Source Of Gravitational Field Research Articles

Gravity modeling of ore gabbroids Korsun-Novomirhorod pluton

This work concerned three-dimensional gravity modeling of the Gorodishche gabbro-anorthosite massif located within the Korsun-Novomirgorod pluton of the Ukrainian Shield. A three-dimensional model of the upper crust was created using maps of the anomalous gravitational field at a scale of 1:200 000, taking into account data from seismic methods of various modifications. The differences in the structure of the intrusive complex and its gneisses were reflected in seismic wave fields, allowing us to determine the boundaries of the entire intrusive massif: rapakivi granites and basic rocks. Three-dimensional gravity was modeled to separate these complexes of different densities. This made it possible to identify gabbro-anorthosite bodies with a maximum thickness of 5 km in the upper part of the section, and to study the contacts of the intrusive complex and gneisses. In the process of solving inverse problems, various criteria for local optimization of gravitational field sources were implemented. In the iterative process, three different functionals were calculated. The mean square of the difference between the observed and theoretical fields is F1, the average sum of the moduli of the field difference is the functional F2, and the preliminary logarithm of the parameters is the functional F3. The joint use of functionals makes it possible to reduce various types of noise in the observed potential field data. In the process of research, it was found that the use of functionals of various types in the selection method algorithms is quite advisable. This makes it possible to create new algorithms that improve feasible solutions to the inverse problem, which is necessary for the implementation of additive technologies for the quantitative interpretation of gravity survey data. The constructed model, which takes into account all available a priori information about the density and geometric parameters of anome-forming objects, can be used to obtain additional reliable geological information about gabbro-anarthosite massifs.

Passage of Cosmic Photons Over Stellar Limbs

In several preceding papers [1,2,3,4] we have discussed particle and photon propagations through cosmic gravity fields under the new aspect that gravitational field sources are seen by moving masses or photons under relativistically aberrated positions. This causes astonishing effects like the reduction of peculiar motions of stars or a permanent increase of redshifts of photons at their propagations through cosmic space with uniform matter distribution. In this paper here we shall, however, now study under the given new auspices of relativistically displaced gravity sources the passage of photons over the limbs of stellar surfaces and ask whether such photons not only thereby experience the well known and proven Einstein‘ían deflection, but may also be subject to a discrete, asymptotic energy loss which is related to the mass of the touched star and the impact distance of the photon from this star. We shall investigate here this effect and compare it with Einsteinìan expectations.

Double-Sided Estimates of Inclusion Type for Localizing and Detailing the Location of the Gravitational Field Sources

Double-Sided Estimates of Inclusion Type for Localizing and Detailing the Location of the Gravitational Field Sources

Charged black holes in 4D Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity coupled to nonlinear electrodynamics with maximum allowable symmetries

Recently a new model of nonlinear Maxwell electrodynamics which preserves both conformal and SO(2) duality-rotational invariance has been proposed. In this work, we consider this model as a source of gravitational field and study black holes of novel four-dimensional Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity. In this framework we solve the gravitational field equations and work out the metric function that describe a black hole which generalizes the Maxwellian charged black hole of four-dimensional Einstein–Gauss–Bonnet gravity. Some basic thermodynamic quantities corresponding to the new black hole solution are computed and thermodynamic stability as well as thermal phase transitions are investigated.

Decomposition CO₂ and CO in Flow of Gases by Means of Technical Ferrogravitational Field

The author's experimental studies shown that magnetic poles (magnetic charges) are real structural components of atoms and substance. It is the magnetic poles, and not the electrons moving are direct sources of all magnetic fields in nature. The main reasons for ignoring magnetic charges in physical science are the hard conditions for their confinement in the structures of substance which is fundamentally different from the confinement of electrons, as well as the vicious electric magnetism of Maxwell (1873). True magnetic poles have been “buried alive” in physical theory under such theoretical surrogates as the magnetic moments of electrons. The electromagnetic shells of atoms composed of electric and magnetic charges are the sources of gravitational field which is the vortex electromagnetic field and is described by vortex vector rot[E – H]. Depending on the state of vortex vectors rot[E – H] in the composition of gravitational fields (GF) emitted by atoms, these fields are subdivided into paragravitational (PGF) and ferrogravitational (FGF). The sources of ferrogravitational field are repelled from sources of paragravitational field, for example, from Earth. The forces of such repulsion depend on the degree ferropolarization of gravitational field of atom - source of FGF, and the physical manifestation such repulsion is еthe effect of the ferrogravitational levitation (FGL), which discovered and investigated by the author. The FGL effect is also realized between the atoms emitting PGF and FGF in the formulations of chemical compounds. When an external FGF acts on CO2 molecule the process ferropolarization of gravitational field of oxygen atom is realized, which should be defined as the gravito-plastic source. In this case, the carbon atom, which is the gravito-stable mass, remains of paragravitational. At interatomic distances <1 Å the forces of the gravito-levitation repulsion may be very significant and lead to the rupture of chemical bonds between oxygen and carbon atoms and to the disintegration of the molecule CO2. It is highly probable that the process of decomposition of CO2, similar to that described above, is carried out in the cells of leaves of green plants, which emit precisely the ferrogravitational field. The decomposition of CO2 by FGF and the supply of oxygen to green plants is natural process that takes place in leaf cells called photosynthesis. However, photons in this process are only a stimulating factor contributing to the ferropolarization of gravitational field emitted by atoms oxygen in the composition of green plant cells.

