Household Sources Research Articles

Design and synthesis of high quantum yield doped carbon nano probe derived from household sources for sensing of the anti-GERD drug pantoprazole

This contribution aims to design and validate a new green, cheap, and fast approach for determining the anti-GERD drug pantoprazole in different matrices. New S and N-doped carbon nanomaterials (S,N-CNMs) have been prepared via microwave irradiation of a mixture of widely available household sources. Remarkably, the utilization of a blend of carbamide and thiocarbamide with table sugar yields S,N-CNMs exhibiting the utmost quantum yield (54 %), hydrophilicity, as well as stable, homogeneous, and diminutive particle size distribution. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, spectrophotometry, and fluorescence spectroscopy were applied to characterize the S,N-CNMs. The S,N-CNMs have been used as a turn-off fluorescence probe to determine pantoprazole via a synergism of the inner filter effect and static quenching mechanisms. The fluorescence quenching is linearly correlated to pantoprazole concentration over the range of 1.0–25.0 µg/mL with a detection limit of 0.16 µg/mL. The developed probe exhibited good selectivity for pantoprazole in the presence of variability of substances. Therefore, it was applied for quality control of pantoprazole in pharmaceutical tablets and vials with an average recovery % of 100.10 ± 0.77 % and 100.33 ± 0.92 %, respectively. Moreover, it was successfully implemented to examine the content uniformity of pantoprazole in tablets. Furthermore, the prepared S,N-CNMs have been successfully used for the analysis of pantoprazole in human plasma after a simple protein precipitation step with a recovery % of 97.88 ± 5.72 %. The greenness and blueness of the developed method have been positively assessed by recent tools showing the eco-friendliness and applicability of the developed method.

Exploring the determinants of under-five mortality and morbidity from infectious diseases in Cambodia—a traditional and machine learning approach

Cambodia has made progress in reducing the under-five mortality rate and burden of infectious diseases among children over the last decades. However the determinants of child mortality and morbidity in Cambodia is not well understood, and no recent analysis has been conducted to investigate possible determinants. We applied a multivariable logistical regression model and a conditional random forest to explore possible determinants of under-five mortality and under-five child morbidity from infectious diseases using the most recent Demographic Health Survey in 2021–2022. Our findings show that the majority (58%) of under-five deaths occurred during the neonatal period. Contraceptive use of the mother led to lower odds of under-five mortality (0.51 [95% CI 0.32–0.80], p-value 0.003), while being born fourth or later was associated with increased odds (3.25 [95% CI 1.09–9.66], p-value 0.034). Improved household water source and higher household wealth quintile was associated with lower odds of infectious disease while living in the Great Lake or Coastal region led to increased odds respectively. The odds ratios were consistent with the results from the conditional random forest. The study showcases how closely related child mortality and morbidity due to infectious disease are to broader social development in Cambodia and the importance of accelerating progress in many sectors to end preventable child mortality and morbidity.

Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: Worldwide Presence in Biosolids, Environmental Impact, Identification Methods and Possible Routes of Degradation, Including the Hydrothermal Carbonization Process

Biomass-to-biofuel conversion represents a critical component of the global transition to renewable energy. One of the most accessible types of biomass is sewage sludge (SS). This by-product from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) contains microplastics (MPs) originating from household, industrial and urban runoff sources. Due to their small size (<5 mm) and persistence, MPs present a challenge when they are removed from sewage systems, where they mainly accumulate (~90%). The presence of MPs in SS poses environmental risks when biosolids are applied as fertilizer in agriculture or incinerated for the purpose of energy production. The key problem is the efficient and reliable identification and reduction of MPs in sewage systems, due to the lack of standardized procedures. The reduction methods for MPs might involve physical, chemical, biological, and hydrothermal approaches, including hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). The HTC of SS produces hydrochar (HC), a solid biofuel, and presents a cutting-edge approach that simultaneously addresses secondary microplastic pollution and renewable biomass-derived energy production. In this article, we review briefly the MPs content in biosolids from different countries, and present HTC as a promising method for their removal from SS. In conclusion, HTC (i) effectively reduces the abundance of MPs in biosolids, (ii) produces an improved solid source of energy, and (iii) contributes to circular SS management.

