Source Of Phospholipids Research Articles

Squid discards as a source of phospholipid- and tocopherol-concentrates by employment of non-halogenated solvents

Squid discards as a source of phospholipid- and tocopherol-concentrates by employment of non-halogenated solvents

Enhanced Brain Myelination and Cognitive Development in Young Children Associated with Milk Fat Globule Membrane (MFGM) Intake: A Temporal Cohort Study.

Myelination is a fundamental process of neurodevelopment that facilitates the efficient brain messaging and connectivity that underlies the emergence and refinement of cognitive skills and abilities. Healthy maturation of the myelinated white matter requires appropriate neural activity and coordinated delivery of key nutritional building blocks, including short and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. While many of these nutrients are amply supplied by breastmilk, they are often provided in only limited quantities in infant formula milk. Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is a rich source of phospholipids, including sphingomyelin and has been associated with improved cognitive development in infants and children when added to infant formula. To determine if added bovine MFGM is also associated with improved myelination, this study used myelin-sensitive MRI to compare myelination trends in healthy infants and toddlers who received the same infant formula with and without added bovine MFGM in two temporal cohorts: Without Added MFGM between 2009 and 2016; and With Added MFGM between 2018-2020. We also used the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL) to compare verbal, non-verbal, and overall cognitive abilities. Matched for important demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, we found that children who received infant formula with added MFGM showed improved myelination in motor-related areas (motor cortices, internal capsule, and cerebellum) and improved MSEL nonverbal and fine motor scores. No significant differences in verbal or overall cognitive ability scores were noted. These results support the importance of phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sphingomyelin in promoting brain myelination and cognitive development.

Kinetic stability and bioavailability of curcumin nanoemulsions stabilized with krill oil phospholipids

Curcumin is a phenolic compound with widely reported bioactive properties. However, its low water solubility leads to low stability and bioavailability. Krill oil (KO) is a rich source of phospholipids naturally structured with omega-3 fatty acids (FA) that emerges as a suggested vehicle for curcumin. This study was aimed to prepare curcumin nanoemulsions (NE) using KO phospholipids as a surfactant to improve the absorption of curcumin after oral ingestion. NE were formulated with i) purified krill phospholipids (PCK), and ii) NE with crude KO without the addition of co-surfactants. As a reference, a NE was formulated using soy phosphatidylcholine (PC). Using 8 % of PCK and 4 cycles of ultrasound, NE with unimodal particle size dispersion were formed. The physicochemical analysis of the NE was monitored for 70 days at 4 and 30 °C; the nanoemulsified curcumin followed first-order degradation kinetics with a half-life (t1/2) for PC, KO, and PCK of 396, 328, and 162 days, respectively. TBARS values reached a maximum of 30 μM for KO and PCK NE, but according to the ABTS method, they had better antioxidant activities (>4.9 μM Trolox). Concerning pharmacokinetics, KO NE displayed the best bioavailability data with an AUC of 684.54 ± 72.62 ng h/mL, increasing five times more its absorption with respect to non-nanoemulsified curcumin. According to our data, NEs can guarantee the stability of curcumin during storage at 4 °C and improve its absorption after oral intake. Indeed, self-emulsified KO NEs enhance the bioavailability of curcumin to the same or better extent than soy PC conventional, but with the advantage of providing functional ingredients (omega-3 FA and astaxanthin).

Novel Pseudomonas putida-derived nanoliposomes enhance the inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cells by superb intracellular uptake of doxorubicin