Magnetic Lovelock black holes with a cloud of strings and quintessence

We consider a model of exponential electrodynamics as a source of gravitational field and worked for the solution describing magnetic black hole surrounded by a quintessence and cloud of strings. In this set up, a new family of Lovelock black hole solutions of the gravitational field equations are constructed. The thermodynamics of these black holes is also studied and the mass as well as the other associated thermodynamic quantities such as Hawking temperature and heat capacity in terms of horizon radius are computed. These quantities are dependent on the parameters of exponential electrodynamics, cloud of strings and quintessential dark energy, which have been used for the identification of the regions corresponding to thermal phase transitions and thermodynamic stability of black holes. Furthermore, the effects of thermal fluctuations are also discussed and modified thermodynamic quantities associated to logarithmic correction in entropy are calculated. The Hawking radiations corresponding to these black holes are briefly discussed as well.

The Gravito-Chemical Bond and Structures of Hydrocarbons and Water Molecules with Real Magnetic Charges

Experimental and theoretical studies of the author (period: 1968-present) have shown that true sources of the magnetic field are magnetic fundamental particles (magnetic charges), and not moving electrons. The main reason for ignoring real magnetic charges, as well as true antielectrons in physical science is the hard conditions for confinement of these particles in atoms and substances, which is radically different from the confinement of electrons. Magnetic charges together with electric charges form the shells atoms which are electromagnetic, and not electronic. Namely, electromagnetic shells are sources of gravitational field which is a vortex electromagnetic field and described by the vortex rot [E - H]. Depending on the state polarization of vortex vectors rot [E - H] in compositions of atomic gravitational fields it is subdivided into paragravitational (PGF) and ferrogravitational fields (FGF). The overwhelming number of atoms emits PGF. Between the masses (bodies, atoms, nucleons and others) emitting PGF areas of negative gravitational “Dark Energy” are realized the forces of which press the masses towards each other. Namely, the compression of atoms by the forces of paragravitational “Dark Energy” underlies the chemical bond. The exception here is the ionic bond in ionic crystals. However, all ions have electromagnetic shells that generate the gravitational field. Consequently, ionic bonding is a relatively rare addition to gravito-chemical bond processes. The direct gravito-chemical bond of carbon atoms with hydrogen (1H) is physically forbidden due to the manifestation of the effect of ferrogravitational levitation between them and the repulsion of atoms from each other. Paradoxically, but all existing ideas about the structural device of hydrocarbons are based on such physically forbidden bonds which, moreover, must be realized through ionic bonds which in reality do not exist. Chemical bonding of carbon and hydrogen atoms to form hydrocarbons molecules is possible only if the hydrogen atoms are in the molecular form (1H2). In the composition of water, within the framework of the chemical formula H2O, two stable isomorphic molecular structures are formed. The chemical bond in the first structure is similar to the hydrocarbon scenario described above, i.e. in the process of combining paragravitational oxygen with a hydrogen molecule 1H2. The second molecular structure in water is formed under conditions of ferropolarization of the gravitational field of oxygen atoms under the influence of FGF of neighboring 1H atoms. In this case, the chemical bond is realized under the conditions of ferropolarization of the vortex vectors rot [E - H] of the gravitational fields of all atoms in the molecule and the co-directionality of them vectors Pfp ferropolarization. The gravito-physical properties of the presented molecular structures in the composition of water make it possible to name them, respectively, as heavy and light clusters.

