Source Of Income Research Articles

Determination of Suitable Beekeeping Places in Sinop Province (Türkiye) By Weighted Overlay Analysis

Bees and beekeeping activities are very important for the sustainability of natural life. Beekeeping has become one of the main sources of income of our country due to products such as pollen, royal jelly, honey and wax obtained from beekeeping activities. In addition, our country's rich geography, climate and topography are very suitable for beekeeping activities. Interest in beekeeping activities has increased because it does not require large areas and costs, requires less maintenance than other agricultural activities, and has high income. With the increasing interest, conscious beekeeping, increasing the efficiency obtained from beekeeping activities and therefore determining suitable beekeeping places have gained importance. For this purpose, a study was carried out to determine suitable places for beekeeping in Sinop province, which is suitable for beekeeping activities due to its flora, climate and location. ArcGIS 10.7.1 program was used to determine suitable areas and weighted overlay analysis was performed using criteria such as slope, aspect, elevation, precipitation, vegetation, and distance to roads, streams and settlements. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that 96.38% of Sinop province was suitable for beekeeping. Additionally, it was checked whether the existing beekeeping sites were in suitable locations, and as a result, it was observed that approximately half of the beekeepers were in the correct locations.

Persepsi Pengrajin dalam Pengelolaan Limbah Cair Batik Kabupaten Bojonegoro

Batik waste is waste produced from batik producing activities which can have a negative impact. In general, the process of making batik will channel wastewater into the surrounding air which causes various pollution, including color changes, increased pH, COD, BOD, TSS, odors, changes in the taste of the air, soil and ground air pollution, and the influence of chemicals on the bodies of plants, animals and humans. Craft perceptions relate to batik waste management, including knowledge, awareness and economic limitations. The research method approach applied is to use a quantitative descriptive approach. The research location is in the center of the small and medium batik industry (IKM) in Bojonegoro Regency. There are 10 batik SMEs as a complete sample of the population. The method used to measure craftsmen's perceptions is the Likert Scale. As many as 100% of the community felt the benefits in the form of a source of income, opening up employment opportunities, preserving local culture and so on. The level of public perception regarding the benefits of batik wastewater management was obtained: 80% agreed that wastewater management could reduce surface air, soil, groundwater and air pollution, 70% could expand the product market, and 100% strongly agreed that it could reduce the cost of purchasing candles. The community agrees that managing IPAL requires expensive investment and maintenance costs, as well as skilled human resources. Changes in air color, odor and causing cancer, decreased DO, air surface quality, ground water and soil are also threats if batik wastewater is not managed. The community quite agrees that there will be a decrease in soil fertility, and the killing of air and soil organisms can occur if wastewater pollution occurs. The level of public perception reaches 100%, the need to carry out socialization and training for IPAL operators and inadequate human resources are challenges in managing batik waste. Another aspect to consider is inadequate economic conditions and low awareness of craftsmen.

Analysis of Economic Efficiency: Case of Sweet Potato Seed Vine Production in Homabay County, Kenya

Sweet potatoes are not only a nutritious, high value food for the daily diet, but also an important source of income. In the selected survey areas in the Lake Region of Kenya, sweet potato is amongst the major commercially grown crops. Therefore, in order to understand the profitability and performance of sweet potato producers in the study area, this study was implemented. Sweet potato is one of the main commercially produced crops in the selected survey areas in the lake region of Kenya. Therefore, this study was conducted to understand the profitability and performance of sweet potato producers in the study areas. The study employed Cost Function in the analyses of Economic Efficiency of Sweet Potato Seed Vine Production system in Kenya. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select sample size of 150 sweet potato vine producers for this study. By use of a structured questionnaire, data was collected on production input, output, input and output prices, characteristics of sampled farmer and plot. Using the maximum likelihood method, the variables of the cost function were estimated. Result revealed that the farm level cost- efficiency was about 56 percent. The research has shown that age and farm size were negative but significantly related to cost-efficiency at ten and one percent respectively. Gender, farming experience, Education, access extension to and credit were positive but significantly associated with cost-efficiency at one percent. The study advocates for policy decision that youthful farmers be inspired to venture into SP vine production and the government to enhance access to education, credit and extension services the ongoing farming.

