Source Of Medium-chain Fatty Acids Research Articles

Improving the Process For the Production of Traditional Bali "Tandusan" Coconut Oil to Extend the Storage of Ecotourism in Family Welfare Program (PKK) Groups Merta Nadi Banjar Lantangidung, Gianyar, Bali

The activities of the Community Partnership Program, Traditional Coconut Oil Processing Training "Tandusan" will be carried out by PKK Br. Lantangidung, Batuan, Sukawati, Gianyar, Bali. Based on research, coconut-based oil is a source of medium-chain fatty acids (C8, C10, and C12), which can reach 61.93%. Medium-chain fatty acids have great benefits for human health. Barren coconut oil production in Br. Lantangidung, Sukawati, was done by women. The empowerment of women needs to be continued; this is important because women play a role in increasing resources and empowering the economy in the village. The goal to be achieved is to provide appropriate technology for coconut processing, which has the potential to be widely available in Batuan Village, Sukawati, as "Tandusan" coconut oil for health and consumption. During the hands-on training, additional materials will be provided on packaging technology, production process sanitation and hygiene, and marketing so that the trainees can manage the business they are making properly. The methods that will be used in the implementation of this training are interviews, face-to-face counseling, and direct practice. The output target achieved is that partners know 100% of good processing methods, simple product packaging and labeling, broader marketing, entrepreneurship, and business management.

Fecal Microbiota, Bile Acids, Sterols, and Fatty Acids in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathy Fed a Home-Cooked Diet Supplemented with Coconut Oil.

Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are considered to be interesting energy sources for dogs affected by chronic enteropathies (CE). This study analyzed the clinical scores, fecal microbiota, and metabolomes of 18 CE dogs fed a home-cooked diet (HCD) supplemented with virgin coconut oil (VCO), a source of MCFA, at 10% of metabolizable energy (HCD + VCO). The dogs were clinically evaluated with the Canine Chronic Enteropathy Activity Index (CCECAI) before and at the end of study. Fecal samples were collected at baseline, after 7 days of HCD, and after 30 days of HCD + VCO, for fecal score (FS) assessment, microbial analysis, and determination of bile acids (BA), sterols, and fatty acids (FA). The dogs responded positively to diet change, as shown by the CCECAI improvement (p = 0.001); HCD reduced fecal fat excretion and HCD + VCO improved FS (p < 0.001), even though an increase in fecal moisture occurred due to HCD (p = 0.001). HCD modified fecal FA (C6:0: +79%, C14:0: +74%, C20:0: +43%, C22:0: +58%, C24:0: +47%, C18:3n-3: +106%, C20:4n-6: +56%, and monounsaturated FA (MUFA): -23%, p < 0.05) and sterol profile (coprostanol: -27%, sitostanol: -86%, p < 0.01). VCO increased (p < 0.05) fecal total saturated FA (SFA: +28%, C14:0: +142%, C16:0 +21%, C22:0 +33%) and selected MCFAs (+162%; C10:0 +183%, C12:0 +600%), while reducing (p < 0.05) total MUFA (-29%), polyunsaturated FA (-26%), campesterol (-56%) and phyto-/zoosterols ratio (0.93:1 vs. 0.36:1). The median dysbiosis index was <0 and, together with fecal BA, was not significantly affected by HCD nor by VCO. The HCD diet increased total fecal bacteria (p = 0.005) and the abundance of Fusobacterium spp. (p = 0.028). This study confirmed that clinical signs, and to a lesser extent fecal microbiota and metabolome, are positively influenced by HCD in CE dogs. Moreover, it has been shown that fecal proportions of MCFA increased when MCFAs were supplemented in those dogs. The present results emphasize the need for future studies to better understand the intestinal absorptive mechanism of MCFA in dogs.

Medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols composition in preterm and full-term human milk across different lactation stages

Human milk is a natural source of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). It is generally acknowledged that MCFAs exist in medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs). However, a previous study revealed that human milk is naturally rich in medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (MLCTs). Few data are available on the MLCT composition of preterm milk. This study compared the MCFA and MLCT profiles in human milk from mothers after preterm (28–37 weeks) and term (>37 weeks) delivery during three lactational stages. The results showed that almost half of the triacylglycerol species in human milk are MLCT, accounting for approximately 30% of the total TAGs, mainly composed of one MCFA and two long-chain fatty acids, that is, MLL-type MLCT. In addition, MCFAs and MLCTs showed an increase from colostrum to transitional milk, while they were comparable between preterm and full-term milk. This research could help to develop infant formula, which is of great significance for infants.

Chemical composition and health benefits of coconut oil: an overview.

