed to investigate the role of catechin in neuroprotective activity in the chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. Apparently, healthy adult male Sprague–Dawley rats weighing 160–190 g (8 weeks old) were selected and grouped into the following: sham (distilled water), CCI group (CCI), standard [CCI + pregabalin (10 mg/kg, p.o.)], and test catechin [CCI + catechin (50 and 100 μg/kg p.o.)] for 28 days. Behavioral, thermal, and mechanical changes were evaluated. The results showed that mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were reduced in the catechin-treated group when compared with the CCI group. In addition, the relationship between the analgesic effect of catechin and the expressions of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-β was established. The results showed that catechin reversed the signs of neuropathic pain. It also decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-β in the rat brain. Therefore, the results suggested that catechin has promising potential in the treatment and management of neuropathic pain by decreasing the levels of NF-κβ–regulated inflammatory cytokines in the chronic constriction injury model.

Identification and characterization of phytochemicals and constituents in Desmodium velutinum stem using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

The aim of this study was to analyse and identify phytochemicals and bioactive constituents present in Desmodium velutinum stem. Fresh stems of Desmodium velutinum were air-dried at room temperature for 3 days. The stems were pulverized into a fine powder which was extracted with methanol (80% v/v). The concentrated extract was fractionated using n-hexane, ethylacetate, and aqueous methanol. Phytochemical analyses and bioactive composition were done using standard methods and HPLC. The fractionation of 40 g Desmodium velutinum stem methanol extract using aqueous methanol gave a 16 % percentage yield. The phytochemical analyses showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids with concentrations 5.02±1.22 mg/g, 2.64±0.01 mg/g, 7.02±1.18 mg/g and 3.61±0.04 mg/g respectively. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the aqueous fraction of Desmodium velutinum stem showed the presence of different constituents of flavonoids, phenols, and tannins in varying concentrations. The flavonoids include rutin hydrate and apigenin. The phenols identified were p-coumaric acid, rutin, ferrulic acid, and apigenin while the tannins identified were tannic acid. These phytochemicals identified in Desmodium velutinum stem have been reported to possess antioxidant properties which may be used in preventing and alleviating diseases. Desmodium velutinum may therefore be a potential source of new drugs in orthodox medicine. Most of these phytocompounds form part of the components of Traditional Chinese Medicine as well as African Traditional Medicine.

Cratoxylum sumatranum stem bark exhibited antimalarial activity by Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) assay.

The antimalarial drug resistance is an obstacle in the effort to overcome malaria. The new alternative antimalarial drug became in great attention of urgent need. Current antimalarial drugs were derived from plants. Therefore, the plant is considering a potential source of new drugs. Cratoxylum sumatranum belongs to the Hypericaceae family contain xanthones and phenolic compounds, which was reported for their antimalarial activities. This study aims to determine the antimalarial activities of C.sumatranum extracts and fractions. Cratoxylum sumatranum stem bark (BP14-SB) collected from Balikpapan Botanical Garden in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, was extracted gradually with n-hexane, dichloromethane, and methanol by ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. All extracts were tested against Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay and followed by IC50 determination. The most active extract was further separated and tested for their antimalarial activities. The results showed that dichloromethane stem bark extract (BP14-SB-D) had the strongest inhibition of parasite growth with the IC50 value of 0.44±0.05μg/mL and moderately toxic with the CC50 value of 29.09±0.05μg/mL. Further fractionation of BP14-SB-D by open column chromatography using silica gel and gradient hexane-ethyl acetate obtained 12 fractions. LDH assay for these 12 fractions ofBP14-SB-D showed that Fraction-6 (IC50 value of 0.19±0.03μg/mL) was performed the strongest inhibition of parasite growth, compared to other fractions. TLC identification showed that BP14-SB-D contains xanthone. The dichloromethane extract of C.sumatranum stem bark (BP14-SB-D) and Fraction-6 from this extract exhibited antimalarial activity and the potential to be developed an antimalarial substance.