In this study, we aimed to utilize phospholipids from the bacterium Pseudomonas putida (PP) as a plentiful, safe, and accessible resource for creating nanoliposomes to deliver doxorubicin (Dox) to MCF-7 breast cancer cells. This bacterium provides a cost-effective source of phospholipids commonly used in nanoliposome production, with no toxicity or adverse environmental impact. To this end, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were first conducted to evaluate the feasibility of this approach and to analyze the behavior and interaction of Dox with the nanoliposomes. The phospholipids of PP were then extracted using Folch's technique. Subsequently, Dox-loaded PP-derived nanoliposomes (PNL-Dox) were developed using the thin-film method. The physicochemical properties of the fabricated nanocarrier were then investigated and the anticancer effects of this system were tested on MCF-7 cells. The results of the MD simulations indicated that Dox reacted with all of the phospholipids through hydrogen bonds without affecting the fluidity, stability, and thickness of the nanoliposome membrane. Additionally, a small number of Dox molecules interacted with the nanocarrier membrane, while the remaining were located in its interior. The physicochemical investigation results showed that PNL-Dox had an average particle size and zeta potential of 271.7 ± 7.1 nm and −8.8 ± 3.3 mV, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the particles were spherical and did not show any signs of aggregation. Drug release of PNL-Dox was gradual at pH 7.4 and 6.5, with a significantly higher release at pH 6.5. In vitro studies demonstrated successful uptake of PNL-Dox by MCF-7 cells, resulting in cytotoxicity within 24 and 48 h of treatment. Also, it increased apoptosis and reduced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these cells. Our study showcased the potential of PP phospholipids to form a promising anti-cancer drug delivery system, opening up new possibilities for the treatment of all types of cancers.

A Comparative Study on the Composition and Structure of Human Milk Phospholipids and its Natural Resources: Based on a Similarity Evaluation Model

Human milk phospholipids (HMPLs) play an indispensable role in the neurodevelopment and growth of infants. In this study, a total of 37 phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) species and 139 phospholipid molecular species were detected from human milk and other natural phospholipid sources (including 5 animal-derived species and 2 plant species). Moreover, a similarity evaluation model for HMPLs was established, including phospholipid classes, PLFAs, and phospholipid molecular species, to evaluate their natural substitutes. The closest scores for HMPL substitute in these three dimensions was 0.89, 0.72, and 0.77, which belonged to mare milk, goat milk, and camel milk, respectively. The highest comprehensive similarity score was obtained by camel milk at 0.75, while the lowest score was observed in soybean phospholipid (0.22). Therefore, these results not only monitored the stereochemical structure of HMPLs and their substitutes, but also further provided new insights for the development of infant formulae.

Nonylphenol releases arachidonic acid in rat Sertoli cells via activation of PKA and PLA2.

The endocrine disruptor, nonylphenol (NP) increases 20:4n-6 release in Sertoli cells via PKA/cPLA2 activation. Our data show that lipid metabolism could be a target of NP-induced abnormal reproductive outcomes. Nonylphenol (NP), an endocrine-disrupting chemical, is an environmental contaminant, and many notorious effects on male fertility have been reported in animal models and wild-type species. Here, we evaluated the effects of NP in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) signal transduction pathways and lipid metabolism using an in vitro model of rat Sertoli cell (SC) primary culture. Results show that an acute (1 h) SC exposure to NP (10 µM) increased the intra- and extra-cellular concentrations of free fatty acids (FFAs), mainly arachidonic acid (20:4n-6). Phosphatidylinositol seemed to be the major phospholipid source of this 20:4n-6 release by activation of the protein kinase A (PKA)/cytoplasmic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) pathway. NP also increased diacylglycerols (DAG) levels and the expression (mRNA) of cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox2) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels. It is noteworthy that accumulation of lipid droplets took place after 24 h NP exposition, which was prevented by both a PKA inhibitor and a PLA2 inhibitor. Like FSH, NP triggers the release of 20:4n-6, which is a substrate for PGE2 synthesis via PKA/PLA2 activation. In addition, NP induces the formation of DAG, which could be required as a cofactor of the PKC-mediated activation of the COX2 inflammatory pathway. Our findings suggest that NP alters lipid homeostasis in SCs by inducing the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways that may trigger adverse effects in testis physiology over time. Concomitantly, the SC enhances the acylation of surplus FFAs (including 20:4n-6) in neutral lipids as a protective mechanism to shield itself from lipotoxicity and pro-inflammatory signals.

