Interference Sources Research Articles

YOLO-STOD: an industrial conveyor belt tear detection model based on Yolov5 algorithm

Real-time detection of conveyor belt tearing is of great significance to ensure mining in the coal industry. The longitudinal tear damage problem of conveyor belts has the characteristics of multi-scale, abundant small targets, and complex interference sources. Therefore, in order to improve the performance of small-size tear damage detection algorithms under complex interference, a visual detection method YOLO-STOD based on deep learning was proposed. Firstly, a multi-case conveyor belt tear dataset is developed for complex interference and small-size detection. Second, the detection method YOLO-STOD is designed, which utilizes the BotNet attention mechanism to extract multi-dimensional tearing features, enhancing the model’s feature extraction ability for small targets and enables the model to converge quickly under the conditions of few samples. Secondly, Shape_IOU is utilized to calculate the training loss, and the shape regression loss of the bounding box itself is considered to enhance the robustness of the model. The experimental results fully proved the effectiveness of the YOLO-STOD detection method, which constantly surpasses the competing methods and achieves 91.2%, 91.9%, and 190.966 detection accuracy and detection speed in terms of recall, Map value, and FPS, respectively, which is able to satisfy the needs of industrial real-time detection and is expected to be used in the real-time detection of conveyor belt tearing in the industrial field.

The Development of an Input Protective Circuit of the Radio Frequency (RF) Path of the High Frequency (HF) Band Receiver

The article presents the results of the input protection circuitdevelopment, the main purpose of which is to limit the signals of high-power entering the HF receiverRF path on the antenna input. The input protection circuit protects the sensitive components and elements of the receiver from overload and failure.The need to ensure the reliability and safety of complex communication systems and complexes is only increasing every year.The relevance of input circuitprotection may occur at small separation of the receiver and the source of interference, under the conditions of electronic warfare. The principle of the developed circuit is based on the relay switchcontrol.The method for selecting the parameters of circuitcomponents is described.The practicalprototype tests of the input protection circuit were carried out, being installed at the input of the manufactured HF band receiver. During the practical experiment, shortcomings were identified that were not revealed in the simulation model built in the NI Multisim environment.In particular, it is a local heating of the two components on the printed circuit board, caused primarily by capacitive resistance and weak filter attenuation introduced within the range of 23…30 MHz. Theways to improve the existing protection circuit are noted. An important feature of the circuit is that after minor modification of the input detector contour, the developed circuit can be used at VHF frequencies, up to 520 MHz.The advantages of the scheme should also include a short response time - 1.27 ms, insertion attenuation - less than 0.01 dBm. The product remains operational after applying a sinusoidal RF signal on the antenna input for 15 minutes with an EMF of 100V in the operating frequency range.

Space-Frequency Processing Methods for Satellite Navigation Signals

Relevance. Quite low power of the global satellite navigation systems’ useful informational signals near the Earth surface along with an ongoing noticeable increase of the number of easily available and efficient portable means of blocking wideband energetic interference radiation make the problem of radionavigational satellite devices antijamming capabilities improvement especially relevant both from practical and scientific points of view. Therefore, the goal of this research was to increase the antijamming capabilities of the global satellite navigation systems via processing of the corresponding receiving apparatus’ input signals by special spatial filters. To achieve the work goal the scientific task of researching on the antijamming capability improvement in radionavigational devices by means of space-frequency signal processing was solved. The methods used. During the research, different spatial signal processing algorithms were considered, among them both the ones functioning without any information about interference situation, external with respect to the receiving radionavigational system, and the ones using the knowledge about the number and relative disposition of the jamming sources. Additionally different methods of interference sources number and angular directions finding were studied, as well as modern cost function optimization algorithms which are used for signal sources’ location determination. Scientific novelty of this work consists of usage of new algorithms that implement separate signal processing stages and that provide necessary information to the filtering algorithms during the problem solution, as well as of combining known methods with new approaches to their design. The results. During the scientific task solution, the performance quality metrics comparison was carried out for all the considered algorithms via the computer modeling method that employed recordings of real satellite navigational signals with addition of varying number of uncorrelated energetic interferences sources. As a result of modeling, the performance quality measure values were obtained for all the investigated algorithms and the comparative analysis thereof was conducted, at the end whereof the methods with the best characteristics were picked out. The significance of the work results consists of possibility of using the considered algorithms in real antijamming satellite navigation devices design.

