Source Of New Ideas Research Articles

Can children and artificial intelligence be sources of ideas for school meal preparations based on whole food utilization?

Involving children in creation of school meals is important to engage them on healthy and sustainable eating habits, and the whole food utilization is a way to avoid food waste and increase the consumption of nutrients. Also, artificial intelligence (AI) has shown to be an interesting source of new ideas but has not been used for designing children’s meals. The aims of the work were to evaluate the potential of school meals either co-designed by children or generated with AI, and to explore parents’ perception towards the utilization of whole food in their children’s meal. Children, with the potential support of their parents, proposed recipes with whole fruit/vegetable utilization, and a selection among the suggestions was conducted by nutritionists and the school cooks. The selected meal was compared to a similar recipe from ChatGPT generated from a simple prompt with regard to their acceptance and emotions evoked. The two dishes were variations of carrot pie recipes including vegetable peel and were both prepared by experienced school cooks. A third recipe proposed by the school’s cooks was used as comparison. Parents’ perceptions towards whole food utilization to their children were elicited by sentence completion methodology. Results showed that children liked both their and the cooks’ recipes but rejected ChatGPT’s recipe. Both cooks’ and children’s carrot pies evoked positive emoji pairs, meanwhile ChatGPT’s carrot pie was associated to emojis of negative connotation. Texture and unfamiliar taste were cited to justify the rejection. For parents, the utilization of whole fruits/vegetable in children’s meals is perceived as a good and nutritious idea, but safety concerns were revealed. This work demonstrates co-design with school children and whole food utilization as actionable strategies towards reducing waste of nutritious resources. Moreover, the study reports an unsuccessful exploratory usage of ChatGPT through a task-focused prompt. This may suggest the importance of specifying the context of the task when prompting an AI, to compensate for contextual information that is implicitly available to humans. Concerns about safety aspects should be addressed to ensure parents’ support for whole vegetable utilization in school meals.

Hydroxylamines: From Synthetic Intermediates to Synthetic Targets.

ConspectusSynergy between the teaching and research activities of a University should be a source of new ideas, each informing the other. A classroom discussion gave rise to our concept of using hydroxylamines as a form of "tethered nitrogen" for alkaloid synthesis. The "tether" temporarily connects a nucleophilic nitrogen atom to the substrate, rendering an intermolecular reaction intramolecular, thus providing stereo- and regiochemical control for C-N bond formation. In the context of the synthesis of 1,3-amino alcohols, this necessitated the synthesis of isoxazolidines. This concept led to the exploration of methods for the synthesis of these heterocycles beyond the well-established 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions. The first two methods developed based upon this concept were palladium catalyzed cyclocarbonylation and silver catalyzed allene cyclization. These new methods were applied to two syntheses of sedamine and the synthesis of three Nuphar alkaloids. Intramolecular aza-Michael addition, combined with the use of cross-metathesis to generate the substrates, gave access to both isoxazolidines and tetrahydro-1,2-oxazines. This new method made possible a synthesis of monomorine with high stereochemical control. The extension to more complex alkaloids required the incorporation of additional chemistry. Combining allene cyclization with iminium ion chemistry allowed the extension to the more complex piperidine alkaloids porantheridine and sedinine. In these cases, successful stereocontrol relied on the ability to predict the conformation of the intermediates and the trajectory of the nucleophilic attack, which may be sterically or stereoelectronically controlled. Inspection of our collection of methods revealed that we had good methods for cis-3,5-disubstituted isoxazolidines and trans-3,6-disubstituted tetrahydro-1,2-oxazines. Inspired by earlier work involving iminium ions, methods were developed to provide the complementary trans-isoxazolidines and cis-oxazines, using an allylation reaction. This, combined with our interest in applications of hydroformylation, led to the synthesis of 5-hydroxysedamine. Venturing away from piperidines, this method was successfully applied to the synthesis of the β-amino acid antibiotic negamycin. Use of N,O-heterocycles as intermediates naturally sparked an interest in N,O-heterocycles as synthetic targets, as there are many natural products that contain the hydroxylamine moiety, often incorporated into an isoxazolidine or 1,2-oxazine ring. As the presence of the hydroxylamine moiety cannot be fully demonstrated using the usual spectroscopic methods, total synthesis can be employed to bridge this logical gap. A synthesis of raistrickindole A, utilizing an intramolecular Mitsunobu reaction of a hydroxamic acid to form a 1,2-oxazine, confirmed the structure of this diketopiperazine natural product. A synthesis of preisomide, using an aza-Michael addition to form the required 1,2-oxazine, also confirmed the structure of this natural product.