The Impact of Tourism Villages on the Income of Temajuk Village Residents, Paloh District

This study aimed to identify and describe the changes in the income of the community in Temajuk village economically after it was designated as a tourism village in 2021. The aspects of income changes observed in this study were: a) sources of income; b) amount of income; and c) distribution of income. This is a descriptive qualitative research with direct communication of data collecting techniques. The tools of data collection were interview guidelines in which the respondents were selected using saturated sampling. Data analysis techniques used were data reduction, data display and drawing conclusions. The results showed that socio-economic changes in the community related to aspects of income sources were in the form of micro-enterprises such as canteens, tire-repair shops, rental of buoys for swimming, and laundry services for locals and tourists. From the aspects of the amount of income, it showed the increase of income. The amount of income was measured by comparing the income of individual communities in the village of Temajuk. Socio-economic changes based on the aspects of the income gap between community groups can be concluded that it depended on various factors such as differences in economic opportunities access in the coastal and mountainous areas of Temajuk village, the ownership of homestay businesses, canteens and so on, and also the education and skills of the tourism managers.

Pelatihan Bisnis Merangkai Buket Bunga Sebagai Upaya Untuk Meningkatkan Pendapatan dan Kesejahteraan Rumah Tangga

Every house has a yard that can be used to cultivate plants, especially flower plants. A variety of flower plants can live in Indonesia. Flower plants can be used as a source of income. Flower plants can be sold directly, used for family celebrations, wedding anniversaries, graduations and so on. The aim of the community service is to increase the role of housewives in order to increase their awareness toward natural resources around them, especially flowers which are very easy to cultivate. The method used is training given to the members of Pemberdayaan dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK), and inviting professional trainers in making flower bouquets. Hopefully the training through the community service program can provide skills for PKK members to improve the family economy through the use of flower cultivation.

The Impact of Tourism Villages on the Income of Temajuk Village Residents, Paloh District

This study aimed to identify and describe the changes in the income of the community in Temajuk village economically after it was designated as a tourism village in 2021. The aspects of income changes observed in this study were: a) sources of income; b) amount of income; and c) distribution of income. This is a descriptive qualitative research with direct communication of data collecting techniques. The tools of data collection were interview guidelines in which the respondents were selected using saturated sampling. Data analysis techniques used were data reduction, data display and drawing conclusions. The results showed that socio-economic changes in the community related to aspects of income sources were in the form of micro-enterprises such as canteens, tire-repair shops, rental of buoys for swimming, and laundry services for locals and tourists. From the aspects of the amount of income, it showed the increase of income. The amount of income was measured by comparing the income of individual communities in the village of Temajuk. Socio-economic changes based on the aspects of the income gap between community groups can be concluded that it depended on various factors such as differences in economic opportunities access in the coastal and mountainous areas of Temajuk village, the ownership of homestay businesses, canteens and so on, and also the education and skills of the tourism managers.

The cost of living crisis – how does it impact the health and life of individuals? A survey exploring perceptions in Italy, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom

BackgroundThe Cost of Living Crisis (CoLC), a real term reduction in basic income, risks individuals being unable to afford essentials such as heat, food and clothing. The impact of the CoLC is disproportionate – with different population sub-groups more likely to be negatively affected. The objective of this survey was to evaluate the perceived impact of the CoLC on the life and health of participants across four European countries.MethodsA survey housing two questions to investigate the relationship between the CoLC and its perceived impact on life and health was developed. Four European countries (U.K., Sweden, Italy and Germany) took part via the YouGov platform. Logistic regression models were created for each country and question to evaluate which population characteristics were associated with a negative reported impact of the CoLC.ResultsA total of 8,152 unique individuals responded between 17th March and 30th March 2023. Each country was equally represented. Those aged 36–64 were more likely to report a negative impact of the CoLC on their life and health than younger participants (p < 0.001, p = 0.02 respectively). Across all countries, females were significantly more likely to report a negative impact on their life and health, however, when analysed according to country, in Sweden females were less likely to report a negative impact (p < 0.001). Those in lower income families or who reported poor health in the preceding 12 months were significantly more likely to report a negative impact of the CoLC on their life and health. There was no difference within the participant group on the reported impact of the CoLC based on location (rural vs. urban).ConclusionsWe demonstrate the disproportionate negative impact of the CoLC on both life and health in different population subgroups. Germany and Sweden appeared to be more resilient to the effects of the CoLC, particularly for certain population subgroups. It is important to understand the differing effects of a CoLC, and to learn from successful health and economic strategies in order to create targeted policy and create a population resilient to economic shocks.