Coconut oil is an integral part of Sri Lankan and many South Asian diets. Initially, coconut oil was classified along with saturated fatty acid food items and criticized for its negative impact on health. However, research studies have shown that coconut oil is a rich source of medium-chain fatty acids. Thus, this has opened new prospects for its use in many fields. Beyond its usage in cooking, coconut oil has attracted attention due to its hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, antihepatosteatotic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and skin moisturizing properties. Despite all the health benefits, consumption of coconut oil is still underrated due to a lack of supportive scientific evidence. Even though studies done in Asian countries claim a favorable impact on cardiac health and serum lipid profile, the limitations in the number of studies conducted among Western countries impede the endorsement of the real value of coconut oil. Hence, long-term extensive studies with proper methodologies are suggested to clear all the controversies and misconceptions of coconut oil consumption. This review discusses the composition and functional properties of coconut oils extracted using various processing methods. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Supplementation of AQUAGEST® as a Source of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids and Taurine Improved the Growth Performance, Intestinal Histomorphology, and Immune Response of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Fed Low Fish Meal Diets

Abstract Four diets were prepared to include a mixture of medium-chain fatty acids and taurine as a digestive/ metabolic enhancer (DME, AQUAGEST®) at 0, 1, 2, and 3 g DME/kg diet and fed to common carp (initial weight, 4.55±0.03 g) for 70 days. Dietary DME significantly increased the final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, and protein efficiency and decreased feed conversion ratio in a dose-dependent manner (P&lt;0.05). The body lipid composition was significantly improved by feeding DME at 2 g/kg diet (P=0.0141). The intestine villus length and the number of goblet cells were significantly increased in fish fed 2 g DME/kg diet (P&lt;0.05). The intestinal villi displayed increased length, branching, and density by supplementing DME to common carp diets. Fish fed DME at 2 g/kg diet displayed markedly decreased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT ) (P=0.025 and P=0.043) and increased total protein and globulin (P =0.002 and P=0.003). Additionally, fish fed 2 and 3 g DME/kg levels displayed significantly increased albumin levels (P=0.006). Lysozyme and phagocytic activities were increased by feeding DME at 2 g/kg diet, while the phagocytic index increased by 2 and 3 g/kg diet (P&lt;0.05). The optimal supplementation level of DME is 1.63 to 2.05 g/kg for common carp based on the polynomial regression analysis. In conclusion, common carp fed diets with a mixture of medium-chain fatty acids and taurine displayed improved growth, digestion activity, and immune response.

Physiological and Reproductive Responses of Domyati Ducks to Different Dietary Levels of Coconut Oil as a Source of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids during Laying Period

Physiological and Reproductive Responses of Domyati Ducks to Different Dietary Levels of Coconut Oil as a Source of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids during Laying Period

Macro and Microminerals of four Cuphea genotypes grown across the upper Midwest USA

cuphea seed oil can be used for many purposes from motor oil and cosmetic components to jet fuel, because its seeds are a rich source of medium-chain fatty acids (C8:0 to C14:0). Processing cuphea oil to biofuel and other bioproducts of high quality can depend on the heavy metal content of its seed. However, little is known about the macro and micromineral content of its seed. The objective of this study was to evaluate mineral content of cuphea, especially heavy metal content for processing the oil into biofuels/bioproducts and to determine how this may differ across environments. Four cuphea genotypes were evaluated; two of which were semi-domesticated genotypes [PSR23 and HC-10 (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton)] and two were wild species (Cuphea wrightii and C. viscosisima (VS-6-CPR-1). The study was conducted at four locations in North Dakota (ND), Minnesota (MN), Iowa (IA), and Illinois (IL). The soil was a Perella silty clay loam at Prosper, ND, a Barnes loam at Morris, MN, a Clarion loam at Ames, IA, and an Osco silt loam at Macomb, IL. PSR23 and HC-10 were directly-seeded in the field and the two wild species were transplanted. All cuphea seeds contained some heavy metals. Although phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were equally fertilized at all sites, the concentrations of P and K in seeds of PSR23 and HC-10 tended to be lower at the MN site than IA and IL sites, while the lowest P concentration was observed at the MN site for VS-6 and C. wrightii. Among calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) in cuphea seeds, sodium had the lowest concentration. The average concentrations for microminerals ranged from 40 to 53mgkg−1 for zinc (Zn), from 11.9 to 14.1mgkg−1 for copper (Cu). These concentrations are low compared to those found in many livestock feeds. Lead (Pb) and vanadium (V) were sporadically observed at a few locations. Cobalt (Co) was only detected for VS-6 at IA and C. wrightii at IA and MN, while cadmium (Cd) was only found for HC-10 at ND, PSR23 at IA, and C. wrightii at ND. These results suggest that the concentrations of macro cuphea seeds varied by genotype and environment. This information will be useful for those industries interested in processing cuphea seed oil for manufacturing biofuels, cosmetics, and other specialty chemicals.

