Energy Source For Heating Research Articles

Perinatal health impacts of air pollution mitigation policies: applying g formula to preterm birth in Temuco/Padre Las Casas, Chile

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Wood burning is a primary energy source for heating but constitutes a significant source of PM2.5 emissions and is linked to adverse health outcomes, including preterm birth (PTB). There is little evidence on the expected benefits from air pollution mitigation plans with respect to perinatal outcomes, particularly those aimed at decreasing residential wood-burning emissions. We estimated the magnitude of reduction in prevalence and number of PTB cases associated with compliance with air quality guidelines and specific interventions to reduce fine particulate matter in Temuco/Padre Las Casas, Chile, an area heavily affected by wood burning from residential heating. METHODS: A parametric G-computation approach was applied to quantify the relationship between PM2.5 and time to PTB. We relied on a retrospective cohort of all live births between 2009-2015 from a public hospital in Temuco (n=15,516). We simulated the effects of four scenarios to reduce PM2.5 as compared to “business as usual” (no intervention): compliance with i) WHO guidelines; ii) Chilean limit values; reductions associated with iii) a wood heater replacement program and iv) gradual prohibition of less efficient stoves/heaters. RESULTS:Women were exposed to high levels of air pollution in each trimester of pregnancy (30 µg/m3 in each trimester); 10% of births were PTB. Both prevalence and number of cases of PTB decreased with each intervention scenario, with larger decreases associated with compliance to national limits and international guidelines. For gradual prohibition of less efficient stoves, expected prevalence of PTB was 8% compared to 5.7% associated with compliance with Chilean limits, which represented 225 (95% CI -395, -56) and 544 (95% CI -897, -190) fewer cases of PTB compared to business as usual. CONCLUSIONS:We found large potential benefits for prevalence and number of PTB cases associated with the mitigation strategies, with larger reductions for norm compliance compared to specific wood-burning proposed. KEYWORDS: air pollution, mitigation strategies, adverse birth outcomes, G methods

Numerical simulation of temperature field in a C/C composite multidisk brake during aircraft braking

This article presents a finite element method for simulating the heat production during stopping the aircraft. Thermal analysis and simulation in the finite element model are based on the theory of energy transformation and transportation. A commercial software COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5a is used for simulating the braking operation. The internal temperatures of the brake disks were obtained and the variation in temperatures between disks were discussed. Thermomechanical behaviour is studied to show the effect of thermal energy on the contact mechanics for the friction surfaces between the brake disks. Aircraft mass, initial velocity and deceleration rate are responsible for heat generation and consequently the maximum reached temperature during braking. The friction surfaces between disks were the main heat energy source where the heat was concentrating on these layers of friction surfaces. For the selected braking operation, the maximum reached temperature was 1020K. The finite element model was validated against historical data for a Boeing737-400 at constant deceleration for new disk brakes and for RTO brake energy.

Life Cycle Assessment of a Plant-Based, Regionally Marketed Shampoo and Analysis of Refill Options

The environmental impact of a plant-based shampoo produced and marketed in Zurich, Switzerland, was analyzed using the life cycle assessment method. Beside the identification of environmental hotspots and mitigation possibilities, the focus of the study was on the analysis and comparison of different refill offers. The results of the study show that one hair wash using the investigated shampoo is related to greenhouse gas emissions of 161 g CO2eq. For all investigated impact categories, the use phase represents the dominant life stage, except for land use, which is dominated by the production of the purely plant-based shampoo ingredients. The environmental impact related to the use phase is highly sensitive on the consumers’ showering habits, such as water consumption and water temperature, due to predominantly fossil-based heating in Zurich. On the producer’s side, a switch to renewable energy sources both for heating and electricity is identified as most effective measure to reduce the environmental impact of the manufacturing phase. As to the product end-of-life, the results suggest that emissions of the shampoo ingredients after wastewater treatment have a negligible impact on freshwater ecotoxicity. In this context, a need for further research is identified with respect to characterization factors and specific removal rates in wastewater treatment plants. From a life cycle perspective, packaging production and disposal have rather low contributions. Offering refill possibilities can reduce the packaging related contributions by several percentage points, however, higher mitigation potentials are found for use phase and manufacturing.