“Old” and “new” probiotics in the treatment of gastroenterological diseases in children and adults: how to increase effectiveness?

The purpose of the review is to analyze the real benefits of the use of traditional probiotics and to highlight the issues of the possibility of creating and using new generation probiotics in the treatment of gastroenterological pathology. Questions of effectiveness of therapy with traditional probiotics of functional and organic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in children and adults from the points of view of evidence-based medicine are analyzed, insufficient number of studies in children and frequent absence of significant differences in the effect of probiotics compared to placebo are emphasized. New generation probiotic candidates are described, which could become potential sources of new drugs for various diseases, including gastroenterological pathology. The main problems in the way of creation and introduction of new probiotics are outlined. Data on an alternative approach of probiotic therapy based on use to restore microbiocenosis of own bacteria, which are grown as pure genetically characterized cultures and can be used as probiotic products, are presented.

Pharmacological activity and mechanism of action of plants with anti-inflammatory properties found in brazilian flora

Objective: To describe the importance of medicinal plants in the social and pharmacological context, demonstrating the anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential and the mechanism of action of drugs present in the chemical composition of four plants present in the Brazilian flora. Methods: A bibliographic survey on the topic was carried out, using the descriptors: Activity, Anti-inflammatory, Plants, Flora, Brazilian. In Scielo, Google Scholar and PUBMED databases. For the inclusion of works, the following criteria were used: Articles from research relevant to the topic (regardless of date) and relevant publications from the year 2007. Results: The inflammatory process is a target for the treatment of various diseases and development new treatments are needed. We discuss here the anti-inflammatory potential and the mechanism of action of the following plants: Uncaria tomentosa, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi and Mentha piperita demonstrated through in vitro studies and murine models of diseases. The species showed anti-inflammatory action by reducing the production of inflammatory mediators and inhibiting the activity of important pro-inflammatory enzymes, such as phospholipase A2 and cycloxygenase. Final considerations: The four plant species covered in this article had significant anti-inflammatory effects, therefore, they can be suggested as a source of potential new drugs.

Screening, characterization, and in vitro-ROS dependent cytotoxic potential of extract from Ficus carica against hepatocellular (HepG2) carcinoma cells

Liver cancer is one of the most frequent causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The current study sought to screen, for the first time, a Ficus carica variety from the Shandong province of China against hepatocellular (HepG2) cells. Crude extracts of F. carica with various polarities were prepared and screened against HepG2 cells. The acetone extract of the leaf (FLA) exhibited significant antiproliferative effects against HepG2 cells (IC50 = 0.179 mg/mL) while producing the least toxicity on normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Biochemical evidence of apoptosis was confirmed by staining with DAPI and AO/EB. FLA also exhibited moderate anti-colonization potential against the population of HepG2 cells. It selectively arrested the cell cycle of HepG2 cells at the S phase and exerted anticancer activity by significantly increasing the reactive oxygen species (1.59 fold) inside the cells, which subsequently resulted in loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential as revealed by JC-1 probe assay. FLA downregulated the expression of tumor-promoter Transcription Factor (TP53), anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2), and cell cycle regulatory kinases (CDK1, 5, 9) with respect to untreated cells for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of FLA revealed the presence of gallic acid and quercetin as major antiproliferative compounds along with trace amounts of rutin, luteolin, apigenin, benzoic acid, and β-sitosterol. Notably, our study showed FLA operating via novel mechanisms involving reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and CDKs involvement in HepG2 cells. Thus, it suggests that FLA may be a potential source of new drugs in the treatment of liver cancer.