Flypaper Effect pada Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) dan Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU) Terhadap Belanja Daerah di Kota Mataram

The regional autonomy system is an effort given to regional governments in the form of authority to manage and administer local affairs in accordance with the needs and characteristics of each region. Sources of regional income can come from, among others, the General Allocation Fund and Original Regional Income. The Flypaper Effect phenomenon can occur when local governments prioritize using transfer funds rather than PAD to meet spending needs. This research is a quantitative descriptive study to look at the Flypaper Effect phenomenon in Mataram City. The results show that Mataram City during the 2018 - 2022 period using Descriptive Statistical Analysis - Crosstab did not experience the Flypaper Effect phenomenon because Regional Original Income (PAD) on Regional Expenditures was greater than the General Allocation Fund (DAU) on Regional Expenditures. The results of this research indicate that the DAU allocation in Mataram City is in accordance with the aim of DAU allocation by the central government, namely encouraging a region to increase its own regional income by optimizing the potential and wealth that exists in that region

Flypaper Effect pada Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) dan Dana Alokasi Umum (DAU) Terhadap Belanja Daerah di Kota Mataram

The regional autonomy system is an effort given to regional governments in the form of authority to manage and administer local affairs in accordance with the needs and characteristics of each region. Sources of regional income can come from, among others, the General Allocation Fund and Original Regional Income. The Flypaper Effect phenomenon can occur when local governments prioritize using transfer funds rather than PAD to meet spending needs. This research is a quantitative descriptive study to look at the Flypaper Effect phenomenon in Mataram City. The results show that Mataram City during the 2018 - 2022 period using Descriptive Statistical Analysis - Crosstab did not experience the Flypaper Effect phenomenon because Regional Original Income (PAD) on Regional Expenditures was greater than the General Allocation Fund (DAU) on Regional Expenditures. The results of this research indicate that the DAU allocation in Mataram City is in accordance with the aim of DAU allocation by the central government, namely encouraging a region to increase its own regional income by optimizing the potential and wealth that exists in that region

VILLAGE SAVINGS AND LENDING ACTIVITIES (VSLAs) AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF COMMUNITY MEMBERS IN RWANDA, A CASE OF MASAKA SECTOR IN KICUKIRO DISTRICT

This project aimed to assess the impact of village savings and lending associations (VSLAs) on socio-economic development of local community in Rwanda, with a particular focus on Masaka Sector of Kicukiro District. More specifically, this project aimed of assessing the VSLAs income generating activities or their main sources of savings in the local community; evaluating the VSLAs types of savings in the local community; evaluating the VSLAs types of lending in the local community; and comparing the socio-economic transformation of the community members before and after joining VSLAs. In the research design, the researcher adopted a descriptive approach and employed a specific case study approach of Masaka Sector in Kicukiro District. For study population, the total study population was 258 members of VSLAs. For sampling, the total sample of 221 was calculated using random sampling technique and for data collection, the researcher used questionnaires and interview guides and for data analysis, the researcher used SPSS. The results showed that VSLAs significantly impacted income sources, prominently empowering agricultural activities (mean = 0.368), while showing moderate influence on trading (mean = 0.319) and lesser impact on handcrafts and tailoring. The results also showed that VSLAs’ savings mechanisms exhibit distinct impacts: emergency and long-term savings display substantial, consistent influences (means = 0.282, 0.395) with differing member engagements. The practical suggestions proposed were that Masaka sector should establish connections with other initiatives, like VUP and BDF, to enhance the socio-economic progress of rural communities. KEYWORDS: Economic development, Income generating activities, social development, types of lending and types of savings