Spinors in Cylindrically Symmetric Space–Time

We studied the behavior of nonlinear spinor field within the scope of a static cylindrically symmetric space–time. It is found that the energy-momentum tensor (EMT) of the spinor field in this case possesses nontrivial non-diagonal components. The presence of non-diagonal components of the EMT imposes three-way restrictions either on the space–time geometry or on the components of the spinor field or on both. It should be noted that the analogical situation occurs in cosmology when the nonlinear spinor field is exploited as a source of gravitational field given by the Bianchi type-I cosmological model.

The influence of gravitational field on time

Existing theories cannot reasonably explain some astronomical phenomena now observed. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the possible limitations of existing theories. First, eight important defects of the existing theories are analyzed in this paper. These eight important defects prove that there are serious errors in the space-time view of the existing macro-physical theories, and it is necessary to rethink the space-time relationship. Then the philosophical basis of reference system is discussed, and a new reference system is constructed. Then, based on the new reference system and the space-time relationship, the approximation limit of time and space at infinite distance from the source of gravitational field is reconstructed, and the relationship between gravitational field and space-time is reconstructed according to this limit. Then the relationships between the new theory and the existing theories are discussed, and the conclusions are consistent with the limitations of the existing theories discussed above. Finally, the new theory is used to explain the above phenomena which cannot be explained by the existing theories.

The Gravitational Levitation in Aerospace Technologies of Future

The discovery and research by the author of real magnetic charges in structures of atoms and substance allowed him to establish that atomic shells are electromagnetic, not electronic. It is the electromagnetic shells of atoms are the source of gravitational field which is the vortex electromagnetic field. Depending from the vector conditions the gravitational field can be both paragravitational (PGF) so and ferrogravitational (FGF). Between the masses (bodies, atoms, nucleons etc.) emitting of PGF is realized forces which pressing masses to each other. The masses emitting FGF are repelled from PGF sources, for example, from the Earth what represents the effect of Gravitational levitation (GL) discovered and investigated by present author. The effect of GL is widespread in Nature. For example, the volatility of so-called light gases (hydrogen, helium, etc.), as well as the convection processes in liquids and gases are determined by the GL effect. The principles of FGF generation developed by the author and technical generators of FGF, created on their basis, allow for the exit of people and loads from the gravitational field of Earth, as well as their return back, without the use of the jet thrust. However, in space, in the absence of PGF the GL effect does not work and traditional technology are needed for further spacecraft movements. Another important aspect associated with the use of FGF in aerospace projects is the possibility of creating artificial gravity on board the spacecraft which will allow to get rid of the state of weightlessness in long-term space voyages. To create artificial gravity the same FGF generators mentioned above are used. The main problem associated with the generation of FGF is of the need to use low temperatures, i.e., superconductivity conditions. However, the latter problem is significant only when the space vehicle is move in atmospheric conditions and is excluded when the FG-generators operate in deep space. In the future, it is possible to use of solid-state ferrogravitational materials (ferrogravitonics) that, like magnets, emit FGF at room and even elevated temperatures. The ferrogravitonics, like atoms of light hydrogen, will pushed out of the Earth’s gravitational field and there may even be such an interesting problem as their retention on Earth, since the forces of the GL will to throw away these materials into space.

Two deductions: (1) from the totality to quantum information conservation; (2) from the latter to dark matter and dark energy

The paper discusses the origin of dark matter and dark energy from the concepts of time and the totality in the final analysis. Though both, and especially the latter, seem to be rather philosophical, nonetheless they are postulated axiomatically and interpreted physically, and the corresponding philosophical transcendentalism serves heuristically. The exposition of the article means to outline the “forest for the trees”, however, in an absolutely rigorous mathematical way, which to be explicated in detail in a future paper. The “two deductions” are two successive stage of a single conclusion mentioned above. The concept of “transcendental invariance” meaning ontologically and physically interpreting the mathematical equivalence of the axiom of choice and the well-ordering “theorem” is utilized again. Then, time arrow is a corollary from that transcendental invariance, and in turn, it implies quantum information conservation as the Noether correlate of the linear “increase of time” after time arrow. Quantum information conservation implies a few fundamental corollaries such as the “conservation of energy conservation” in quantum mechanics from reasons quite different from those in classical mechanics and physics as well as the “absence of hidden variables” (versus Einstein’s conjecture) in it. However, the paper is concentrated only into the inference of another corollary from quantum information conservation, namely, dark matter and dark energy being due to entanglement, and thus and in the final analysis, to the conservation of quantum information, however observed experimentally only on the “cognitive screen” of “Mach’s principle” in Einstein’s general relativity therefore excluding any other source of gravitational field than mass and gravity. Then, if quantum information by itself would generate a certain nonzero gravitational field, it will be depicted on the same screen as certain masses and energies distributed in space-time, and most presumably, observable as those dark energy and dark matter predominating in the universe as about 96% of its energy and matter quite unexpectedly for physics and the scientific worldview nowadays. Besides on the cognitive screen of general relativity, entanglement is available necessarily on still one “cognitive screen” (namely, that of quantum mechanics), being furthermore “flat”. Most probably, that projection is confinement, a mysterious and ad hoc added interaction along with the fundamental tree ones of the Standard model being even inconsistent to them conceptually, as far as it need differ the local space from the global space being definable only as a relation between them (similar to entanglement). So, entanglement is able to link the gravity of general relativity to the confinement of the Standard model as its projections of the “cognitive screens” of those two fundamental physical theories.