Use of engineering economic equivalence tenets to prioritize water source(s) for use by households, ‘The Case of Mbeya City – Tanzania’

ABSTRACT In Tanzania, inadequate water access impacts 26% of urban and 38% of rural populations, heavily reliant on piped water systems prone to rationing. Low-income earners suffer from high water bills and poor water quality. Alternative sources like gravity-fed systems, rain harvesting, and drilled wells are overlooked, lacking evaluation using engineering economic equivalence (EEE) principles for prioritization. This study fills this gap by examining the literature and using Mbeya City data from users of tapped water, rain harvesting, and drilled wells to prioritize household water sources. EEE computations determine the present worth, valuing tapped water systems, rain harvesting, and drilled wells at Tshs 11,009,424/-, 10,283,000/-, and 12,099,940/-, respectively. Although rain harvesting seems favorable, it is unsuitable for drinking, and tapped water systems involve fluctuating daily costs. Consequently, the ‘drilled water system’ is the preferred option for sustainable household water access.

Potential Health Risks of Indoor Particulate Matter Heavy Metals in Resource-Constrained Settings of South Africa

Evidence suggests that pollutants like particulate matter and heavy metals significantly impact health. This study investigated the determinants and sources of indoor PM2.5 heavy metals and assessed the health risk to children in Durban. Thirty households of mothers participating in the mother and child in the environment (MACE) birth cohort study were assessed for PM2.5 heavy metals. Multivariate linear regression was used to identify the determinants of PM2.5 heavy metals, while Pearson correlation and principal component analysis identified their sources. The health risk for children was assessed using measured metal concentrations. Proximity to industry, wall type, house age, and presence of windows increased some PM2.5 heavy metals, while cross ventilation reduced indoor PM2.5 As and Cu levels. Pearson correlation and principal component analysis indicated household, traffic, industrial, and natural sources as potential contributors. The health index was greater than 1, and cancer risk values for PM2.5 As and Pb exceeded acceptable levels. The findings highlight the toxicity of indoor air due to heavy metals and the potential for adverse health outcomes in children. To protect vulnerable groups, it is essential to prevent exposure to high-risk metals.

Associated factors of dietary diversity among schoolchildren in Plateau Central region of Burkina Faso: a cross-sectional study

ContextSchool-age is a dynamic period of growth and development, leading to good health and a productive adult life. Adequate dietary intake provides essential nutrients for growth, health and cognition. However, the practices of adequate nutrition is still not a matter of course for schoolchildren in many countries. The aim of this study was to identify associated factors of dietary diversity among students in public primary school in the Central Plateau Region.MethodMulti-stage sampling was used to select schoolchildren. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information’s of food consumption at home and at school using a 24-h dietary recall method. Binary logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with students' dietary diversity scores (DDS) with statistical significance at p < 0.05, after performing Chi-square test of independence to identify candidates variables at p < 0.25.ResultsThe study involved 560 pupils aged 6 to 14 older, including 52.9% girls and 47.9% boys. Dietary diversity was divided into three classes: low (DDS ≤ 4), medium (DDS = 5) and high (DDS ≥ 6). Thus, 13.4% of students have a low DDS and average in 48.9%, versus 37.7% high. Students in Ganzourgou were twice as likely to have a low DDS (AOR = 2.01, 95% CI:1.00–4.04) compared to those in Oubritenga. Household drinking water source, pupil status and father's occupation were significantly associated with pupils' dietary intake.ConclusionPrimary schoolchildren don’t have good dietary practices in the Plateau Central Region. Promoting dietary diversification in households and balanced meals in school canteens would be necessary to improve the DDS of schoolchildren.Trial registrationClinical Trial Number: 2022_33_/MS/MESRSI/CERS of 02/14/2022.