Technology of the boiled-smoked sausage products is for the use of side foods of processing of oil-bearing production

The article examines the issue of expanding the assortment of sausage products with a combined composition of raw materials, using dietary fibers with functional and technological properties that stabilize the quality of meat raw materials to create products with a functional purpose. Enriching meat products with dietary fibers is advisable to achieve specific technological goals in physiologically significant quantities. Pumpkin seed processing products are characterized as gluten-free; their use is relevant for enriching finished products with a vitamin-mineral complex. Fiber from industrial hemp seeds is a by-product of oil production and a unique source of protein, natural carotene, phytosterols, and phospholipids. The recipe and production technology of cooked-smoked sausage products with a combined composition of raw materials has been experimentally confirmed. It was established that using hydrated fiber from hemp seeds and pumpkin seeds in the recipe of sausage products improves structural and mechanical characteristics, has high organoleptic indicators, and ensures the production of a product of increased biological and nutritional value. Food additives of vegetable origin give sausage products an appetizing appearance, proper texture and consistency, and appropriate taste while significantly reducing their production cost. With the optimal selection of the recipe, food supplements of plant origin allow you to balance products from the point of view of nutrition. The best results are a complex of characteristics for using a hydrated hemp and pumpkin seed fiber mixture. The technology aims to solve the problem of expanding the range of meat products for mass consumption with increased nutritional value. Enrichment of sausage products with fiber from pumpkin seeds and industrial hemp helps improve the products' functional properties. It ensures the formation of the necessary structural and mechanical properties. Using processed products of pumpkin seeds and industrial hemp as raw materials for sausage production solves the food industry's resource conservation problem.

Использование продуктов пчеловодства в качестве сырья для получения комплекса фосфолипидов

Considering that animal products (the brain of large and small cattle, pigs, as well as chicken eggs) and vegetable (soybean, rapeseed, sunflower, corn oil) origin are used as technological raw materials for the production of phospholipids, which, unfortunately, are expensive food products. products, some of which (soybean oil) is imported at the expense of foreign currency, we have carried out real research to optimize the composition and formulation of products used in the production of phospholipids. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the possibility of obtaining phospholipids from affordable and cheap raw materials of bee products, which have a higher biological effect on the body. It is known that the use of non-traditional raw materials - dead bees, which has a unique biochemical composition (chitosan, melanin, bee venom, heparin, 18 amino acids, 27 trace elements, vitamins K, E, P, D), which has a multifaceted effect on the body, including. the ability to bind and remove toxicants and radionuclides, as well as antioxidant, radioprotective, hemoprotective action), compares favorably with the sources of phospholipids used and significantly reduces the cost of the final product, while maintaining the biological properties required for phospholipids used in the design of liposomal forms of drugs.

Valorization of Rice Bran Gums: An Untapped Source of Natural Phospholipids

Valorization of Rice Bran Gums: An Untapped Source of Natural Phospholipids

Partition of milk phospholipids during ice cream manufacturing

The distribution of phospholipids (PL) within the fat and serum phase of ice cream manufacturing was evaluated through partition coefficients (KPL) after mixing, pasteurization, freezing, and hardening. Ice creams containing about 40.41 ± 3.45 (± standard deviation; control formulation) and 112.29 ± 9.06 (enriched PL formulation) mg of PL per g of fat were formulated with nonfat dry milk and β-serum, respectively. Overall, the KPL were lower than 1, indicating that the PL were predominantly found in the fat phase, and only a small amount was left in the serum and sediment. Confocal micrographs visually confirmed this generalization. The addition of PL significantly increased the viscosity of the mixes between 4- and 9-fold, depending on the shear rate. Additionally, mixes containing high PL exhibited higher yield stress than those formulated with low PL (0.15 ± 0.09 and 0.016 ± 0.08 Pa, respectively). Ice creams with high PL delayed the onset of meltdown and exhibited a slower rate of a meltdown than low-PL ice creams (18.53 ± 0.57 and 14.83 ± 0.85 min, and 1.01 ± 0.05 and 0.71 ± 0.04% min-1, respectively). This study provides useful guidelines for manufacturing ice cream enriched in milk PL. Additionally, the use of β-serum, a byproduct stream, as a source of PL is illustrated. The development will require studying the sensorial description of the product as well as consumer acceptance.