Unlocking the Future: Privacy-Preserving ML Experimentation

Abstract: Experiments with machine learning (ML) have become a key source of new ideas in many fields. However, growing worries about data privacy have made it clear that we need ML testing methods that protect privacy. There are new technologies in this piece that let you play around with machine learning without putting your data at risk. Differential privacy, secure multiparty computation (SMPC), homomorphic encryption, federated learning, trusted execution environments (TEEs), making fake data, and using temporary and nameless IDs are some of these technologies. By using these privacy-protecting solutions, businesses can utilize the full potential of machine learning experiments while protecting individuals' privacy rights and staying in line with strict rules.

A Study on the Mediating Effect of Knowledge Management Capability between HRM Practices and Radical Innovation Capability in Malaysia SME-ICT

Increasingly, executives understand the value of information as a source of new ideas for their companies. Only a small number of research examine the role of HR management in increasing knowledge competency, which leads to enhanced creativity inside firms. Because of this, this research examines how human resource management policies and practices affect the link between knowledge management competency and innovation. Consequently, The research is based on primary data collected from 200 SMEs in Malaysia's Klang Valley in the ICT sector. The study's goals necessitate a quantitative methodology. ICT small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) owners, CEOs, and managers are surveyed utilizing a survey method. More than 200 responses were received and analysed in the course of this study. The study models and hypotheses were evaluated using the Partial Least Squares (PLS) method. Research is scarce in the domains of HRM and innovation, as well as the interaction between HRM and knowledge management in the context of innovation. Research indicates a good correlation between Human Resource Management (HRM) Capabilities and Knowledge Management.

Driving forces behind service innovation in knowledge-intensive services with different knowledge bases

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe the influence of the knowledge base (KB) of the company on driving forces of innovation processes in knowledge-intensive services (KIS) and to compare the level of innovativeness of the final services. Design/methodology/approach The paper investigates through qualitative research 11 KIS organisations with different KB. Findings The research results identified and described the influence of the KB on driving forces of innovations processes and its results in companies with four newly identified KBs (analytical, synthetic, symbolic and compliance). Research limitations/implications Further research, based on a larger number of companies, is needed to confirm the results of this research and to complement the effect of the KB on driving forces of innovation. Practical implications This research can help organisations understand how to develop strategic plans and new ideas for innovative services depending on the KB of the organisation. Social implications The description of successful innovation processes and results in several leading companies presented in the study may help other companies in identifying knowledge-integration practices to improve performance and innovation processes that support multiplicity, productivity and creativity. Originality/value The study systemised the sources of new ideas for innovation in companies with different KB, several driving forces of innovation were identified and how these forces are affected by each KB; lastly, innovation results were compared in companies with different KB.

Pandemic Patient Engagement Success: Maintaining Family Presence Through Partnership

This presentation is relevant for patients of hospitals and residents of long-term care facilities, their loved ones and essential partners in care, and staff and leadership of healthcare facilities.
 A painful pandemic challenge for patients, families and staff in hospitals was the absence of loved ones or essential care partners through Family Presence/Visitor Policy restrictions. Leadership at Kingston Health Sciences Centre (KHSC) worked proactively with the Patient and Family Advisory Council and a small, diverse group of Patient Experience Advisors to plan for possible restrictions and consider how best to approach ongoing changes and challenges to the policy expected in the face of the pandemic. The group continues to work together at this time of uncertainty.
 An initial meeting of eight advisors and leaders took place prior to the World Health Organization’s official announcement of the pandemic. Due to growing concern about hospital infections, the meeting venue was a local coffee shop, hence the group became known throughout the hospital as The Balzac’s Group. Synchronous virtual meetings and asynchronous communication were employed by the group to address concerns and create family presence opportunities on a rapid response basis. Group collaboration remains evident as new concerns arise with the ongoing ebb and flow of COVID-19 hospitalizations, staff shortages and less restrictive family presence policies. This partnership has been pivotal to the organization’s pandemic planning and response, enabling family presence while respecting government directives, organizational challenges, and patient/family priorities.
 This collaboration informed several new and sustained initiatives including: a virtual visits process, ePostcards, a Care Partner Program, expanded cell phone use in restricted areas, resources for loved ones traveling distances, careful and measured increases in family presence and a family presence policy Exceptions Committee.
 An unexpected outcome was an increased level of respect and strengthened patient engagement. Factors influencing this success were transparency and trust in sharing sensitive or confidential information, mutual decision-making, frank and honest sharing of both personal and professional perspectives, and active listening. Many KHSC advisors increased their patient partnership activities during the pandemic and felt an enhanced sense of agency in their efforts to improve the patient experience in healthcare.
 