Assessing the role of forest resources in improving rural livelihoods in West Bengal of India

Forest resources play a vital role in supporting the livelihoods of rural communities residing in forest-rich areas. In India, a forest-rich country, a significant proportion of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) is consumed locally, supporting numerous rural communities relying on forests for essential resources, such as firewood, timber, and NTFPs. This study focuses on two forest-dominant districts in West Bengal of India, namely, Jhargram District and Paschim Medinipur District. Furthermore, this study aims to enhance the understanding of forest-dependent communities by comparing the standard of living among different village classes. Thus, we categorized villages into three classes based on the distance from home to forests, including inner villages, fringe villages, and outer villages. Through focus group discussions and household surveys, we explored the sources of local economy, income sources of household, and reasons for economic diversification in different village classes. The study findings confirm that substantial variations existed in the income sources and the standard of living in these villages. Forest income varied dramatically among the three village classes, with inner villages having greater forest income than fringe villages and outer villages. Meanwhile, households in outer villages depended on forests and engaged in diverse economic activities for their livelihoods. Compared with inner and fringe villages, households in outer villages derived a significant portion of their income from livestock. This discrepancy can be attributed to challenges, such as inadequate transportation, communication, and underdeveloped market chains in inner villages. Moreover, these findings emphasize the need to develop sustainable forest management practices, create alternative income-generation opportunities, and improve infrastructure and market access in inner villages, as well as promote economic diversification in outer villages. Through targeted policy measures, these forest-rich regions can achieve improved livelihoods, enhanced standard of living, and increased resilience for their communities.

Chemical Footprint of Open Dumping Sites due to Electronic and Battery Waste

Leachate from open dumping sites is found to be a major threat towards carcinogenic chemical footprint. The present study was conducted to evaluate the supply of various chemicals from electronic and battery (E&amp;B) waste in dumping sites. Various types of E&amp;B waste from household sources are regularly mixed with municipal solid waste (MSW). This study reports the presence of various types of primary and secondary pollutants in MSW from E&amp;B waste. The major organic compounds found in the leachate were various phthalates, pyrrolidone and succinimidederivatives which may be due to the presence of e-toys and battery waste in the landfill. Intrusion of leachate containing these toxic compounds into river and groundwater systems leads to health implications like reproductive and developmental disorders, endocrine disruption and even cancer. It is concluded that a proper E&amp;B waste management is necessary to ensure human and ecological health.

Linking exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in house dust and biomonitoring data in eight impacted communities

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widely used in industry and have been linked to various adverse health effects. Communities adjacent to sites where PFAS are manufactured, stored, or used may be at elevated risk. In these impacted communities, significant exposure often occurs through contaminated drinking water, yet less is known about the role of other pathways such as residential exposure through house dust. We analyzed a paired serum and house dust dataset from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry’s PFAS Exposure Assessments, which sampled eight United States communities with a history of drinking water contamination due to aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) use at nearby military bases. We found that serum PFAS levels of residents were significantly positively associated with the dust PFAS levels in their homes, for three of seven PFAS analyzed, when accounting for site and participant age. We also found that increased dust PFAS levels were associated with a shift in the relative abundance of PFAS in serum towards those chemicals not strongly linked to AFFF contamination, which may suggest household sources. Additionally, we analyzed participant responses to exposure questionnaires to identify factors associated with dust PFAS levels. Dust PFAS levels for some analytes were significantly elevated in households where participants were older and had lived at the home longer, cleaned less frequently, used stain resistant products, and had carpeted living rooms. Our results suggest that residential exposure to PFAS via dust or other indoor pathways may contribute to overall exposure and body burden, even in communities impacted by AFFF contamination of drinking water, and the magnitude of this exposure may also be influenced by demographic, behavioral, and housing factors.

Contribution of Food from Market Purchases and Home Production to Child Nutrient Intake: Evidence from the EFFECTS Study Baseline Data

BackgroundChild undernutrition is prevalent in Tanzania, and households rely primarily on local markets and home production as food sources. However, little is known about the contribution of food market purchases to nutrient intakes among children consuming complementary foods. ObjectivesTo quantify the relationships between diversity of foods purchased and produced by households and adequate child nutrient intake in Mara, Tanzania. MethodsCross-sectional baseline dietary and household food source data from the Engaging Fathers for Effective Child Nutrition and Development in Tanzania study were collected from mothers of 586 children aged 9–23 mo clustered in 80 villages in Mara, Tanzania. We conducted mixed effects linear regressions to quantify the association between the diversity of foods consumed at home, from market purchases and home production, and nutrient intake adequacy (based on 24-h food recalls). ResultsChildren had inadequate diets, with fewer than half of children consuming adequate amounts of vitamin A, vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B9 (folate), calcium, iron, and zinc. Breastfeeding was associated with higher overall mean adequacy (b = 0.15–0.19 across models, P < 0.001). Diversity of foods purchased was positively associated with the intake of vitamin B12 and calcium (both P < 0.001); this effect was attenuated among breastfed children. Among nonbreastfed children, production diversity was positively associated with vitamin A intake (b=0.04; P < .05) but not with intake of other nutrients. ConclusionsBoth household food purchase and food production diversities were positively associated with children’s nutrient intake in rural Mara, Tanzania. Nutrition programming should consider the role of food markets in addition to home food production to improve child diets.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03759821, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT03759821.