VILLAGE SAVINGS AND LENDING ACTIVITIES (VSLAs) AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION OF COMMUNITY MEMBERS IN RWANDA, A CASE OF MASAKA SECTOR IN KICUKIRO DISTRICT

This project aimed to assess the impact of village savings and lending associations (VSLAs) on socio-economic development of local community in Rwanda, with a particular focus on Masaka Sector of Kicukiro District. More specifically, this project aimed of assessing the VSLAs income generating activities or their main sources of savings in the local community; evaluating the VSLAs types of savings in the local community; evaluating the VSLAs types of lending in the local community; and comparing the socio-economic transformation of the community members before and after joining VSLAs. In the research design, the researcher adopted a descriptive approach and employed a specific case study approach of Masaka Sector in Kicukiro District. For study population, the total study population was 258 members of VSLAs. For sampling, the total sample of 221 was calculated using random sampling technique and for data collection, the researcher used questionnaires and interview guides and for data analysis, the researcher used SPSS. The results showed that VSLAs significantly impacted income sources, prominently empowering agricultural activities (mean = 0.368), while showing moderate influence on trading (mean = 0.319) and lesser impact on handcrafts and tailoring. The results also showed that VSLAs’ savings mechanisms exhibit distinct impacts: emergency and long-term savings display substantial, consistent influences (means = 0.282, 0.395) with differing member engagements. The practical suggestions proposed were that Masaka sector should establish connections with other initiatives, like VUP and BDF, to enhance the socio-economic progress of rural communities. KEYWORDS: Economic development, Income generating activities, social development, types of lending and types of savings

Functional distribution, personal income inequality, and top shares of income: do social classes still matter?

AbstractThis paper aims at providing new evidence about the link between personal and functional distribution and top-shares composition. We apply a novel class scheme based on two key features of contemporary capitalism i.e., individuals/households receiving multiple types of incomes, and the role of managers. The empirical application in Germany, Spain, and Italy over the period 2000–2017 reveals two main results. First, we observe a direct link between personal and functional distributions. A marginal increase in wages received by labourers would reduce inequality, whereas those received by capitalist households would increase it. Second, we find that a significant portion of labour income at the top of the income distribution corresponds to wages received by capitalist households. We conclude that although the linear correspondence between income source and class location is more blurred today than it was 200 years ago, a class divide is still clear and more prominent than what is often indicated in the literature.

Functional distribution, personal income inequality, and top shares of income: do social classes still matter?

AbstractThis paper aims at providing new evidence about the link between personal and functional distribution and top-shares composition. We apply a novel class scheme based on two key features of contemporary capitalism i.e., individuals/households receiving multiple types of incomes, and the role of managers. The empirical application in Germany, Spain, and Italy over the period 2000–2017 reveals two main results. First, we observe a direct link between personal and functional distributions. A marginal increase in wages received by labourers would reduce inequality, whereas those received by capitalist households would increase it. Second, we find that a significant portion of labour income at the top of the income distribution corresponds to wages received by capitalist households. We conclude that although the linear correspondence between income source and class location is more blurred today than it was 200 years ago, a class divide is still clear and more prominent than what is often indicated in the literature.