Gravitational Chemical Bond with Real Magnetic Charges and True Antielectrons

The detection by the author of real magnetic charges, as well as true antielectrons in of atomic structures allowed him to establish that atomic shells, as well as shells of nucleons are electromagnetic, and not electronic. Namely electromagnetic shells are the sources of gravitational field which is the vortex electromagnetic field. The elementary source of gravitational field is the electromagnetic quasiparticle (S-Graviton) which consists of two coupled dipoles (the magnetic and electric) rotating in antiphase in the same atomic or nucleonic orbit. Electrons in atomic shells are rigidly embedded in the compositions of S-Gravitons and, as a rule, cannot individually participate, for example, in processes of interatomic chemical bonding. Depending on the vector conditions the gravitational fields can be both paragravitational (PGF) so and ferrogravitational (FGF). The overwhelming number of atomic shells and all shells nucleons emit PGF. Between the masses (bodies, atoms, nucleons, etc.) emitting of PGF is realized a force of gravitational “Dark energy” pressing masses to each other. It is the compression of masses by forces of the gravitational “Dark energy” that lies at basis Physics of chemical bond. Depending on implementation in atoms of the effects intra-atomic gravitational shielding/lensing (IAGS/L) discovered and investigated by the author, the gravitational interatomic bonding mechanisms are divided into two groups: non-covalent bonds (IAGS effect) and covalent bonds (IAGL effect). Within the framework of the gravitational bond mechanism of the latter group which is implemented with participation paragravitational orbitals, such chemical concept as valence acquires a real physical meaning. The replacing the erroneous electronic concept of chemical bonding by the gravitational concept implies replacing the notion “electronegativity” of element by the notion the “gravitational activity” while maintaining existing quantitative ability of atoms in molecules to attract atoms of other elements.

A Cosmological Scenario with Rotation

A Bianchi type IX cosmological model with expansion and rotation has been constructed in the framework of general relativity. The model comprises the Friedmannian stages of the Universe evolution including the subsequent transition to accelerated exponential expansion observed nowadays. The gravitational field sources of the model are ultrarelativistic matter, dust and a comoving anisotropic rotating dark energy. The possibility of detecting the cosmological rotation by astrophysical observations is discussed.

The Generation of Quantum Objects by Quantum Loops

Ultimate goal of the work described in this paper has been the construction of a local causal model of quantum theory including quantum field theory. The original model has been refined in a number of refinement steps. As the so far latest refinement step, quantum loops are identified as the elementary processes of spacetime dynamics and quantum field dynamics. Quantum loops are processes that constitute quantum objects. In the causal model of quantum loops and quantum objects presented here, the collective behavioral processes involve the elementary units of spacetime and the associated elementary units of quantum of fields. As such, quantum loop processes are the sources of gravitational fields (i.e., spacetime curvature) and of the quantum objects (wave function). The model may be viewed as a derivative of loop quantum gravity, spin networks and causal dynamical triangulation, although significant deviations to these theories exist. The causal model of quantum loops is based on a causal model of spacetime dynamics where space (-time) consists of interconnected space points, each of which is connected to a small number of neighboring space points. The curvature of spacetime is expressed by the density of these space points and by the arrangement of the connections between them. The quantum loop emerges in a collective behavioral process from a collection of space points that carry energy and quantum field attributes. The paper is considered by the author to represent a fairly complete causal model, except for some processes whose detailed behaviour needs to be determined by use of further computer simulations.