Unified modeling of regionally integrated energy system and application to optimization

Regionally Integrated Energy System (RIES) combines electricity, heat, natural gas, and other energy sources to improve the overall utilization efficiency of the energy system as well as to satisfy the energy demand. However, the energy flows relationship in RIES is highly interconnected because of the energy network’s topology complexity and other energy factors, creating challenges in optimizing the system operation. This paper proposes a unified modeling method by incorporating an energy hub (EH) to integrate various components and energy flow relationships in RIES. The RIES energy network equations are built in the matrix forms to describe the energy conversion and coupling via energy flow selection as state variable and branches/nodes definition based on network graph theory. Based on the energy network equations, the optimized operation model is proposed in unified form as the optimal operation of RIES that reduce the complexity of optimal operation compared with the traditional nonlinear model. Finally, a test system is presented to demonstrate the optimal operation model, compared and analyzed the optimized results between unified modeling and traditional nonlinear modeling to prove the effectiveness of the modeling method. The results show both optimality of the cost and computing time have been improved by the unified modeling method.

The Key Techno-Economic and Manufacturing Drivers for Reducing the Cost of Power-to-Gas and a Hydrogen-Enabled Energy System

Water electrolysis is a process which converts electricity into hydrogen and is seen as a key technology in enabling a net-zero compatible energy system. It will enable the scale-up of renewable electricity as a primary energy source for heating, transport, and industry. However, displacing the role currently met by fossil fuels might require a price of hydrogen as low as 1 $/kg, whereas renewable hydrogen produced using electrolysis is currently 10 $/kg. This article explores how mass manufacturing of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers can reduce the capital cost and, thus, make the production of renewable power to hydrogen gas (PtG) more economically viable. A bottom up direct manufacturing model was developed to determine how economies of scale can reduce the capital cost of electrolysis. The results demonstrated that (assuming an annual production rate of 5000 units of 200 kW PEM electrolysis systems) the capital cost of a PEM electrolysis system can reduce from 1990 $/kW to 590 $/kW based on current technology and then on to 431 $/kW and 300 $/kW based on the an installed capacity scale-up of ten- and one-hundred-fold, respectively. A life-cycle costing analysis was then completed to determine the importance of the capital cost of an electrolysis system to the price of hydrogen. It was observed that, based on current technology, mass manufacturing has a large impact on the price of hydrogen, reducing it from 6.40 $/kg (at 10 units units per year) to 4.16 $/kg (at 5000 units per year). Further analysis was undertaken to determine the cost at different installed capacities and found that the cost could reduce further to 2.63 $/kg and 1.37 $/kg, based on technology scale-up by ten- and one hundred-fold, respectively. Based on the 2030 (and beyond) baseline assumptions, it is expected that hydrogen production from PEM electrolysis could be used as an industrial process feed stock, provide power and heat to buildings and as a fuel for heavy good vehicles (HGVs). In the cases of retrofitted gas networks for residential or industrial heating solutions, or for long distance transport, it represents a more economically attractive and mass-scale compatible solution when compared to electrified heating or transport solutions.

Environmental effects from the use of traditional biomass for heating in rural areas: a case study of Anogeia, Crete

In several European rural communities, woody biomass is counted among the most important energy sources for heating and cooking. However, the use of old-fashioned fireplaces may affect indoor and outdoor air quality. To depict this situation and to plan the necessary improvement interventions, a pilot action was implemented in a typical mountainous Mediterranean area (Anogeia, Crete). The action involved: (1) identification of the quantities, use and source of the woody biomass used in the community based on the analysis of data collected through a systematic survey; (2) on-site indoor and outdoor measurements of air quality (CO2, CO, NOX, PM), during winter and summer. Based on this survey, around 70% of the study area households in Anogeia using woody biomass for heating purposes in low energy efficiency systems resulted in high firewood consumption. Fifty-three per cent of occupants did not consider indoor air quality as a result of wood burning. The air quality analysis showed very high concentrations of indoor air pollutants in most old buildings with seniors using traditional heating systems. The type of main/supplementary heating system used in a dwelling depends on factors such as the size of the dwelling, year of construction, education level and age of occupants. The results also demonstrate a strong correlation between the heating season (summer/winter) and the concentrations of air pollutants in the sampling sites.