Soy Lecithin Supplementation Promotes Growth and Increases Lipid Digestibility in GIFT Nile Tilapia Raised at Suboptimal Temperature

Soy lecithin (SL) is a source of phospholipids, which play a crucial role in determining cell membrane structure, fluidity, and functionality. This study investigated the effects of dietary SL on the performance, nutrient digestibility, and body composition of Nile tilapia juveniles (average initial weight 12.2 g) raised at 22 °C. The experimental diets contained increasing levels of SL (0.0, 21.0, 43.0, and 64.0 g kg−1). The best weight gain and feed efficiency occurred with 42.2 and 49.8 g kg−1 of SL inclusion, respectively, estimated through quadratic regression after 90 days of feeding. The body composition of the fish was also affected by feeding with SL, with a decrease in total body lipids and viscerosomatic and hepatosomatic indices but an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids. A digestibility trial using only two diets (0SLD and 43SLD) revealed increased lipid and fatty acids digestibility in fish fed with 43SLD. In addition, the consumption of digestible nutrients was the highest in fish fed the diet 43SL. Therefore, SL supplementation is beneficial in fall/spring diets for Nile tilapia juveniles as it can improve growth, lipid digestibility, and body composition when supplemented within the range of 42 to 50 g kg−1 diet.

Krill oil inhibited adipogenic differentiation by inducing the nuclear Nrf2 expression and the AMPK activity.

The current study investigated the antiadipogenic mechanism of krill oil from the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The krill oil adhered to the criteria as a food standard by showing 50.8% of the total phospholipid, 5.27% myristic acid, and 1.63% linoleic acid. The lipid accumulation that was measured in the 3T3-L1 cells using oil red O staining was reduced up to 54% by the krill oil. The krill oil treatment reduced the adipogenic transcription factors by downregulating the sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), phospho-ACC, and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. The current study confirmed that the krill oil inhibited adipogenesis by downregulating SREBP1 and ACC via the upregulation of the AMPK and nuclear factors E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway in the 3T3-L1 adipocytes. These findings suggest that krill oil is a good source of phospholipid and phosphatidylcholine, which could be a potential natural antiobesity ingredient by inhibiting adipogenesis.

TMEM16E regulates endothelial cell procoagulant activity and thrombosis.

Endothelial cells (ECs) normally form an anticoagulant surface under physiological conditions, but switch to support coagulation following pathogenic stimuli. This switch promotes thrombotic cardiovascular disease. To generate thrombin at physiologic rates, coagulation proteins assemble on a membrane containing anionic phospholipid, most notably phosphatidylserine (PS). PS can be rapidly externalized to the outer cell membrane leaflet by phospholipid "scramblases," such as TMEM16F. TMEM16F-dependent PS externalization is well characterized in platelets. In contrast, how ECs externalize phospholipids to support coagulation is not understood. We employed a focused genetic screen to evaluate the contribution of transmembrane phospholipid transport on EC procoagulant activity. We identified 2 TMEM16 family members, TMEM16F and its closest paralog, TMEM16E, which were both required to support coagulation on ECs via PS externalization. Applying an intravital laser-injury model of thrombosis, we observed, unexpectedly, that PS externalization was concentrated at the vessel wall, not on platelets. TMEM16E-null mice demonstrated reduced vessel-wall-dependent fibrin formation. The TMEM16 inhibitor benzbromarone prevented PS externalization and EC procoagulant activity and protected mice from thrombosis without increasing bleeding following tail transection. These findings indicate the activated endothelial surface is a source of procoagulant phospholipid contributing to thrombus formation. TMEM16 phospholipid scramblases may be a therapeutic target for thrombotic cardiovascular disease.