Electromagnetic radiation attenuation materials

The shielding electromagnetic (EM) waves is a very important field of the electronics, telecommunications and IT industries. The phenomenon of electromagnetic interference (EMI) can be a source of interference in electronic systems, which can both disrupt the operation of systems and provide a breach to intercept the flow of classified information. Hence, it is necessary to shield electronic and IT systems to prevent the coupling of circuits and prevent the monitoring of data emitted in the form of electromagnetic waves. An additional threat resulting from the EMI phenomenon is the possibility of inducing high voltages and currents in circuits that may temporarily or permanently damage electronic systems as a result of high-power electromagnetic pulses. Examples of sources of high-power impulses can be, for example, atmospheric discharges, gasoline engine ignition systems, electrostatic discharges, solar discharges, cosmic rays and military hardware, such as electromagnetic directed energy weapons. The paper will present the results of research carried out as part of interdisciplinary projects related to security threats to ICT systems in the area of critical infrastructure.

Communication Link Analysis of a Low-Earth Orbit Satellites Considering Interference Sources Moving Along Various Parabola-Curved Paths.

We analyze the communication link of an LEO satellite considering interference sources moving along various parabola-curved paths. In this situation, the location of the ground station, airborne interference source paths, and the satellite's trajectory were expressed in the East-North-Up (ENU) coordinate system. The airborne interference source path is designed using a parabola equation with a directrix parallel to the satellite's trajectory to analyze the interference situation for more diverse interference source paths, rather than using a straight path. To investigate critical interference situations where the J/S ratio is maintained above -20 dB with a small deviation during the communication time, we investigate interference situations by changing the parameters of the interference source path. The genetic algorithm (GA) is used to easily find an airborne interference source path that maintains the J/S ratio above -20 dB with a small deviation. A cost function for the GA is then defined as the average difference between the J/S ratio and the reference value (-10 dB and -20 dB) during the communication time. The optimum parameters of the interference source path are determined at a minimum cost in the GA. These results demonstrate that more significant interference situations for the communication link can be easily found by using parabola-curved paths and the GA. As a result, previous studies investigated the basic tendency of the J/S ratio using straight paths. However, this study provides a database for operating an anti-jamming system based on the obtained optimized path.

Extensive assessment of fundamental factors in the development and validation of bioanalytical methods: Highlighting accuracy and reliability

Bioanalysis is a pivotal method employed in the pharmaceutical industry for the quantitative analysis of drugs and their metabolites within biological samples. It plays a crucial role in various aspects of pharmaceutical research, including bioequivalence, pharmacokinetic, and toxicokinetic studies. Method development, validation, and sample analysis are integral components of bioanalytical processes, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of results. Throughout each stage of analysis, careful evaluation is required to identify and mitigate any potential sources of interference, such as environmental factors, matrix effects, or procedural variations. Bioanalytical methods encompass a range of techniques utilized for the measurement of analytes within biological matrices, spanning from sample collection to data reporting. The establishment of robust bioanalytical methods is imperative throughout the drug discovery and development continuum, ultimately contributing to regulatory approval. Within this context, bioanalytical methods are extensively utilized to quantify pharmaceuticals and their metabolites within plasma matrices, facilitating both human clinical trials and non-human investigations.

Ambient noise levels of seismic stations located in urban agglomerations in central Inner Mongolia, China.

Analysis of the continuous ambient noise data collected by a dense network of broadband seismic stations reveals the characteristics of ambient noise in densely populated urban areas. A study conducted in central Inner Mongolia utilized ten broadband stations to investigate two distinct repetitive and intense noise signals with predominant frequencies ranging from 1-20 Hz and 0.01-1 Hz. The ambient noise within the 0.01-20 Hz frequency range was assessed using Probability Density Function (PDF) and Power Spectral Density (PSD) approaches, and the stations were categorized according to their noise levels. The research results indicate that stations located in urban agglomerations are subject to varying degrees of noise interference, with the main sources of interference being human activities, traffic vibrations, and industrial noise. The impact of high-frequency noise on stations is inversely correlated with the distance from the noise source. Among them, four stations are affected by three noise sources. Three stations are affected by two noise sources, and three stations are affected by one noise source. Therefore, the development of urban agglomerations has brought a large number of noise sources to the stations, which greatly affects the data quality of the stations. This finding urges further investigation on the human activities, traffic vibrations, and industrial noise, and suggests that the station construction should be far away from the urban agglomeration.