Optimizing indoor air quality: Investigating particulate matter exposure in household kitchens and source identification

AbstractIndoor environments pose a significant health risk due to exposure to particulate matter (PM), leading to various diseases and premature deaths, and raising public concerns about indoor air quality. Household kitchens are a major contributor to indoor air pollution, emitting particulate matter of varying sizes during cooking, which disperses throughout the house. Understanding the extent of PM exposure and identifying its sources is crucial. This study assesses PM presence in Kuwaiti household kitchens, measuring concentrations of different‐sized particles (PM 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 μm) under various conditions. Measurements were taken for 24 h using a particle/mass monitor device, considering different ventilation scenarios, cooking oils, and methods. Spearman's rank correlation and indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios investigate the correlation between indoor and outdoor PM exposure. Principal component analysis (PCA) models identify specific sources contributing to PM exposure. A questionnaire survey in Kuwaiti households determines primary kitchen sources during cooking. Results show that kitchens with ventilation systems consistently reduce PM concentrations. PM emissions during cooking vary based on factors like cooking method, energy type, cooking oil, food, additives, temperature, and ventilation. The cooking stove is the primary emission source, but other household activities contribute. This study enhances our understanding of influential factors affecting cooking emissions and their concentrations, contributing valuable insights into mitigating indoor air pollution.

Pivotal relationship between heavy metal, PM2.5 exposures and tuberculosis in Bangladeshi children: protocol paper of a case–control study

IntroductionAir pollution is a global issue that poses a significant threat to public health. Children, due to their developing physiology, are particularly susceptible to the inhalation of environmental pollutants. Exposure...

Harmonization of hygienic standardization of chemicals in water by a general sanitary harmful index

Introduction. The Russian hygienic standardization system of chemical compounds in water, providing the criteria for harmful effects not only on humans, but also on the sanitary state of water bodies, assumes the value of the general sanitary harmful index which differs local and international approaches to the hygienic standardization of chemical compounds in water. &#x0D; Aim of research. Justification of the differentiated hygienic standards in water system for various types of water management and the delivery of the algorithm for hygienic standards updating of chemical substances in water with general sanitary index of harmfulness on the basis of contemporary data on their hazard.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The research material included regulatory documents on the assessment of water quality and safety, methodological documents, and materials on hygienic standards of chemical substances in water for different types of water supply. Comparative analysis and expert assessment methods were used to propose the adjustment algorithm for hygienic standards.&#x0D; Results. The necessity of updating the existing hygienic standardization system of chemical in water with the establishment of differentiated maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of chemical substances in various types of water management was justified.&#x0D; It was proposed to actualize maximum MPC, limiting harm index, hazard class for the substances standardized in water according to the algorithm of MPC correction (approximate permissible level) taking into account the current data on their hazard.&#x0D; Limitations. The research limitation is the lack of chemical hazard results considering current methods and approaches. &#x0D; Conclusion. The system of two different types of standards will promote more objective hygienic assessment of various types of water use: 1) for drinking water and water from sources of household and drinking water supply; 2) for water from water bodies of cultural and residential water supply.