 This initiative may be a source of new ideas, inspiration, and encouragement for patient partners and hospital leaders to actively partner in co-design and delivery of compassionate person-centred policies and care, especially during times of crisis.
 The group continues to be the “go-to” group for family presence policy questions. The strengthened relationship with Patient Advisors has had a spillover effect more broadly into other hospital initiatives and increased awareness of the value of their input. We hope to continue to share this success story broadly to encourage other healthcare facilities to partner with the precious resource of patients, families, and patient advisors, at all levels of health care. We are considering a Patient Advisor led publication in the future.

Biochemistry is a living source of new ideas in the past, present and future (to the 90th anniversary of the department of biological chemistry St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University)

Research traditions and the main directions of pedagogical activity of the faculty of the department were formed under the influence of scientists and teachers who worked at the department for 90 years in different years. Under the leadership of the first head of the department prof. L.T. Soloviev scientific research was devoted to the study of the structure of proteins and amino acid composition, and subsequently age-related features of metabolic processes in normal and pathological conditions. Muscle tissue proteins, their fractional composition in ontogenesis and under the influence of various factors were studied under the guidance of two professors I.I. Ivanov and V.A. Yuriev. With prof. N.I. Lopatina scientific topics were devoted to the study of age-related features of the composition of hemoglobin and the activity of antioxidant enzymes in normal conditions and in a number of diseases. With prof. L.A. Danilova, the direction of research remained the same. A large amount of material has been accumulated on the antioxidant system and peroxidation in various pathologies. Currently, under the guidance of the head of the department Dr. Sci. (Med.) V.A. Kashuro staff continue to study changes in the antioxidant system under various influences (neurotoxicants, heavy metals) in combination with changing physical environmental factors. The invaluable pedagogical experience of the staff of the department makes it possible to transfer the accumulated scientific potential to younger generations in practical classes, at meetings of the student scientific society, in preparing students for Olympiads in biochemistry, and in teaching postgraduates. 10 doctors of sciences, more than 70 candidates of sciences have been prepared, more than 800 articles, 2 textbooks, a handbook on laboratory methods of research, about 50 teaching and methodical manuals have been published for 90 years. The Department of Biological Chemistry of St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University has preserved the legacy of the past and is ready for new modern challenges.

КРЕАТИВНАЯ ЭКОНОМИКА: МИРОВАЯ ПРАКТИКА И ВЫЗОВЫ ДЛЯ РОССИИ

A significant segment of the modern economic system is the creative economy, which is rapidly developing and progressing on a global scale. The rise of the creative economy is taking place against the background of the crisis, which has posed new challenges to the world community related to the search for the latest directions for the development of the world economy. In the developed countries of the world, the importance of creative industries for the modern economy has been recognized and declared one of the priorities of their development. Therefore, creative thinking inherent in creative industries in modern conditions becomes an important source of new ideas and non-standard solutions, which leads to the revival or rebranding of cities, regions and countries, the creation of new goods and services, the promotion of ideas of ecological and sustainable development, increasing global communication and the development of individual territories. Undoubtedly, the global market of creative industries is currently developing quite rapidly and mobile, which requires from our state and domestic entrepreneurs high adaptive abilities corresponding to global trends. In the article, the author proves that the creative potential of a person is an important factor of economic stability and sustainable development of the domestic economy, and creative industries allow generating profits, creating new jobs and new industries, filling the budget, etc.

Blockchain Technology: A Paradigm Shift in Accounting

Blockchain, which is still a test technology, its current applications only address certain aspects of small projects. If technology matures, it may have the potential to transform industries and even the economy. It has the potential to bring about significant improvements in accounting and auditing, even in all whole of the financial markets. Blockchain technology is something that is often talked about in the same context as bitcoin. The technology in question others have been regarded as the fourth industrial revolution, which will change the way we conduct business. There are many educational articles which reveal what benefits blockchain can provide for accounting and research, but most a few studies done by asking what the auditors think about technology. This is the first study of its kind in India, and Firms who are often the first users of technology, consultants in India can be considered a good notion.Blockchain technology and many applications have become a major source of new ideas and solutions for the financial sector. The title containing the term "blockchain" is attracting a lot of media attention and new beginnings to improve something in the blockchain get a bigger investment. But a blockchain theoretical framework or the financial industry is always green and the evidence is insufficient. In this study, we explore the theoretical framework of blockchain applications in accounting, identifying key benefits and a lower case, and discuss its implications for auditing and general accounting and credit risk management especially.