Anti-diarrhoeal Effects of Aqueous Extract of Vitex doniana Stem Bark in Castor Oil-induced Wistar Rats

Vitex doniana is a medicinal plant commonly used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea-related disorders. In the present study, aqueous extract of Vitex doniana stem back was evaluated for anti-diarrhoeal effects. Thirty albino rats of average weight 124 ± 4.35 g were distributed into five groups. Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 were orally administered 2 mL of normal saline, 2.5 mg/kg bodyweight (bw) loperamide, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg bodyweight of aqueous extract of V. doniana stem back, respectively. The extract was evaluated using feacal characteristics, gastrointestinal motility and enteropooling test. Results for phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, cardiac glycosides, phenols, steroids and saponins. Aqueous extract of Vitex doniana stem bark significantly (p < 0.05) reduced total stool frequency (TSF). 100 mg/kg bw of the extract had the least TSF (4.80 ± 1.64) when compared with the reference drug (5.75 ± 2.98). 100 mg/kg bw and 400 mg/kg bw showed higher percentage inhibition of defecation than the standard drug. The extract also exhibited inhibition of wet stooling and intestinal secretion. It possesses anti-diarrhoeal effects and thus could be a potential source of new drug for the treatment of diarrhoea.
 Keywords: Diarrhoea; enteropooling gastrointestinal motility; phytochemicals; Vitex doniana

Anti-TMV activity and mode of action of three alkaloids isolated from Chelidonium majus.

Plant viral diseases are difficult to control and have caused serious damage to the agricultural industry. Recently, botanical biopesticides characterized by environment friendly, safe to non-target organism and not as susceptible to produce drug resistance, have exhibited great potential to be developed as antiviral agents. To screen the natural products with antiviral effect, three alkaloids possessed anti-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) activity were isolated from Chelidonium majus and the modes of action were investigated. The anti-TMV effect of crude extracts at 10 mg mL-1 was 51.73%. Bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation of the compounds with anti-TMV activity were performed on the methanol extract of C. majus yielding three bioactive alkaloids namely: chelerythrine (1), chelidonine (2), and sanguinarine (3). The results of bioassay showed that chelerythrine exhibited great inactivation, proliferation inhibition and protection effects against TMV at 0.5 mg mL-1 with the efficiency of 72.67%, 77.52% and 59.34%, respectively. Chelidonine at 0.1 mg mL-1 can provide 54.90% and 64.45% inhibitions on TMV through inducing resistance in two kinds of tobacco. Sanguinarine showed a weaker protection for resisting TMV in comparison to chelerythrine and chelidonine. Chelerythrine and chelidonine displayed significant inhibitions on TMV with different modes of action. These results provided important evidence that the extracts in C. majus might be a potential source of new drugs in controlling virus disease agriculturally.

Chemical Profiling and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Five Phaedranassa Herb. (Amaryllidaceae) Species from Ecuador.

It is estimated that 50 million people in the world live with dementia, 60–70% of whom suffer from Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Different factors are involved in the development of AD, including a reduction in the cholinergic neurotransmission level. The Amaryllidaceae plant family contains an exclusive, large, and still understudied alkaloid group characterized by a singular skeleton arrangement and a broad spectrum of biological activities. The chemistry and biodiversity of Ecuadorian representatives of the Phaedranassa genus (Amaryllidaceae) have not been widely studied. In this work, five Ecuadorian Phaedranassa species were examined in vitro for their activity towards the enzymes acetyl- (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), and the alkaloid profile of bulb extracts was analyzed by GC-MS. The species Phaedranassa cuencana and Phaedranassa dubia showed the most AChE and BuChE inhibitory activity, respectively. To obtain insight into the potential role of the identified alkaloids in these inhibitory effects, docking experiments were carried out, and cantabricine showed in silico inhibitory activity against both cholinesterase structures. Our results show that Amaryllidaceae species from Ecuador are a potential source of new drugs for the palliative treatment of AD.

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activity of Pollen Extract Collected by Scaptotrigona affinis postica: in silico, in vitro, and in vivo Studies.