Time-temperature Thresholds and Safety Factors for Thermal Hazards from Radiofrequency Energy above 6 GHz.

Two major sets of exposure limits for radiofrequency (RF) radiation, those of the International Commission on Nonionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP 2020) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE C95.1–2019), have recently been revised and updated with significant changes in limits above 6 GHz through the millimeter wave (mm-wave) band (30–300 GHz). This review compares available data on thermal damage and pain from exposure to RF energy above 6 GHz with corresponding data from infrared energy and other heat sources and estimates safety factors that are incorporated in the IEEE and ICNIRP RF exposure limits. The benchmarks for damage are the same as used in ICNIRP IR limits: minimal epithelial damage to cornea and first-degree burn (erythema in skin observable within 48 h after exposure). The data suggest that limiting thermal hazard to skin is cutaneous pain for exposure durations less than ≈20 min and thermal damage for longer exposures. Limitations on available data and thermal models are noted. However, data on RF and IR thermal damage and pain thresholds show that exposures far above current ICNIRP and IEEE limits would be required to produce thermally hazardous effects. This review focuses exclusively on thermal hazards from RF exposures above 6 GHz to skin and the cornea, which are the most exposed tissues in the considered frequency range.

Development of Biomass Based-Activated Carbon for Adsorption Dehumidification

The demand for dehumidification in tropical regions contributes to a significant portion of the building energy consumption. Desiccant dehumidification can mitigate energy consumption by recovering the exergy potential from the waste heat and renewable energy sources. Material development is the bottleneck in realizing the full potential of desiccant dehumidification systems beyond conventional adsorbents such as silica gel and zeolite. Therefore, it is necessary to develop novel materials that can be regenerated using the heat source under 70°C. In this study, we developed activated carbons (ACs) as the desiccant materials derived from waste biomass. The ability of activated carbon (AC) to remove the moisture was controlled by carefully preparing the material using several conditions to achieve the right operation window for optimum moisture sorption processes. The porous and surface characteristics of the newly-prepared AC were analyzed and compared with those of silica gel. The adsorption isotherm measurements were conducted, and the data were fitted with Henry-Sips and Do-Do isotherm models. The current AC exhibited an excellent water adsorption capacity (up to 0.41 g/g). The efficacy of the ACs for dehumidification applications was assessed using the weather data from several regions of Indonesia, from North Sumatera to Papua. The results revealed that under the studied conditions, the new desiccant material showed a better dehumidification capacity than silica gel. Moreover, the reported AC can be regenerated using temperatures as low as 40°C, which is readily available from waste heat, including the heat rejection from the condenser of any air-conditioning unit.

ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS OF FAST-GROWING POPLAR WOOD AFTER PRETREATMENT BY STEAM EXPLOSION

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of steam explosion pretreatment, without maintaining the heating temperature, on the yield of enzymatic hydrolysis of wood biomass. Genetically modified poplar wood was used for the investigation. The pretreatment process was conducted at temperatures of 160 °C, 175 °C, 190 °C and 205 °C. Then, the system was rapidly decompressed. The heating medium was water. The chemical composition of biomass was determined before and after the steam explosion and then enzymatic hydrolysis was performed. The results of the chemical composition analysis showed a change in the holocellulose content in the analyzed biomass (about 80% for the native sample and 72% for the biomass sample treated at 205 °C), a decrease in the hemicelluloses content from about 40% (native sample) to 16% for the sample treated at 205 °C. The results of enzymatic hydrolysis showed the lowest glucose extraction efficiency for biomass hydrolysis after the treatment at 160 °C, of only about 9% compared to the theoretical content of glucose from the cellulose contained in hydrolysed wood biomass. The highest results were obtained for the samples treated at 190 °C and 205 °C. The study also estimated the processing costs, as a function of the heating medium (steam, water) and energy source (atomic energy, hard coal, natural gas, biomass), assuming heating with electric heaters. From the economic point of view, it is advantageous to use steam heating medium, and either natural gas or biomass as an energy source.