A Survey on Cross-Lingual Summarization

Abstract Cross-lingual summarization is the task of generating a summary in one language (e.g., English) for the given document(s) in a different language (e.g., Chinese). Under the globalization background, this task has attracted increasing attention of the computational linguistics community. Nevertheless, there still remains a lack of comprehensive review for this task. Therefore, we present the first systematic critical review on the datasets, approaches, and challenges in this field. Specifically, we carefully organize existing datasets and approaches according to different construction methods and solution paradigms, respectively. For each type of dataset or approach, we thoroughly introduce and summarize previous efforts and further compare them with each other to provide deeper analyses. In the end, we also discuss promising directions and offer our thoughts to facilitate future research. This survey is for both beginners and experts in cross-lingual summarization, and we hope it will serve as a starting point as well as a source of new ideas for researchers and engineers interested in this area.

PERSONNEL SELF-DEVELOPMENT IN THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF AN INNOVATIVE AND ACTIVE ENTERPRISE

The article deals a questionsforming of self-development personnel in the conditions of knowledge economy. The scientific approaches concerning formation of the mechanism of management of development and use of personnel are considered. The analysis of scientific researches and publications concerning management of development and use of enterprise personnel is carried out. The paper emphasizes that the staff of an innovatively active enterprise is both a source of new ideas and a tool for their direct implementation in the practical activities of the enterprise. An essential condition for maintaining a stable positive economic dynamics of an innovatively active enterprise is staff development. The management system is the management of the enterprise, which exerts influence on the managed system in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the enterprise. Managed system – the staff of the enterprise, its quality characteristics, competencies, compliance with the needs of the enterprise and its development strategy. The target system includes strategic, tactical and operational goals and objectives, as well as criteria for selecting and evaluating the results of personnel development management of an innovatively active enterprise. The task of personnel development management of an innovatively active enterprise is to ensure compliance of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of personnel with the existing needs of the enterprise at the moment; development of innovative potential of the enterprise personnel. The innovative potential of an innovatively active enterprise should be understood as objective opportunities to maximize the intellectual potential of employees to achieve goals, as well as a set of tools, sources, opportunities and abilities, the use of which is aimed at solving any problems in innovation. The support system contributes to the realization of the goal of personnel development management of an innovatively active enterprise, by providing the necessary resources and creating the appropriate prerequisites.

Аналіз генеративних моделей глибокого навчання та особливостей їх реалізації на прикладі WGAN

The paper presents architecture features, the learning process, and the scope of generative deep learning models. The main tasks of such models include data generation (images, music, texts, videos), transferring styles from one data to another, improving data quality, data clustering, anomaly detection, etc. It is noted that the results of generative models are commonly used for entertainment purposes. In addition, they can be used as data for learning other machine learning models, sources of new ideas for creative professions, tools for anonymization of sensitive data, etc. The article analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of basic generative models like autoencoders, variational autoencoders, generative adversarial networks (GAN), Wasserstein GAN (WGAN), StyleGAN, StyleGAN2, and BigGAN. The paper also describes a step-by-step study of the generative model implementation on the example of WGAN, which includes the basic architecture implementation and more complex elements. Examples of such elements are the introduction of conditional generation to add the ability to select the desired class and the algorithm of bilinear sampling to solve the problem of the so-called ‘checkerboard effect’. The final model, created as a result of the study and named CWGAN-GP_128, is capable of generating realistic images of dandelions and marigolds at a resolution of 128x128 pixels. The model learned on the authors' data set consists of 900 photos (450 for each class). The learning process includes affine transformations such as rotations and inversions to augment the images. It is emphasized that although the results of generative models are often easy to evaluate visually, along with the rapid progress of GAN, the problem of automating the process of checking the quality of generated data is growing. The final model is open for public access, and the results are accessible on the authors' website thisflowerdoesnotexist.herokuapp.com.