Comprehensive Screening for EPA/DHA-Structured Phospholipids in Aquatic Products by a Specific Precursor Ion Scanning-Based HILIC-MS/MS Method

Comprehensive screening for functional substances from natural resources is always a hot research topic. Eicosapentaenoic acid- (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-structured phospholipids (PLEPA/DHA) have versatile cardiovascular benefits as well as superior bioavailability. Herein, the abundance of PLEPA/DHA in 16 aquatic products was specifically and selectively screened using a recently developed precursor ion scan-driven hydrophilic interaction chromatography-mass spectrometry (PreIS-HILIC/MS) method with the fatty acyl moieties of EPA (m/z 301.6) and DHA (m/z 327.6) locked. The aim focused on the characteristics and differences in the varieties and contents of EPA/DHA-structured phosphatidylcholine (PCEPA/DHA) and EPA/DHA-structured phosphatidylethanolamine (PEEPA/DHA) molecular species. A total of 80 PLEPA/DHA molecules were identified in these natural sources, including 47 PCEPA/DHA and 33 PEEPA/DHA. After analysis, PC 16:0/20:5 and PC 16:0/22:6 are present in all aquatic products and at high levels. Antarctic krill was found to be the best resource of PLEPA/DHA in total (2574.69 μg·g-1), followed by mackerel (2330.11 μg·g-1), salmon (2109.91 μg·g-1), and Farrer's scallop (1883.59 μg·g-1), while abalone contained the lowest level of PLEPA/DHA (310.44 μg·g-1). Besides, sea cucumber and sea bass contained the highest contents of EPA-structured and DHA-structured ether phospholipids, respectively, which could be highly recommended as dietary sources of special functional phospholipids. Finally, the multiple discrepancies between the 16 aquatic products were revealed by multivariate statistical analysis. These findings improve the awareness of the composition and content of PLEPA/DHA contained in aquatic products, providing a reference for their integrated development.

Effect of dietary soy-lecithin on growth and body composition of Indian black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) reared under hyperosmotic stress condition

Sixty days feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of dietary soy-lecithin (phosphatidylcholine) as a source ofphospholipids on the growth performance of Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1798) reared at hyperosmotic stress conditions(40‰) in indoor tanks. Four experimental diets viz., DL-1 (Control), DL-1.5, DL-2 and DL-2.5 were formulated by includingsoy-lecithin at the rate of 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5%, respectively. The results revealed that the daily growth coefficient (DGC)significantly (p<0.05) increased from 1.44 to 1.67% day-1 when the inclusion levels were increased from 1 to 2.5%. Therelative growth rate (RGR) was significantly (p<0.05) high in the groups fed on DL-2 and DL-2.5 diets than in the groupsfed other diets (DL-1 and DL-1.5). Compared to DL-1, all the other diets (DL-1.5, DL-2 and DL-2.5) had increased DGCby 7.81, 11.06 and 15.89% and decreased feed conversion ratio (FCR) by 8.70, 8.83 and 9.56%, respectively. The dietarytreatments had no significant difference in survival (75.56-82.22%) and carcass composition except body lipid, which wassignificantly (p<0.05) high (3.66%) in DL-2 and DL-2.5 fed groups compared to DL-1 and DL-1.5 (3.25-3.42%). Carcassphospholipids increased (p<0.05) from 61.96 to 69.69% with increasing dietary soy-lecithin levels, while triacylglycerides(p>0.05) and cholesterol (p>0.05) were not affected. The inclusion levels of soy-lecithin had no significant influence on thefatty acid composition of P. monodon except for C16:0 and C18:2c, which were high (p<0.05) in the groups fed DL-2 andDL-2.5 diets. Results concluded that soy-lecithin as a source of phospholipids can be more effective at hyperosmotic stressconditions and could be included at >2.5% in the diet of P. monodon. Keywords: Carcass composition, Hyperosmotic stress, Penaeus monodon, Phospholipids, Salinity, Soy-lecithin

Effects of Different Phospholipid Sources on Growth and Gill Health in Atlantic Salmon in Freshwater Pre-Transfer Phase.