A computational approach to the N-back task

The N-back task is one of the most popular paradigms for studying the cognitive mechanisms of working memory (WM). The task requires the observer to view a sequence of stimuli and judge whether the current stimulus (probe) matches the one presented N stimuli ago (target). A key phenomenon is that the intervening stimuli (distractors) interfere with task performance. Unfortunately, the classic N-back task uses complex categorical stimuli, making it unfit to quantify the effect of feature similarity on interference strength. Here, we introduce the “analog N-back task”, which utilizes stimuli varying continuously in orientation or color. This task variant enables us to measure interference strength on a continuum, providing data suitable for identifying the sources of interference using computational models. In the analog 2-back task, we found that interference increased with feature similarity between the probe and both task-relevant (1-back) and task-irrelevant (3-back) distractors. We next developed and evaluated three main models that each incorporated a Bayesian decision step and differed from an optimal non-interference model in one component only: an early-pooling model, a late-pooling model, and a substitution model. Model comparison suggests that interference emerges late in processing, most likely due to confusion between stimuli during WM retrieval. Our work puts the study of interference in the N-back task on a firmer computational footing and provides a unified framework for examining the sources of interference across domains.

Interference Mitigation in B5G Network Architecture for MIMO and CDMA: State of the Art, Issues, and Future Research Directions

The emergence of Beyond 5G (B5G) networks introduces novel challenges related to interference management, particularly within the context of Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technologies. In this comprehensive review paper, we delve into the intricacies of interference mitigation techniques within the B5G framework, with a specific focus on MIMO and CDMA systems. Firstly, we provide a brief overview of MIMO and CDMA principles, emphasizing their significance in B5G networks. MIMO leverages spatial diversity by employing multiple antennas in both the transmitter and the receiver, thereby enhancing capacity and reliability. CDMA, on the other hand, enables multiple users to share the same frequency band by assigning unique codes to each user. Next, we categorize the various types of interference encountered in MIMO and CDMA systems. These include co-channel interference, adjacent-channel interference, and multiuser interference. Understanding these interference sources is crucial for designing effective mitigation strategies. Our exploration of interference mitigation techniques covers state-of-the-art approaches tailored for MIMO and CDMA scenarios. Lastly, we discuss future research directions in interference mitigation for B5G networks. This review paper provides valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and network designers seeking to enhance the robustness and efficiency of B5G communication systems by effectively mitigating interference in MIMO and CDMA contexts.

The Impact and Sources of Radio Frequency Interference on GNSS Signals

AbstractThe utilization of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) services in both military and civilian applications as well as for scientific investigation has grown exponentially. However, the increasing reliance on GNSS applications has raised concerns about potential risks from intentional radio frequency interference (RFI) transmitters. RFI significantly affects GNSS's environmental monitoring capabilities by inflating the scintillation index and misleading the scientific community with scintillation indices not attributable to ionospheric dynamic events. Consequently, the existing climatological distribution of GNSS scintillations may require careful reevaluation, as it may not adequately filter out RFI induced scintillations. Thus, characterizing the global RFI occurrence regions and developing real‐time detection capabilities to mitigate its effects is critically important. Leveraging GNSS measurements from ground stations and six COSMIC‐2 satellite constellations, we have developed a technique to detect RFI events and identify RFI active regions. Additionally, for the first time, we have implemented techniques that differentiate RFI associated scintillations from scintillations caused by ionospheric turbulence.

Review of EMC standards for Underwater Vehicles

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) is a critical consideration in the design and manufacturing of any kind of automobile, including underwater vehicles like Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROV) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUV), to ensure their proper functioning and to prevent Interference with other equipment. The purpose of this paper is to understand the significant importance attached to the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) concept in the design and manufacturing of underwater vehicles such as Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). It critically reviews available standards concerning Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) for these vehicles while pointing out some of the many sources of Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) within the surroundings and the geography, such as the sea. This research makes it clear that optimum performance and lack of Interference with other marine systems are only realizable with the use of necessary EMI requirements. This paper comprehensively explores the existing and diverse EMC standards applicable to underwater Vehicles.

Research on network interference problems in intelligent manufacturing

Abstract As the smart manufacturing industry continues to grow, ensuring high-quality data transmission has become especially critical. In wireless communication networks, numerous sources of interference exist, especially significant in restricted space environments such as factories. These areas are subject to signal interference from same-frequency devices and interference from multipath propagation due to signal reflection in buildings. In order to guarantee the communication quality of smart manufacturing systems, reducing network interference in such spaces is a prerequisite; therefore, it becomes crucial to reduce various network interferences. In this study, a scheme combining orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques is proposed to cope with the interference problem of the network in the smart manufacturing process.