How Nascent Organizations Overcome Unfavorable Legitimacy Judgments to Form Partnerships

Collaboration amongst stakeholders is imperative to addressing grand challenges. However, nascent organizations, that are often the source of new ideas, suffer from unfavorable legitimacy judgments by incumbent stakeholders which can impede partnership formation. How do nascent organizations that adopt new practices and build legitimacy to partner with incumbents? We address this question through an inductive examination of online platforms in an Asian country for crowdfunded donations––which are often perceived negatively by mainstream social services––and how the crowdfunding platforms eventually form collaborative partnerships with incumbent social service organizations. Our findings reveal how case workers in crowdfunding platforms improved legitimacy judgments towards crowdfunded donations by enacting three interrelated practices that differentiated and replicated aspects of incumbent social workers’ practices––(1) enacting value complementarity, (2) upholding professional values through differentiated practices, and (3) replicating governance practices. These legitimacy-enhancing practices enabled case workers to introduce a new way of social welfare provisioning, while also reducing sanctioning by incumbent social services organizations and fostering interagency collaboration.

It’s good to talk: Exploring the influence of facilitated teaching conversations at an Irish university

ABSTRACT The influence of non-formal professional learning in higher education remains a relatively under-researched area. This paper aims to contribute to the literature by exploring the impact of an implementation of non-formal professional learning operating at an Irish university since April 2017. The initiative – called The Sipping Point – aims to promote and facilitate conversations about teaching among staff through a consistent format of monthly gatherings, short talks, and open discussion. This paper reports findings from an open-ended survey exploring the impact on participants’ practice and views about education. Following a process of thematic analysis, key themes included the value of connecting with peers, the perception of the space as a source of new ideas, and a sense of encouragement to try new things in teaching practice. The study includes analysis from a lead facilitator who reports strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats potentially of interest to those considering similar activities.

Duncan Dowson’s impact on industrial tribology

Professor Duncan Dowson had close connections with industry throughout his academic career, and viewed industrial tribological challenges as problems to be solved and as a source of new ideas. Professor Dowson’s famous work on a numerical solution for the lubrication of an elastohydrodynamic line contact, with professor Higginson, was motivated by the need to better understand gear lubrication. These first calculations took 18 months to complete(!), and simpler correlation functions fitted to numerical simulations were developed to enable tribologists in academia and industry to apply elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory without the need for full scale models. Industrial partners such as Shell supplied high-pressure fluid properties required for the elastohydrodynamic calculations (such as the pressure coefficient of viscosity and the way in which lubricant density varies with pressure). Professor Dowson also famously served on the Jost Committee, which quantified, for the first time, the financial impact of tribology, and highlighted that investments in good tribological practices would pay for themselves many times over. It should be remembered that in setting up the Jost Committee, the UK Government specifically asked the committee ‘ to investigate the state of lubrication education and research and to establish the requirements of industry in this regard’. Personal memories of the significant collaborations that I was involved with, as an industrial research scientist, with Leeds University from the mid-1990s to around 2013, which predominantly focused on piston ring tribology are also included as is a brief discussion of the Leeds-Lyon Symposia on Tribology.

Social Innovation in Education and Social Service Organizations. Challenges, Actors, and Approaches to Foster Social Innovation

Social innovation became a widely discussed topic in politics, research funding programs, and business development. Recent European and US economic and science policies have set aside significant funds to generate and foster social innovation. In view of current challenges such as digitization, Work 4.0, inclusion or migrant integration, the question of how organizations can be empowered to develop new and innovative approaches and service models to social challenges is becoming increasingly urgent. This especially applies to organizations in the fields of education and social services. In education, implementing new ideas and concepts is usually discussed as educational reform, which mostly addresses changes in policy agendas with consequences for national and international education systems. The concept of social innovation however has a different starting point: the source of new ideas and services are identified new, emergent needs in society or re-conceptualized. Such need-based perspectives might bring new impulses to the field of education. Therefore, this paper identifies important existing strands of social innovation research, which need to be considered in the emerging academic discourse on social innovation in education. Looking at social innovation through an education research lens reveals the close relation between learning, creativity, and innovation. Individuals, teams, and even organizations learn, engage in creative problem solving to create new and innovative products and services. From an organizational education perspective, the questions arise, how social innovation emerges and even more important, how the process of developing social innovation can be supported. After a brief introduction in the concept of social innovation, the paper discusses therefore the sites, where social innovation emerges, social innovators, approaches to foster social innovation as well as promoting and hindering factors for social innovation.