Growth and histological parameters were evaluated in Atlantic salmon (74 g) that were fed alternative phospholipid (PL) sources in freshwater (FW) up to 158 g and were transferred to a common seawater (SW) tank with crowding stress after being fed the same commercial diet up to 787 g. There were six test diets in the FW phase: three diets with different doses of krill meal (4%, 8%, and 12%), a diet with soy lecithin, a diet with marine PL (from fishmeal), and a control diet. The fish were fed a common commercial feed in the SW phase. The 12% KM diet was compared against the 2.7% fluid soy lecithin and 4.2% marine PL diets, which were formulated to provide the same level of added 1.3% PL in the diet similar to base diets with 10% fishmeal in the FW period. A trend for increased weight gain with high variability was associated with an increased KM dose in the FW period but not during the whole trial, whereas the 2.7% soy lecithin diet tended to decrease growth during the whole trial. A trend for decreased hepatosomatic index (HSI) was associated with an increased KM dose during transfer but not during the whole trial. The soy lecithin and marine PL diets showed similar HSI in relation to the control diet during the whole trial. No major differences were observed in liver histology between the control, 12% KM, soy lecithin, and marine PL diets during transfer. However, a minor positive trend in gill health (lamella inflammation and hyperplasia histology scores) was associated with the 12% KM and control diets versus the soy lecithin and marine PL diets during transfer.

Effects of egg yolk level, penetrating cryoprotectant, and pre-freeze cooling rate, on the post-thaw quality of stallion sperm

The current study determined the effect of the egg-yolk (phospholipid source) level (egg yolk [20% EY] vs. skim-milk + egg yolk [SM + 2% EY]), cryoprotectant (glycerol [Gly] vs. glycerol + methylformamide [Gly + MF]), and pre-freeze cooling rate (–0.1 vs. –1 vs. −5 °C/min) on post-thaw stallion sperm quality. In Experiment 1, ejaculates (n = 27) from 9 stallions (3 ejaculates each) with varied sperm quality (High, Average, or Low) were frozen in EY-Gly, SMEY-Gly, EY-Gly + MF, or SMEY-Gly + MF extenders. Sperm in each group were cooled from 22° to 5°C using either −0.1 °C/min or −1 °C/min linear cooling rates prior to freezing. In Experiment 2, ejaculates (n = 24) from 12 stallions (2 ejaculates each) with High or Average sperm quality were frozen in EY-Gly, EY-Gly + MF, or in BotuCrio (BC) extenders. Sperm in each group were cooled from 22° to 5°C using either –1 or −5 °C/min linear cooling rates prior to freezing. In Experiment 1, for stallions with High or Average sperm quality, either cooling rate generally resulted in lower sperm quality for the SMEY-based extenders than for the EY-based extenders (P < 0.05). Stallions with Low sperm quality were unaffected by any experimental treatment (P > 0.05). In Experiment 2, a −5 °C/min cooling rate yielded lower sperm quality in BC than in EY-Gly or EY-Gly + MF groups (P < 0.05); however, a −1 °C/min cooling rate yielded similar sperm quality among these treatments (P > 0.05). In summary, the phospholipid level in the freezing extender and the pre-freeze cooling rate, but not the penetrating cryoprotectant, affected the post-thaw quality of stallion sperm.