Study on heat transfer aspects of solar aircraft wings for the case of Reiner-Philippoff hybrid nanofluid past a parabolic trough: Keller box method

Solar energy is the major source of heat energy from the sun having immense utilization in technologies like photovoltaic cells, solar energy plates, solar street lights, solar water pumping, and so on. How to maximize the heat energy which is later on used as electrical energy for many purposes in solar aircraft is the hot topic of research in this decade. The current paper is about the study of entropy generation analysis and hybrid nano-solid particles impact on parabolic trough surface collector (PTSC) located inside the solar aircraft wings. homo/heterogeneous reactions have been taken. Non-Newtonian Reiner-Philippoff model along with porous medium and Darcy-Forchheimer effects have been taken into account for the present study. The heat transfer performance of the solar aircraft wings has been enhanced with the inclusion of effects like hybrid nanoparticles, thermal radiations, variable thermal conductivity, and viscous dissipation. By utilizing the proper conversions the demonstrated partial-differential equations are renovated into ordinary-differential formulas and tackled numerically with the utilization of well established numerical scheme termed as Keller-Box method. The impact of dimensionless sundry parameters on velocity, shear stress, temperature, homo/heterogeneous as well as surface drag and heat transfer rates are sketched through tables and figures. A positive variation in thermal radiation, thermal conductivity, and viscous dissipation effects enhances the heat transfer rate inside the solar aircraft wings.

Solar process heat for sustainable production of concentrated peach puree

AbstractThe food industry is one of the most suitable sectors for solar process heat applications. Concentrating solar power (CSP) systems generate steam using mirrors or lenses to concentrate a large area of sunlight onto a receiver. In this study, how a CSP system connected hybrid to the boiler system can be utilized to produce more sustainable peach puree concentrate (PPC) have been examined. The amount of steam required for PPC production was calculated using the measurements rendered in a real fruit juice concentrate plant and the data obtained from them. A parabolic trough‐type CSP system of 1 MWthwas designed, which is placed in the area of the plant, and it was determined that the steam quantity obtained during the production period is able to meet how much of the current consumption. Also, it has been shown how much CO2eqemission reduction will be achieved by using CSP.Practical ApplicationsConcentrated fruit juice production is one of the thermal energy intense food processes. Therefore, utilization of renewable energy sources for process heat is very important. We designed a CSP system in this study with using production data from a real fruit juice factory. This CSP system is naturally applicable to both fruit juice and all food industry using steam at similar temperatures and pressures. Fossil fuels are one of the main responsible for global warming. For this reason, the use of solar thermal systems is promising to ensure sustainability in food production and reduce the environmental impacts of the product.

Applications of activation energy along with thermal and exponential space-based heat source in bioconvection assessment of magnetized third grade nanofluid over stretched cylinder/sheet

This research presents the bioconvection flow of third grade nanofluid confined by a stretched cylinder in presence of thermal radiation, heat absorption/generation phenomenon, activation energy and exponential space-based heat source. The famous Buongiorno nanofluid is used applications to access the Brownian motion and thermophoresis effects. The problem is formulated in terms of partial differential equations by using the fundamental laws. The dimensionless form of problem is obtained equations by using suitable transformation. Later on, the numerical outcomes for the couple of discretized system are obtained by employing the powerful numerical shooting algorithm. Since this investigation is based on some theoretical flow assumptions, therefore each physical parameter specified some constant range like 0.1≤β1≤1.2,0.4≤β2≤1.2,0.1≤β3≤1.2,0.2≤Re≤0.8,0.1≤λ≤1.4,0.1≤M≤1.2,0.1≤Nr≤1.2,0.1≤Nc≤1.3,0.0≤Rd≤0.8,2.0≤Pr≤5.0,0.1≤Nb≤0.25,0.1≤Nt≤0.4,1.5≤θw≤1.8,1.2≤Le≤2.4,0.1≤E≤0.4,1.2≤Lb≤2.4,0.1≤Pe≤1.2,0.1≤δ1≤0.6,0.1≤λ1≤0.4,. 0.1≤λ2≤0.4,0.2≤λ3≤0.5. The physical significance of prominent parameters versus subjective flow profiles are graphically underlined with physical justifications. It is observed that presence of exponential space-based heat source and heat source parameter is more useful to improve the nanofluid temperature. An increment in nanofluid concentration is observed with solutal Biot number and activation energy parameter. Moreover, the microorganisms profile decline with bioconvection Lewis number while reverse trend is observed for microorganism stratification Biot number.