Bees are of great importance for plant diversity for being an important pollinating agents. Stingless bees such as Scaptotrigona affinis postica, is cultivated largely due to the products offered by it. Pollen is one of these products, which has been highlighted for exhibit various therapeutic properties. Considering the bioactivity of this natural product, this study investigated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive activities, and elucidated the chemical composition of pollen collected extract by Scaptotrigona affinis postica. Using in vitro assays, the antioxidant potential and inhibitory activity against the COX enzyme from pollen extract was evaluated. Additionally, tests were performed to measure the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities in animal models. In our results, we found that pollen extract showed antioxidant effects and inhibitory activity against the COX enzyme. The in vivo assays showed that the extract acts on the nervous system in local and systemic levels and that the anti-inflammatory activity is due the prostanoids reducing. Chemical analyses recognize 10 molecules in the extract belonging to the polyphenol and flavonoids classes and the computational study suggests that is responsible for the observed results. Thus, it is reported for the first time the biological potential of S. aff. postica pollen extract and we conclude that this bee product can be considered as one source of potential new drugs.

Semisynthetic and newly designed derivatives based on natural chemical scaffolds: moving beyond natural products to fight Trypanosoma cruzi

Secondary metabolites obtained from natural sources are medicinally relevant molecules. About one-third of all FDA-approved drugs are derived from or based on natural products, which suggests that molecular optimization is often required for translation from benchtop to clinical practice. Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is a neglected tropical disease highly prevalent in Latin America. It has a significant impact on socioeconomic indicators and is not easily cured by the two currently available drugs, benznidazole and nifurtimox. Considering the importance of developing new bioactive molecules based on natural products, this article reviews 21 years of literature reports on the semisynthesis and total synthesis of new compounds targeting T. cruzi. From 1997 to 2018, sixty-six articles reporting five hundred and thirty-seven molecules active against different strains and life stages of the parasite were published. Quinones, alkaloids, terpenes, and lignans were the four largest classes of derivatives, the majority of which had IC50 values low enough to indicate that natural product derivatives can be an important source of potential new drugs to treat Chagas disease. We highlight important molecules in each secondary metabolite class, discussing factors such as selectivity and the basis for their design. An assessment of drug-likeness parameters was performed, which might prove useful for selecting lead compounds for preclinical drug studies.

Identification of chemical compositions in some medicinal plants by GC/MS analysis

Medicinal plantsused in treatment of diseases earlier times, are potential sources of new drugs. In this study, chemical compositions of Echium khuzestanicum, Marrubium anisodan and Echinops cephalotes were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC/MS).M.anisodanand E.cephalotes aerial organs and E.khuzistanicum flowers were extracted by maceration method. According to the results, 46 kinds of chemical compounds found in methanol extract of E.khuzestanicum. There are mucilage, fatty acids, flavonoid and diterpenes in the flower of E.khuzestanicum. Seventy sixkinds of chemical compounds were found in methanol extract of E.cephalotesincludingaldehydes (7.9%), phenols (7.5%), fatty acids (5.8%) and furfural (5.4%)and86 kinds of chemical compounds found in M.anisodan extract. Furfural, steroids, vitamin B and flavonoids are the main compounds of M.anisodan.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effects of Some Medicinal Plants of Iran

Medicinal plants used in the treatment of diseases earlier times are potential sources of new drugs. The present study was undertaken to study the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of certain medicinal plants of Iran by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS), DPPH and disk diffusion method. According to the results of GC/MS, there are 46 kinds of chemical compounds including mucilage, fatty acids, flavonoid and diterpenes in flower of Echium khuzistanicum. There are aldehydes (7.9%), phenols (7.5%), fatty acids (5.8%) and furfural (5.4%) in the methanol extract of Echinops cephalotes. Furfural, steroids, vitamin B and flavonoids are the main compounds of Marrubium anisodan. Results of the antibacterial test showed that Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis were more sensitive to methanol extract of Echium khuzistanicum root. Pseudomonas auruginosa was more sensitive to DMSO extract of Marrubium anisodan at 600 mg/ml concentration. Maximum flavonoid and phenol contents were belonging to Echinops cephalotes. Marrubium anisodan showed the best DPPH free radical scavenging activity.