Temporal Analysis of Livestock Production and Exports and its Significance for Food Security

Background: Livestock provides diverse food and non-food products, supports rural households along with serving as a secondary source of income for small and marginal farmers. Livestock aids in food production, enriches soil fertility and supply raw material to various industries. Livestock directly contributes to nutritional security by providing essential proteins and micronutrients, preventing under-nutrition and deficiencies.This paper delves into the changing scenario of India’s livestock sector by examining production, export patterns of livestock products and the role of livestock in food and nutritional security. Methods: Available secondary data on production of livestock products in India have been divided into four sub periods: sub period-I (1980-81 to 1989-90), sub period-II (1990-91 to 1999-00), sub period-III (2000-01 to 2009-10) and sub period-IV (2010-11 to 2021-22) and have been analyzed along with export data covering the period 1991-2021 andpopulation data from first livestock census (1951) after independence to 20th livestock census (2019). Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) using trend equation and instability index using Cuddy Della Valle Index has been worked out for the data. Result: Production of egg, milk and meat has shown consistent growth of around 6%, 5% and 8%, respectively over the past five decades with low to moderate overall instability (~8-21%). But wool production has turned negative in the last two decades despite India being the world’s third-largest sheep population. The growth in exports of dairy and meat products has gained momentum after globalization with a significant overall growth rate of 10.37% and 7.10% for the period under study. But in terms of instability dairy exports are more volatile (68.11%) compared to meat products (30.39%). Exports of poultry products showed negative growth rates with the highest instability (86.77%) over the entire study period.

Penerapan Komunikasi Penyuluhan Pertanian pada Lahan Basah di Wilayah Gantiwarno, Klaten, Jawa Tengah

Indonesia is an agricultural country where 40% of the population has a livelihood in agriculture. The agricultural sector plays an important role in the development of the national economy, including the regional economy. The agricultural sector itself has a function as a provider of food for the community, reducing poverty, pioneering employment, and as a source of community income. In the agricultural sector, someone is needed to communicate agricultural technology programs and developments to the farming community so that they can facilitate the agricultural sector. Agricultural technology has had a positive impact on economic welfare and made facilities and infrastructure for farming and maintenance of agriculture easier. Gantiwarno is one of the sub-districts where most of the agricultural land is wetland. Wetlands are lands whose properties or types of soil are saturated with water, and their ecosystems are controlled by water. land whose nature or type of soil is saturated with water. This study uses a constructivism paradigm with a descriptive qualitative approach and uses data collection techniques with in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Researchers conducted interviews with 4 key informants consisting of farmers, UD. Setiti Tani farm shop owners, UD farm shop employees. Setiti Tani and 1 expert informant to complete the data. The researcher draws the conclusion that agricultural extension communication on wetlands in the Gantiwarno area, Klaten, Central Java uses the SMCR communication method, namely: source as a source for giving messages when counseling is carried out, messages that must be conveyed in good and easy-to-understand language, channels or media it is very important to facilitate the dissemination in agricultural extension, the receiver or receiver of the message must be able to receive the message properly so that he is able to direct it in a good direction from before.

Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances Inflow in Nepal

Background: The phenomenon of international migration and remittances has gained significant attention in recent years, particularly in the context of developing countries like Nepal. In 2020 alone, remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) reached $540 billion. In many developing nations worldwide, including Nepal, migration has become an important source of income and foreign exchange, providing critical support for households and contributing to economic growth. Objective: To investigate the effect of various macroeconomic factors on remittance inflow in Nepal. Methods: Using the ARDL approach to co-integration, the study examines Nepal's short-run and long-run macroeconomic determinants of remittances, utilising annual data from 1993 to 2021. Results: The study finds that global oil prices, nominal exchange rate, and domestic output influence remittance inflow in Nepal. None of the macroeconomic variables affect remittance inflow significantly in the short run, while the oil price is positive and significant in the long run. The study also identifies the existence of a correction mechanism in the case of remittances whenever deviations from the long-run equilibrium occur. Furthermore, a negative association between domestic GDP and remittances corroborates the common finding that remittances are countercyclical and altruistic. Implications: The study has major policy implications, highlighting that remittance inflows are affected by external factors and that there is a negative relationship between domestic GDP and remittance inflows. These findings should be considered when formulating policies related to foreign employment and remittance inflows. Paper Types: Research Paper JEL classification: B22, F24, C22