Rejuvenation; Influencing Factors That Farmers Should Consider

One of the impacts of the replanting program is the cessation of production, which has implications for the loss of farmers' household sources of income. The production cycle in the business of annual crops greatly affects the profit that will be obtained by the farmer. More complicated challenges are faced by perennials than annuals because the time between investment, production, cost, and receipt of farming takes a long time in its implementation. This cross-sectional survey research aims to analyze the problems and socio-economic factors that determine the decision of oil palm farmers to participate in the rejuvenation of oil palm plantations in Jambi Province. This research was carried out in several villages which centered of smallholder oil palm plantations with a sample of 257 oil palm farmers who had old or damaged oil palm plants that had not been replanted or had been replanted. The respondents were selected by using the multistage sampling method. The instrument used is an open-ended questionnaire. The results showed that the farmer's level of readiness, assets, family size, dependency burden, sex ratio, and perception have a significant influence on the farmer's decision to replant oil palm.&#x0D; KEYWORDS&#x0D; Farmer; Palm oil; Rejuvenation; Sustainability

Existing household solid waste source separation practices and their contribution towards sustainable solid waste management: The case of Kisumu City, Kenya

Sustainable solid waste management is a global concern. An effective measure to improve the waste management levels and convert household solid waste into useful materials is to conduct source separation instead of just collecting and burning or burying it. This study adopted a descriptive survey design to determine the current household solid waste source separation practices and how they contribute towards sustainable solid waste management in Kisumu City of Kisumu County, Kenya. Primary data was collected through questionnaires, structured interviews and checklists, while secondary data was acquired through a document review of relevant literature. The data was descriptively analysed on SPSS program. The study found that 80 percent of the respondents believed that household waste separation was possible (mean = 1.26; standard deviation = 0.439). About 62 percent of respondents practiced waste separation before disposal, particularly for food waste, recyclables, and plastics (mean = 2.72; standard deviation = 1.387). About 96 in every 100 respondents believed that separation of household solid waste could enhance hygiene at home (mean = 1.04; standard deviation = 0.202). A significant note was that about 70 percent of the respondents indicated attempting to sensitize their household members on the importance of separation of household solid wastes (mean = 1.30; standard deviation = 0.458). The study recommends the development and implementation of comprehensive public awareness and education initiatives to promote residents' household solid waste source separation behaviour. Such a practice would positively impact on the environment and bring along with it economic advantages of income generation through sale of recyclable materials.

Armed conflict and household water sources

AbstractAccess to safe drinking water is among the most important determinants of public health outcomes. We pair household-level data from Iraq together with data on armed conflict and adopt a generalized difference-in-differences approach to study the relationship between household drinking water sources and armed conflict intensity. We find that households located in conflict-affected areas are more likely to use piped water accessed at their homes or bottled water as their primary source of drinking water, but are less likely to use public water sources or tanked water delivered on trucks and carts. We explore the temporal dynamics of these adjustments as well as heterogeneity by household characteristics. We further present direct evidence that conflict-exposed households are less likely to travel to obtain water.

Prevalence of Malaria and Associated Factors among Children Below the Age of 5 Years in Fort Portal Town Kabarole District, Uganda

Globally, it was noted that over 92 countries and territories have ongoing malaria transmission with an estimated 3.2 billion people who were at risk of getting infected. The WHO indicates that 207 million people are infected with malaria worldwide and of these 627,000 cases result in deaths. Children below five years are the most susceptible to malaria illness which accounts for estimated deaths of 303,000 before reaching age five globally and 292,000 occur in the Africa region. The general objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of malaria and the associated factors among children below 5 years in Fort Portal Town, kabarole district. The study also aimed at determining the socio-economic demographic, caretaker, household, and environment associated with malaria prevalence within the defined age group. The study employed quantitative and qualitative research designs where questionnaires and interview guides were used to collect data from the field. All data was grouped and analyzed in a statistical way where data was presented in tables showing frequencies and percentages. The prevalence of malaria was high 204 (53%) and the factors that were significant with malaria prevalence included; household sources of light and environmental factors about the presence of garbage heaps. The prevalence of malaria was high and it was influenced by the household source of light and garbage heaps around the homes. This study recommended that caretakers should not stop knowing malaria prevention transmission, but should have a positive attitude toward implementing the preventive measures. Health unit workers, community health workers, and VHTs together with stakeholders should put in more effort to ensure that information about malaria is communicated to the caretakers in languages best understood and should mainly target the vulnerable households in the community. The town council authorities and local leaders must work with the community to ensure proper garbage disposal. Keywords: Malaria, Children below five years, Deaths, Garbage Heaps, Caretakers.