Folate, Choline, and Vitamin B12 Supplementation for Pre-Conceptional and Pregnant Women

Folate, Choline, and Vitamin B12 Supplementation for Pre-Conceptional and Pregnant Women Abstract. Inadequate maternal folate status is associated with higher risk of neural tube defects. The threshold for a good supply of folate (e.g., folate concentration in erythrocytes) is > 906nmol/L for all women who may become pregnant. This quite high folate concentration should already be reached before the onset of pregnancy, which can hardly be achieved with food. Supplementation with folate or folic acid is therefore strongly recommended for all women planning pregnancy (four to eight weeks before the start of pregnancy until the end of the first trimester). Folate supplementation can significantly reduce the risk of neural tube defects at the population level (approximately 50%), but it cannot prevent all cases. Recent studies show that low maternal choline and vitamin B12 intake during pregnancy is also associated with higher risk of neural tube defects. The role of choline in fetal brain development is biologically plausible based on its function as a source of methyl groups, acetylcholine, and cell membrane phospholipids and is not completely interchangeable with folate. Data on the association between maternal choline intake during preconception and the first trimester and fetal brain development suggest a causal relationship. The intake recommendation for choline is 480mg/day for pregnant women and 550mg/day for lactating women. Choline intake (mainly from animal-based diets) averages about 300mg/day and is thus insufficient for optimal supply during pregnancy. To date, no specific recommendations exist for choline supplementation before and during pregnancy. In Europe, prevention approaches at the population level are generally poorly followed. Therefore, individual counseling of young women planning pregnancy is more relevant than ever.

USE OF PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES IN FEEDING YOUNG PIGS

Optimization of phosphatides content in mixed fodder with and without fats, determination of the role of various sources of phospholipids in the feeding of pigs are urgent tasks, since the presence of fat and fat-like substances in their diets is not standardized. The article is devoted to the biological role of phosphoglycerides in the body of monogastric animals. The content of phosphoglycerides and their fractions in the grain components of mixed fodder for pigs was studied, the fractional composition of fatty acids of grain fodder was investigated. It was established that the introduction of 1% of “Dry lecithin” additive into mixed fodder for young pigs increased the growth rate of weaned piglets by 30 g, and 2% – by 51.8 g. Feeding the growing-finishing gilts with mixed fodder containing 1% and 2% of the studied additive increased their live weight gain by 29.8 and 37.9 g respectively.

Growth, Health, and Gut Microbiota of Female Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei Broodstock Fed Different Phospholipid Sources.

Phospholipids have an important antioxidant effect on animals. The effects of different dietary phospholipid sources on the growth, antioxidant activity, immunity, and gut microbiota of female broodstock of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei were investigated. Four isoproteic and isolipid semi-purified diets containing 4% soybean lecithin (SL), egg yolk lecithin (EL), or krill oil (KO) and a control diet without phospholipid supplementation were fed to female broodstock of L. vannamei (34.7 ± 4.2 g) for 28 days. The growth performance, antioxidative capacity, and innate immunity of the female broodstock fed phospholipid supplemented diets were improved regardless of sources compared with the control shrimp. The effects on growth and antioxidant capacity in female shrimp fed the KO diet were highest. The innate immunity of female shrimp fed the EL and KO diets were significantly higher than shrimp fed the SL diet. Dietary phospholipid supplementation increased gut microbiota diversity and richness, and the Chao1 and ACE values in the KO group were significantly higher than in the control group. The richness of Proteobacteria, Photobacterium, and Vibrio decreased, whereas the richness of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes increased in the shrimp fed the KO diet compared with the shrimp fed the SL and EL diets. The interactions of gut microbiota in shrimp fed the KO diet were the most complex, and the positive interaction was the largest among all the treatments. The functional genes of gut microbiota in shrimp fed the KO diet were significantly enriched in lipid metabolism and terpenoid/polyketide metabolism pathways. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Fusibacter had significantly positive correlations with antioxidant activity (total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), immune enzyme activity (phenoloxidase and lysozyme), and immune gene expression (C-type lectin 3, Caspase-1). All findings suggest that dietary phospholipids supplementation can improve the growth and health status of female L. vananmei broodstock. Krill oil is more beneficial in improving the antioxidant capacity and innate immunity than other dietary phospholipid sources. Furthermore, krill oil can help establish the intestinal immune barrier by increasing the richness of Fusibacter and promote the growth of female shrimp. Fusibacter may be involved in iron metabolism to improve the antioxidant capacity of female shrimp.