Parental technoference and the impact on familial relationships

Mobile technologies can become sources of interference that interrupt everyday family life. This concept, dubbed technoference, underlies the current study on how technological intrusions influence the parent–child relationship. This study of U.S. co-parents in families of preschool- and kindergarten-aged children examines the extent to which such interruptions are perceived to have negative consequences on the relationships that co-parents have with their children. The study found that the more the participant perceived the other co-parent as allowing technology to interfere during parent–child time together, the more likely the participant was to rate their co-parent's parent–child relationship quality negatively. Additional studies are needed to understand the young child's view of their parents' media use and how it impacts on their relationships.

Precision compensation method for large-scale measurements based on full-space refractive index field reconstruction with vibratory mirror background oriented schlieren (VMBOS)

With the development of the large-scale equipment manufacturing industry, such as aircraft component assembly, wind turbine rotor blade measurement and large ship assembly the demand for optical measurement accuracy in large-dimensional spaces within industrial environments has become increasingly stringent. However, due to the presence of internal interference sources, light will no longer propagate in a straight line, thereby introducing measurement errors that cannot be ignored. To compensate for the measurement error, the refractive index field distribution within the large-dimensional measurement space must be reconstructed. Therefore, this paper proposed a vibratory mirror background oriented schlieren (VMBOS) based on vibratory scanning. This method scans the measurement space through the rotation of vibratory mirror to obtain light deflection angles at different directions. Subsequently, the refractive index field of the large-dimensional space is reconstructed by using the tomographic reconstruction algorithm. Then the optical path of the light in the optical measurement can be corrected through the Hamiltonian ray tracing algorithm, thereby achieving compensation for the measurement error. Finally, the VMBOS method has been verified through both simulation and experimental methods. The experimental results demonstrated that the method proposed in this paper can be applied to optical path correction and error compensation in large scale spaces.

Analytical interference on measurement of immunoglobulins in monoclonal gammopathy

Monoclonal gammopathy has been reported to interfere with several laboratory measurement results. We investigated potential interference in monoclonal gammopathy on immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentrations using three different routine chemistry instruments: Alinity (Abbott Laboratories), Cobas 8000 (Roche Diagnostics) and Optilite (Binding Site) at the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark. Blood samples collected from 216 patients with known monoclonal gammopathy were analyzed on Alinity, Cobas and Optilite. Diagnoses were ascertained from clinical records. Scatter plots with Passing-Bablok regression were used to investigate associations between concentrations of IgA, IgG and IgM measured with each of the different instruments. Furthermore, comparison of IgG analyses on Alinity, Optilite and Cobas according to monoclonal IgM concentration was explored with Bland-Altman plots. A total of 81 patients were identified with IgM type monoclonal gammopathy and 8 of these patients (10%) had analytical interference as reflected by more than 25% decrease in the level of IgG measured on Alinity as compared to Optilite and Cobas. All blood samples with interference on IgG measurement using Alinity were from patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenströms macroglobulinemia and all of them had monoclonal IgM concentrations above 10 g/L. This study identified a source of interference from IgM monoclonal gammopathy on IgG measurement performed using Alinity. The interferences caused falsely low results of IgG which is important to recognize to ensure proper patient management.

Large-scale scattering-augmented optical encryption

Data proliferation in the digital age necessitates robust encryption techniques to protect information privacy. Optical encryption leverages the multiple degrees of freedom inherent in light waves to encode information with parallel processing and enhanced security features. However, implementations of large-scale, high-security optical encryption have largely remained theoretical or limited to digital simulations due to hardware constraints, signal-to-noise ratio challenges, and precision fabrication of encoding elements. Here, we present an optical encryption platform utilizing scattering multiplexing ptychography, simultaneously enhancing security and throughput. Unlike optical encoders which rely on computer-generated randomness, our approach leverages the inherent complexity of light scattering as a natural unclonable function. This enables multi-dimensional encoding with superior randomness. Furthermore, the ptychographic configuration expands encryption throughput beyond hardware limitations through spatial multiplexing of different scatterer regions. We propose a hybrid decryption algorithm integrating model- and data-driven strategies, ensuring robust decryption against various sources of measurement noise and communication interference. We achieved optical encryption at a scale of ten-megapixel pixels with 1.23 µm resolution. Communication experiments validate the resilience of our decryption algorithm, yielding high-fidelity results even under extreme transmission conditions characterized by a 20% bit error rate. Our encryption platform offers a holistic solution for large-scale, high-security, and cost-effective cryptography.