Optimal scheduling of multi-park integrated energy system under renewable energy quota considering demand side response

The integrated energy system (RIs) is composed of electricity/gas/cold/heat and other energy sources, which can realize the coordinated utilization of different forms of energy. RIs is conducive to promoting the rational utilization of clean energy, and the mutual coupling between different energy sources can effectively improve the overall energy utilization efficiency and operation economy of the system. The diversity of energy supply and demand makes the system operation complex and diverse, so it is indispensable to optimize the system operation scheduling. Demand response is an effective means to optimize the multi-objective scheduling of regional comprehensive energy system. RPS and green certificate trading mechanism are new methods to promote the consumption of renewable energy. In the process of green certificate trading, considering the load side demand response is conducive to realizing the maximum utilization of renewable energy power generation and improving the absorption rate of renewable energy power generation.

Development and Performance Evaluation of an Improved Thermal Performance Wood Stove using Skirt

The importance of heat energy source from wood to humanity cannot be over emphasised since many depend on it for their heating needs. In this work, a wood stove was designed, constructed and tested without a skirt and with a detachable skirt of height 120 mm (same height as the pot used for the experiment) to ascertain the influence of the skirt on the stove in terms of thermal performance in a water boiling test. Thermal efficiency and specific fuel consumption were evaluated. It was found that the stove tested without a skirt gave an average thermal efficiency of 31.33% and an average specific fuel consumption of 0.14 kg/l. When tested with a skirt, however, the stove gave an average thermal efficiency of 38.65% and an average specific fuel consumption of 0.09 kg/l. This signifies an improvement in thermal performance by the use of skirt on the stove designed.
 Keywords: Humanity, Globally, Detachable-skirt, Thermal performance, Wood stove.

Energy-effective AlMgB14 production by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) using the chemical furnace as a source of heat energy

In this work, AlMgB14 was obtained by self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS) using the chemical furnace based on titanium and silicon (Ti5Si3) as a source of heat energy. Structure and phase composition of the synthesis products were studied. AlMgB14 formation mechanism was proposed. It was found that the highest yield of AlMgB14 (94 wt %) is achieved with a 2 cm thick chemical furnace. The average size of crystal grains in the obtained AlMgB14-based powder is 1 μm. The duration of AlMgB14 formation is 138 s, which is 30–180 times faster than the duration of high-temperature vacuum sintering. In this case, the SHS method makes it possible to obtain AlMgB14 excluding the energy-consuming stage of heating to the isothermal holding temperature.

Thermodynamic sustainability assessment for residential building heating comparing different energy sources

Residential sector is considered one of the largest consumers of primary energy in the world. The main part of total energy consumption in buildings refers to heating. The study presents a thermodynamic sustainability assessment of different energy sources for residential building heating. The paper presents universal methodology, which can be applied to energy and exergy analysis for all types of buildings. Various options of energy sources were studied, namely: coal, natural gas, electricity, district heating, air-water heat pump, biomass and district heating with a cogeneration. Energy and exergy analyses were conducted and appropriate efficiencies were determined. The calculation of an environmental impact factor and exergetic sustainability index for all types of considered energy sources was performed. The results showed that exergy efficiency was very low in all analyzed cases except for biomass, which leads to poor thermodynamic compatibility of energy quality from the supplied side and the energy used for building heating. It was shown that the highest exergy efficiency was in the case of biomass utilization (about 29%), due to the energy used from renewable energy sources. The minimum environmental impact factor (2.48) and maximum exergetic sustainability index (0.403) were found for the case of biomass utilization.