TOOLS FOR FORMATION OF PERSONNEL DEVELOPMENT SYSTEM OF INNOVATIVE-ACTIVE ENTERPRISE

The peculiarities of forming an effective management system of development and use of the enterprise’s personnel are investigated. Some measures to improve the effectiveness of the management process of development and use of personnel are proposed. The scientific approaches concerning formation of the mechanism of management of development and use of personnel are considered. The analysis of scientific researches and publications concerning management of development and use of enterprise personnel is carried out. The paper emphasizes that the staff of an innovatively active enterprise is both a source of new ideas and a tool for their direct implementation in the practical activities of the enterprise. An essential condition for maintaining a stable positive economic dynamics of an innovatively active enterprise is staff development. The management system is the management of the enterprise, which exerts influence on the managed system in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the enterprise. Managed system – the staff of the enterprise, its quality characteristics, competencies, compliance with the needs of the enterprise and its development strategy. The target system includes strategic, tactical and operational goals and objectives, as well as criteria for selecting and evaluating the results of personnel development management of an innovatively active enterprise. The task of personnel development management of an innovatively active enterprise is to ensure compliance of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of personnel with the existing needs of the enterprise at the moment; development of innovative potential of the enterprise personnel. The innovative potential of an innovatively active enterprise should be understood as objective opportunities to maximize the intellectual potential of employees to achieve goals, as well as a set of tools, sources, opportunities and abilities, the use of which is aimed at solving any problems in innovation. The support system contributes to the realization of the goal of personnel development management of an innovatively active enterprise, by providing the necessary resources and creating the appropriate prerequisites.

How are companies paying for university research licenses? Empirical evidence from university-firm technology transfer

The knowledge economy has put the triple helix cooperation at the heart of economic growth. In this current paradigm, innovation is vital to firm survival, and universities are seen as an undeniable source of new ideas, talents and ventures. The optimal payment scheme for technology licensing be it from a licensee or licensor point of view is an ongoing debate. Researchers have disputed the advantage of fixed fees versus royalty for both parties involved and the benefits of entering the market for an outsider. A recurrent concern in the literature is the lack of empirical evidence to support these claims. Furthermore, while a plethora of studies defend the superiority of fixed fees over royalty, royalty payments still constitute a major part of licensing income for universities and licensor companies alike. Hence, there is a disconnect between the theoretical optimal payment scheme and the payment scheme adopted by companies and universities. We develop a framework to explain the source of this discrepancy. Using the AUTM STATT database, we analyse the effect of company size on the payment type. Our empirical results show that fixed fees are associated with licenses to large companies while royalty is associated with licenses to small companies. Startups pay neither and give equity instead of payment. Our results point to the importance of government intervention to level the field for different company types, and achieve successful university-industry cooperation and knowledge transfer.

(When) Does Patent Protection Spur Cumulative Research within Firms?

We estimate the effect of patent protection on follow-on investments in corporate scientific research. We exploit a new method for identifying an exogenous reduction in the protection a granted patent provides. Using data on public, research-active firms between 1990 and 2015, we find that firms decrease follow-on research after a reduction in patent protection, as measured by a drop in internal citations to an associated scientific article. This effect is stronger for smaller firms and in industries where patents are traded less frequently. Our findings are consistent with a stylized model whereby patent protection is a strategic substitute for commercialization capability. Our results imply that stronger patents encourage follow-on research, but also shift the locus of research from big firms toward smaller firms and startups. As patent protection has strengthened since the mid-1980s, our results help explain why the American innovation ecosystem has undergone a growing division of innovative labor, where startups become primary sources of new ideas.

The US Expert Community’s Role in the Formation of Nuclear Risk Reduction Policy During the Cold War

This paper addresses the role of the US expert community in shaping the nuclear risk reduction policy during the Cold War. The authors examines two ways of interaction between experts and the authorities: direct (through the participation of experts in various specialized committees and commissions, preparing analytical reports, and so on) and through communication with the civil society (publication of studies, forming public opinion on nuclear weapons. The authors pay special attention to the role of the Soviet-American expert dialogue in reducing the nuclear risks. The authors also examines the activities of public organizations (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Physicians for Social Responsibility). As a result, the authors conclude that American experts shaped a discussion on the need to prevent nuclear war both within the government structures and civil society and maintained a dialogue with Soviet experts, which impacted nuclear risks perception. In addition, experts were sources of new ideas, which were subsequently put into practice by politicians.