Tissue culture and micropropagation of Cuphea ericoides, a potential source of medium-chain fatty acids

Plant rgeneration occurred on leaf-and stem-derived callus of Cuphea ericoides Cham. & Schlechtd obtained in Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with auxins [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d)] plus cytokinins [6-benzyladenine (BA) or kinetin]. These calluses were subcultured and showed vigorous growth. When subcultured on medium containing 2.22 or 4.44 μM BA, the calluses showed profuse regeneration of shoots whereas those subcultured on medium supplemented with 2.69 μM NAA or 0.226 μM 2,4-d produced numerous roots. Isolated shoots rooted on Murashige and Skoog medium lacking growth regulators or containing 0.54 μM NAA or 0.49 μM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Plantlets were acclimatized to greenhouse conditions.

Variability in Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. collected in east-central United States

Accessions of Cuphea viscosissima were collected from the central and east-central U.S. during two field explorations, one in 1987 and the other in 1989. Characterization and evaluation data of accessions collected in 1987 have been reported earlier. This paper reports the results of characterization and evaluation trials of the 1989 collections. Thirty-one of these accessions were grown for characterization and seed-increase plantings in 1990 and twenty-four of these in replicated evaluation trials in 1991 at Ames, Iowa. Morphological characters are rather uniform and resemble accessions collected in 1987. A new pale flowered form was identified. Glandular trichomes, which produce a sticky resin, occurred uniformly on the stems and flowers of all accessions, but their presence on leaves was variable. Fourteen of the thirty-one accessions lacked glandular trichomes on their leaves. Statistically significant variation occurred in plant height (59 to 90 cm) and mass (89 to 216 g), seed yield (0.9 to 7.0 g/plant), and the amounts of caprylic (8:0) (14.3 to 16.8%), capric (10:0) (68.0 to 71.9%), and lauric (12:0) (2.5 to 3.4%) acids. Variations in 100-seed weight, seed germination, and oil content were non-significant. The narrow range of variability found in these accessions collected from rather diverse ecological regions would suggest that C. viscosissima has occupied its native range rather recently, and has had little time to diversify genetically. The variability identified is being used in interspecific hybrid crosses with C. lanceolata Aiton to develop a domestic source of medium-chain fatty acids.

Two Medium Chain Fatty Acid Mutants of Cuphea viscosissima

Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. is an herbaceous annual dicot indigenous to the U.S. This species is being developed as a new oilseed crop and commercial source of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). In this paper, the phenotypes and genetics of the mcm-1 and cpy-1 mutations of C. viscosissima are described. These mutations affect the percentages of fatty acids of seed storage lipids. They were induced by treating seeds with 0.04 M ethyl methanesulfonate for 5 h. Observed segregation ratios for these mutations were not significantly different from expected ratios for codominant genes. The mcm-1 mutation eliminates 95.0 % of wildtype MCFAs — caproic (C6: 0), caprylic (C8: 0), and capric (Cio: 0) acid percentages are decreased from 0.8 to 0.0 %, 20.7 to 0.5 %, and 68.6 to 6.7%, respectively. The cpy-1 mutation decreases C6: 0 and C8: 0 from 0.9 to 0.0 % and 19.8 to 3.9 %, respectively, whereas it increases C12: 0 and C14: 0 from 2.2. to 14.3 % and 0.8 to 7.4 %, respectively.

Mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation in elasmobranchs

In heart and red muscle of dogfish (Squalus acanthias), the maximal activities of the fatty acid catabolizing enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) are less than 5% the rate in the same tissues of teleosts (carp, Cyprinus carpio; trout, Salmo gairdneri). CPT activities in these tissues of hagfish (Eptatretus stouti) are approximately 10% the rate in teleosts. However, the maximal activities of the beta-oxidation enzyme beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) in dogfish red muscle and heart are similar to these tissues in the other species. This paradox prompted a more detailed study on the capacity of mitochondria from dogfish cardiac and red skeletal muscles to utilize fatty acids, possibly by a CPT-independent pathway. Free fatty acids were not oxidized by mitochondria from red muscle (hexanoate, octanoate, decanoate, and palmitate) or from heart (octanoate, palmitate). Neither hyposmotic incubation nor addition of 5 mM ATP could stimulate oxidation of octanoate or palmitate in either preparation, suggesting that these tissues have little capacity to oxidize fatty acids by a carnitine-independent pathway. Palmitoyl carnitine oxidation was detectable at very low rates in these mitochondria only with hyposmotic incubation. Octanoyl carnitine was oxidized at greater rates than palmitoyl carnitine, 10% the rate of pyruvate in both tissues, suggesting that medium-chain fatty acids could be physiologically relevant fuels in elasmobranchs if available to heart and red muscle. One potential source of medium-chain fatty acids is hepatic peroxisomal beta-oxidation, which occurs in dogfish liver at maximal activities similar to carp and trout liver. However, based on relative rates of oxidation, it is likely that dogfish heart and red muscle metabolism are fueled primarily by carbohydrate and ketone bodies.