Using energy of compressed natural gas as an environmentally safe source of heat energy of the heating system of the industrial premises

The housing and utilities system is extremely energy-intensive and currently impedes the implementation of energy efficiency policies. In this regard, the development of science-based technology for environmentally friendly resource-saving consumption of compressed natural gas, as a source of thermal energy, is becoming relevant. The article describes the technical solution for using the energy of compressed natural gas as a source of thermal energy, which consists in using a vortex heat exchanger in the heating system of a gas control station, which allows you to generate thermal energy due to technologically unused energy, which is the pressure drop between high and medium gas pipelines as well as medium and low pressure natural gas. This technical solution is aimed at reducing energy costs and ensuring environmental safety when using compressed natural gas as a source of thermal energy. To determine the possibility of practical use of this technical solution in the production room for installing gas control equipment, an analytical expression of the temperature of the wet gas mixture after the process of condensate-evaporative heat and mass transfer in a vortex heat exchanger has been obtained, which allows us to predict the parameters of the coolant in the heating system of the production room.

Sustainable Modularity Approach to Facilities Development Based on Geothermal Energy Potential

The study presented in this paper assessed the multidisciplinary approach of geothermal potential in the area of the most southeastern part of the Pannonian basin, focused on resources utilization. This study aims to present a method for the cascade use of geothermal energy as a source of thermal energy for space heating and cooling and as a resource for balneological purposes. Two particular sites were selected—one in a natural environment; the other within a small settlement. Geothermal resources come from different types of reservoirs having different temperatures and chemical compositions. At the first site, a geothermal spring with a temperature of 20.5 °C is considered for heat pump utilization, while at the second site, a geothermal well with a temperature of 54 °C is suitable for direct use. The calculated thermal power, which can be obtained from geothermal energy is in the range of 300 to 950 kW. The development concept was proposed with an architectural design to enable sustainable energy efficient development of wellness and spa/medical facilities that can be supported by local authorities. The resulting energy heating needs for different scenarios were 16–105 kW, which can be met in full by the use of geothermal energy.

Optimization of insulation thickness of double buried district heating pipes using the Eco-indicator method

In order to minimize the annual total environmental impact (ATEI), an optimization model for determining the optimal insulation thickness (IT) of double buried district heating (DH) pipes was developed based on the Eco-indicator method. This model was solved by using the fsolve function in MATLAB. The effect of heat sources, operating strategies, insulation materials, buried depth (BD), nominal pipe size (NPS) and meteorological conditions on the optimal values was analyzed. The effect of heat source unit heating energy consumption, insulation material environmental impact point (EIP), heat source EIP, and insulation material service lifetime on the optimal values was analyzed in the sensitivity analysis. Results confirm that the developed model can be applied to obtain the optimal values. Coal-fired combined heat and power plant (CFCHPP), constant mass flow rate (MFR) operating strategies, glass wool and increase in BD are beneficial to the environment. As the NPS increases, the optimal IT does not linearly increases, while the minimal ATEI increases. Larger optimal values correspond to colder meteorological conditions. In the sensitivity analysis, the heat source unit heating energy consumption and heat source EIP have a greater effect on the minimal ATEI, while sensitivity parameters have a great effect on the optimal IT.

Estimation of the utility value of unused heat sources for a CO2 network system in Tokyo

District heating and cooling (DHC) systems have attracted interest in reducing CO2 emissions. A fifth-generation DHC (5GDHC) system that supplies a heat-transport medium at a temperature close to the ground and uses various unused heat sources is proposed. Meanwhile, some DHC systems installed in Japan are first-generation DHC (1GDHC) systems that use fossil fuels as a heat source. Based on these scenarios, this study focuses on the energy-saving effects of introducing a CO2 network system in Tokyo, which is based on the same concepts as the 5GDHC systems. The purpose of this study is to estimate the utility value of unused heat sources for the CO2 network system. An analytical model is developed that calculates the energy consumption of the system under exogenous conditions, such as those for energy consumers and heat sources. Applying a model to a domestic urban area in Tokyo, where a conventional 1GDHC system was introduced, it was confirmed that for a total head of groundwater of 50 m, river water of 10 m, and sewage water of 10 m, the potential annual CO2 reduction is approximately 5,000 ton/y compared with the 1GDHC system. These values are feasible in Tokyo, and therefore, this system looks promising.