AMT denoising via double sparse dictionary learning

Abstract Audio magnetotellurics (AMT) is commonly employed in the exploration of resources. However, the energy of AMT signals is relatively weak, making them susceptible to various artificial sources of interference, thus being submerged in intense noise. This poses a significant disadvantage for the identification of various resources. Sparse representation is a commonly used method for AMT denoising, but under strong noise interference, conventional sparse representation methods often fail to effectively remove noise due to the inadequate performance of the sparse basis. To enhance the performance of the sparse basis and achieve more accurate AMT denoising results, we propose a double sparse dictionary (DSD), which is formed by the cascading of wavelet transform and data-driven tight frame (DDTF) dictionaries. The wavelet transform compensates for the drawbacks introduced by DDTF, such as the introduction of new noise, while DDTF addresses the challenge of adaptive sparse representation of noise encountered by wavelet transform. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method achieves more precise denoising results compared to conventional sparse representation methods.

Study on the Identification Method of Planar Geological Structures in Coal Mines Using Ground-Penetrating Radar

The underground detection environment in coal mines is complex, with numerous interference sources. Traditional ground-penetrating radar (GPR) methods suffer from limited detection range, high noise levels, and weak deep signals, making it extremely difficult to accurately identify geological structures without stable feature feedback. During research, it was found that the detection energy of the same target significantly changes with the antenna direction. Based on this phenomenon, this paper proposes a geological radar advanced detection method using spatial scanning. This method overcomes constraints imposed by the underground coal mine environment on detection equipment, enhancing both detection range and accuracy compared to traditional approaches. Experiments using this method revealed pea-shaped response characteristics of planar geological structures in radar images, and the mechanisms behind their formation were analyzed. Additionally, this paper studied the changes in response characteristics under changes in target inclination, providing a basis for understanding the spatial distribution of geological structures. Finally, application experiments in underground coal mine environments explored the practical potential of this method. Results indicate that, compared to drilling data, this method achieves identification accuracies of 91.88%, 90.42%, and 78.72% for the depth and spatial extent of geological structures, providing effective technical support for coal mining operations.

A Credibility Monitoring Approach and Software Monitoring System for VHF Data Exchange System Data Link Based on a Combined Detection Method

Due to VDES’s higher data transmission speed and complex communication protocols, vulnerabilities within its data link infrastructure are more pronounced. To ensure the reliability of VDES data transmission, this manuscript proposes a credibility monitoring approach based on the combined detection method of radio interference detection and spoofing source identification and localization, focusing on key data link vulnerabilities outlined in the IALA G1181 VDES VDL Integrity Guide. Automated monitoring is achieved through VDES data link monitoring software (VDES(AIS 2.0)), which is based on a three-tier architecture and a Client/Server (C/S) model. The software validates monitoring techniques and software against various interference scenarios. Visualization of monitoring results, alarm notifications, and relevant data through the front-end interface enhances understanding of VDES data link credibility. This framework supports effective surveillance and detection of vulnerabilities, such as radio interference and spoofing sources.

Using a multimode fiber to improve data transfer rates

The possibilities of using spatial separation of channels in a multimode fiber are considered. When information is transmitted through a multimode fiber, a large number of errors arise due to mode dispersion, mode-to-mode interference and other sources. It is shown that if the fiber data transmission utilizes not an image corresponding to the original digital array but an image hologram, it is possible to use a specific property of holography – the divisibility of a hologram, thus ensuring the restoration of the original image from a highly distorted hologram or its fragment. The virtual optical object for which a hologram is constructed is a point source on a black background, and information is included in the coordinates of the radiation source. The result of encoding is the simplest hologram – a Fresnel zone plate, with the coordinates of the plate center carrying the encoded information. At the receiver, the purpose of decoding is not to restore the brightness of each point of the transmitted hologram, but to calculate the coordinates of the center of the Fresnel zones. This is what makes this method highly resistant to all types of distortion. A description of the numerical simulation is given, the results of which show that when moving from using a single-mode optical fiber for digital data communication to a multimode fiber for image transmission with the number of modes N=4096, a 128-fold increase in the transmission speed can be achieved, with mode dispersion distorting up to 20% of the received image.