Intra-Atomic Gravitational Shielding (Lensing), Nuclear Forces and Radioactivity

The discovery by the author of real magnetic charges and true anti-electrons in the atomic structures allowed him to establish that the gravitational field (GF) in reality is the vortex electromagnetic field. Depending on the vector conditions the gravitational fields can be either paragravitational (PGF) or ferrogravitational (FGF). Masses (atoms, nucleons, etc.) emitting PGF manifest so-called attraction to each other. In fact, this process is the pressing of atoms or nucleons to each other by the forces of gravitational “Dark energy”. Namely the gravitational “Dark energy” which is formed between the masses emitting PGF and compressing of nucleons in atomic nuclei is the main force factor determining the formation of nuclear forces. Masses that emit FGF are repelled from PGF sources, for example, from the Earth. The last gravitational manifestation, discovered by the author, this is of the effect of the gravitational levitation. The atomic shell and atomic nucleus are autonomous sources of gravitational field in atomic compositions. The gravitational fields emitted these sources, by its physical parameters, are different gravitational fields, what associated with differences in the magnitudes charges of magnetic and electric particles in their compositions. The noted differences in the parameters of the GF are of reason that in atoms the process of extrusion of foreign gravitational field from the region of given gravitational source is realized. This effect should be called the effect of intra-atomic gravitational shielding (IAGS). Within the framework of this effect the shell of the atom is a kind of gravitational “insulator” that prevents the PGF of the nucleons from leaving beyond of the atom. As result of the IAGS effect, the concentration PGF of nucleons is realized only in the region of the nucleus, which leads to an increase in nuclear forces. However, the resistance of the marked “insulator” is finite and if the critical voltage PGF on the nucleus is exceeded, the complete shielding of the nucleon fields by the atomic shell is broken. As result of the leakage of a part of the PGF of nucleons beyond the atom, the density of this field in the region of the nucleus decreases significantly, which leads to a weakening of the nuclear forces and often leads to radioactivity. The effect of gravitational shielding is directly related to such a well-known concept as the mass defect of the nucleus. It is the exclusion of the gravitational field formed by the nucleons in the composition of the atomic nucleus as a result of the full IAGS effect that creates the illusion of atomic mass defect.

Accelerating cosmologies with nonlinear electrodynamics

In this paper, we consider the framework of nonlinear electrodynamics in locally rotationally symmetric (LRS) Bianchi-I universe model composed of magnetic fluid. It has been shown that an accelerated universe expansion takes place if the nonlinear electromagnetic field is a source of gravitational field. In this model, after the big bang, the universe undergoes inflation and the accelerated expansion, dissipates the initial anisotropy of the curvature part without using a selected initial condition. Further validity of generalised second law of thermodynamics in the cosmological model enclosed by apparent horizon is investigated. We also discuss the classical stability of the cosmological model and observational viability of the model.

Bianchi Type VI Cosmological Model in Self-Creation Theory

An exact solution for Bianchi type VI cosmological model with perfect fluid as source of gravitational field is given in self-creation theory for different cases of matter. Physical and geometrical properties of the model are discussed. The effect of the scalar field $$\phi$$ on the entropy of the universe is given with an expression for the entropy for all different cases of matter.

A modified Friedmann equation for a system with varying gravitational mass

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) detection of gravitational waves that take away 5% of the total mass of two merging black holes points out on the importance of considering varying gravitational mass of a system. Using an assumption that the energy-momentum pseudo-tensor of gravitational waves is not considered as a source of gravitational field, we analyse a perturbation of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric caused by the varying gravitational mass of a system. This perturbation leads to a modified Friedmann equation that contains a term similar to the 'cosmological constant'. Theoretical estimates of the effective cosmological constant quantitatively corresponds to observed cosmological acceleration.

Bianchi type II cosmological model of the Universe’s evolution

A Bianchi type II cosmological model with expansion and rotation has been constructed. The model describes the Friedmannian stage of the Universe’s evolution including a subsequent transition to the accelerated exponential expansion observed nowadays. The gravitational field sources of the model are an ultra-relativistic matter, dust and co-moving anisotropic rotating dark energy. The possibility of detecting the cosmological rotation by astrophysical observations is discussed.

Interior solution for the Kerr metric

A, recently presented, general procedure to find static and axially symmetric, interior solutions to the Einstein equations, is extended to the stationary case, and applied to find an interior solution for the Kerr metric. The solution, which is generated by an anisotropic fluid, verifies the energy conditions for a wide range of values of the parameters, and matches smoothly to the Kerr solution, thereby representing a globally regular model describing a non spherical and rotating source of gravitational field. In the spherically symmetric limit, our model converges to the well known incompressible perfect fluid solution.The key stone of our approach is based on an ansatz allowing to define the interior metric in terms of the exterior metric functions evaluated at the boundary source. The physical variables of the energy-momentum tensor are calculated explicitly, as well as the geometry of the source in terms of the relativistic multipole moments.