Macroeconomic Determinants of Remittances Inflow in Nepal

Background: The phenomenon of international migration and remittances has gained significant attention in recent years, particularly in the context of developing countries like Nepal. In 2020 alone, remittance flows to low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) reached $540 billion. In many developing nations worldwide, including Nepal, migration has become an important source of income and foreign exchange, providing critical support for households and contributing to economic growth. Objective: To investigate the effect of various macroeconomic factors on remittance inflow in Nepal. Methods: Using the ARDL approach to co-integration, the study examines Nepal's short-run and long-run macroeconomic determinants of remittances, utilising annual data from 1993 to 2021. Results: The study finds that global oil prices, nominal exchange rate, and domestic output influence remittance inflow in Nepal. None of the macroeconomic variables affect remittance inflow significantly in the short run, while the oil price is positive and significant in the long run. The study also identifies the existence of a correction mechanism in the case of remittances whenever deviations from the long-run equilibrium occur. Furthermore, a negative association between domestic GDP and remittances corroborates the common finding that remittances are countercyclical and altruistic. Implications: The study has major policy implications, highlighting that remittance inflows are affected by external factors and that there is a negative relationship between domestic GDP and remittance inflows. These findings should be considered when formulating policies related to foreign employment and remittance inflows. Paper Types: Research Paper JEL classification: B22, F24, C22

Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles from Macroalgae Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa.

Macroalgae seaweeds such as Ulva lactuca and Gracilaria verrucosa cause problems on the northern coast of the Italian Adriatic Sea because their overabundance hinders the growth of cultivated clams, Rudatapes philippinarum. This study focused on the green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles from U. lactuca and G. verrucosa. The biosynthesized CuO NPs were successfully characterized using FTIR, XRD, HRTEM/EDX, and zeta potential. Nanoparticles from the two different algae species are essentially identical, with the same physical characteristics and almost the same antimicrobial activities. We have not investigated the cause of this identity, but it seems likely to arise from the reaction of Cu with the same algae metabolites in both species. The study demonstrates that it is possible to obtain useful products from these macroalgae through a green synthesis approach and that they should be considered as not just a cause of environmental and economic damage but also as a potential source of income.

Top income inequality and tax policy

Abstract The share of pre-tax income flowing to the top of the UK income distribution increased continually and substantially in the three decades leading up to the financial crisis, but has changed little since 2013. Using microdata sampled from UK tax records, we describe the nature of top incomes in the UK and how they are taxed. We show that wage income is the dominant source of pre-tax income, even for highest-income 0.1% of UK adults. However, ‘active’ business income—derived from self-employment or closely-held incorporated businesses—is considerably more important for the top 1% than for those with lower incomes. High-income wage earners work disproportionately in financial services. The high-income self-employed are predominately working in partnerships in professions such as accountancy and legal services. Overall, UK income taxes are progressive: average tax rates rise with income. Taxes on top incomes have been increased since 2010, with the result that the post-tax share of income flowing to the top has fallen. But average tax rates vary significantly within the top and depend on how income is received. Incomes from business ownership and investment are taxed at lower rates than employment income. We discuss options for reforming the taxation of top incomes.

Climate risk adaptation through livestock insurance: evidence from a pilot programme in Nigeria

ABSTRACT This study investigates the option of choosing index-based livestock insurance (IBLI) to mitigate the adverse effects associated with climate change in Kwara State, Nigeria. Previous studies indicate that the failure to include farmers during the early stage of pilot programme design is a major factor in Africa’s poor participation rate in index insurance. We conducted a survey with 392 farming households across eight of the state's 16 Local Government Areas (LGAs). This survey employed a contingent valuation method (CVM) to assess the value respondents are willing to pay for such insurance and add to the growing literature on IBLI uptake. We discuss important issues ranging from the cost of the IBLI premium to the impact of social capital and access to alternative sources of income on adoption. Our findings show that farmers are willing to pay a 1.3% premium for IBLI, which is lower than the current premium charged for traditional agricultural insurance in Nigeria which typically ranges from 2% to 5%. The results also highlight the need to consider insurance uptake and access to credit as complementary measures, rather than substitute strategies for managing the risks posed by severe climate shocks and extremes.