Livestock Farmers’ Willingness to Pay for Farming Insurance in Four Divisions of the West Region of Cameroon

Livestock farming insurance is essential for the protection of farmers. This study examines poultry and pig farmers’ willingness and determinants to pay for livestock farming insurance in the Mifi, Koung-Khi, Bamboutos and Upper-Plateau Divisions of the West Region of Cameroon, a context in which livestock insurance is absent. A quantitative design was employed in which data were collected from 430 poultry and pig farmers using structured questionnaires administered through cluster and snowball sampling techniques. Data were analysed quantitatively using the Chi-Square, the Binary Logistic Regression and the Integrated Value Mapping Tests. This study revealed that only 33.5% were willing to get farming insurance, 51.2% were unwilling and 15.2% were unsure. More farmers in the Mifi Division were willing to get livestock farming insurance than farmers in other sample divisions. The Chi-Square Test highlighted several variables influencing farmers’ willingness to get farming insurance. Among these variables, the Binary Logistics Regression Test revealed that monthly household income and source of labour were significant determinants of poultry farmers’ willingness to get insurance, while years of experience, monthly household income, total size of the flock and division were significant determinants for pig farmers. Overall, socioeconomic factors influenced pig farmers’ willingness to subscribe to a livestock insurance scheme more than production factors. The Integrated Value Mapping (IVM) combining the predictive effects of both factors was 35.1%, thus implying that 64.9% variability was not accounted for. For poultry farmers, production factors predicted willingness to subscribe to a livestock insurance scheme more than socioeconomic characteristics. The Integrated Value Mapping (IVM) combining the predictive effects of both components was 51.2%, implying that 48.8% variability was not accounted for. This study recommends that the government set up a National Livestock Insurance Policy and for insurance companies to sensitise farmers on the need and importance of livestock farming insurance.

Impact and interventions of waterborne and foodborne illnesses caused by bacterial pathogens in Nigeria: A review

Waterborne and foodborne illnesses caused by bacterial pathogens are major public health concerns, especially in developing countries like Nigeria—waterborne pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Klebsiella spp. Contribute to the spread of health challenges, primarily due to poor sanitation, contaminated drinking water, and inadequate hygiene. Similarly, foodborne pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp., are major causes of human illness, with animal-based foods often acting as transmission vectors. This review examines the current state of diagnosis, highlighting that most household water sources in Nigeria are vulnerable to contamination, with significant microbial loads exceeding WHO standards. It raises the need for effective interventions such as improved hygiene practices, water supply, sanitation and food safety management systems. Furthermore, this review discusses the impact of these pathogens on public health, noting that waterborne and foodborne diseases result in substantial mortality and economic burdens. Also, implementing good hygienic practices, Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) systems, and public health education are essential strategies for reducing the incidence of these diseases. This review concludes by calling for a collaborative effort among governments, policymakers, stakeholders, and researchers to develop and implement multifaceted interventions to combat these pervasive health threats.

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) effects on lung health: a perspective on the current literature and future recommendations.

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a broad class of synthetic compounds widely used in commercial applications. The persistent nature of PFAS in the environment has earned them the epithet "forever chemicals." Concerns arise from widespread exposure to PFAS from occupational, household, and environmental sources. This widespread use of PFAS is particularly concerning, as emerging epidemiological evidence highlights their adverse effects on lung health. Such adverse impacts include impaired fetal lung development, reduced immune function in children, and potential links to lung cancer. Both in vivo and in vitro studies illuminate potential mechanisms underlying such adverse health outcomes subsequent to PFAS inhalation exposure, which may include immunomodulation, oxidative stress, and disruptions to epithelial barriers. However, evidence-based information focusing on the mechanisms of PFAS-mediated lung injury is lacking. Additionally, the discrepancies between data collected from animal and epidemiological studies highlight the need for improved approaches to better understand the toxicity results of PFAS exposure. To address these gaps, we recommend leveraging route-to-route extrapolation for risk assessment, prioritizing research on understudied PFAS, and adopting physiologically relevant, high-throughput approaches. These strategies are aimed at enhancing our understanding of PFAS inhalation effects, aiding in more informed risk management decisions. In this review, we summarize the current literature on PFAS exposure, emphasizing its adverse effects on lung health, particularly through inhalation. We then discuss the current knowledge on mechanisms underlying tissue- and cellular-level adverse outcomes caused by PFAS.