Energy Sources In India Research Articles

Transition towards a green economy: role of FDI

The energy use in India is at present considerably higher than a few decades ago, mainly as a result of economic growth. The primary source of energy in India, thermal power, is a source of greenhouse gas emissions. To stabilise the CO2 emissions and promote sustainable development, economic development must go hand in hand with low-carbon society’s development. A transition towards a green economy will require a shift away from current production and consumption patterns of energy. This is achievable through improved process and end-use energy efficiency, and increased adoption of cleaner energy sources. Fostering increased investments in clean energy and energy efficiency is an important step to achieving more sustainable economic development. Therefore, we have undertaken this study that attempts to examine the impact of FDI in Indian power sector on the path of clean energy.

IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN POWER SUPPLY OF INDIA– A SYSTEM DYNAMICS APPROACH

In this paper, an attempt is made to answer the question: Can renewable energy sources eventually supply India’s electricity needs in the future? In particular, we examine the total potential of renewable energy sources in India and extent to which they can supply these needs. The estimates made here indicate that even with a frugal per capita electricity need of 2000 kWh/annum and a stabilized population of 1500 million by 2025, India would need to generate approximately 3000 TWh/yr. As opposed to this, a systematic analysis of the information available on all the renewable energy sources indicates that the total potential is only around 1000 TWh/yr. It is concluded that in the future as fossil fuels are exhausted, renewable sources alone will not suffice for meeting India’s needs.

Sustainable Energy Plan of a Village in Punjab for Self Energy Generation.

Abstract- Increasing electricity demand, hike in fuel prices, environmental concerns are the main factors which motivate the use of renewable energy sources in India. In past few year India has shown a significantly growth in utilization of renewable energy sources. Today the share of Renewable energy sources is almost 12% in total electricity generation. According to Ministry of Power in India so far 1.15 lakhs of villages still unelectrified. In this paper the potential of renewable energy sources (solar + biomass) is estimated in a village in Punjab, India. Based on a survey conducted in an Indian village named “Kaidupur” situated in district Patiala in Punjab, the available bio mass resources like agro-waste, animal dung, and solar energy are identified. This paper provides a complete solution to meet energy demand of a village by renewable energy sources. The optimization (biomass + solar) is done by Hybrid optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER). Hybrid energy system is becoming popular in area where grid extension is considered uneconomical or not feasible. This paper provides a better understanding of utilization of renewable resources in an isolated /off grid locations.

National electricity planner and use of distributed energy sources in India

Abstract Indian electricity supply system mostly consists of a centralized, large and conventional generation system. Gradually, as the scenario of huge increase in demand as compared to generation was imposed on the system, the electric utilities have been restructured in various ways. With the restructuring process, the system operators are planning to implement alternative energy resources in the system. Nowadays, these resources are being utilized through small and modular energy conversion systems, known as distributed generation (DG) based on conventional and renewable energy resources. By implementing DG in the system, the environmental impact has been reduced along with the enhancement of reliability and quality in the power supply. Therefore, it is very important to choose DG at various locations in a country like India, because of varying weather conditions and resource availability. Determining DG options at different locations depends upon various attributes like economic, technical, environmental and resource availability, etc. Sometimes, it becomes difficult in part of authorities to arrive at a suitable decision on choosing the type of DG technology for a particular region or area. Overall Indian power system is divided into five broad regional grids viz., northern regional grid (NRG), eastern regional grid (ERG), southern regional grid (SRG), north eastern regional grid (NERG), western regional grid (WRG), operated and maintained by the respective regional load dispatch centers (RLDCs). The main objective of this work is to determine various DG technology options in each of the five regions in India with consideration of the above mentioned attributes. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has been used to identify the relative importance of the chosen attributes at various regions. Based on this, suitable DG options are determined.

Demand-supply mismatch, energy security and sustainable development in India

The objective of this paper is to analyze the trend and pattern of energy use, demand-supply mismatch, energy challenges, the cause and effect relationship between energy and economic development, and it’s sustainability in India. The study is based on secondary data collected from energy policy reports, economic survey of India and reports of oil corporations of India. The study has used methods of compound growth rate and energy elasticity to analyse the present and future energy challenge in India. In terms of primary energy consumption, India ranks fifth in the world and accounts for about 3.5 per cent of the world’s commercial energy demand. But the country lacks sufficient domestic energy resources, particularly of petroleum and natural gas and must import much of its growing requirements. Currently, about 35% of India’s commercial energy needs are imported. Energy security and sustainable development are critical issues to ensure India’s economic growth. The trend of the primary commercial energy consumption in India shows that electricity and coal are the major sources of energy consumed in India. The demand for coal and electricity increased at 8 % to 9 % during last 3 years. Coal is essential source of energy in India and three-fourth of electricity is generated from coal in thermal plants. The oil and natural gas reserve in India is very low. Total coal energy requirement is projected to increase from 283MT in 2011-12 to 937 MT in 2031-32 which is four times rise in 20 years. The projected oil energy requirement increases almost at 20 % per year whereas GDP growth rate is only 8% to 9 % per year. Natural gas requirement is projected to rise from 48MT in 2011-12 to 197 MT in 2031-32 which is more than four times in 20 years. During 10 years from 2011-12 to 2021-22, the total coal demand will increase from 627 MT to 1131 MT. The per capita primary energy consumption in India is a low 305 kg against the world average of 1,487 kg. Accordingly, with a total primary energy consumption of 314.7 million metric tones of oil equivalent (MMTOE), India accounts for just 3.4% of the total world primary energy consumption. The share of primary energy consumption is projected to increase from 72.2% to 90.4% during the same period. The share of non-commercial energy will significantly reduce to 9.1% in 2031-32. The projected compound annual growth rate of total primary energy requirement from 2006 to 2032 is 5.4 % where as it is only 0.76 % in case of Non-commercial Energy. The paper focuses on the projections, growth rates and GDP elasticity of total energy requirements. During fifteen year period from 1995 to 2010, the compound growth rate of total primary energy is 2.9 % and for total primary commercial energy is 4.9%. In order to deliver a sustained growth of 8% through 2031, India would at least need to grow it’s primary energy supply by 3 to 4 times whereas the electricity supply needs to grow at the rate of 5 to 7 times the present consumption.

Emission Estimates of Particulate PAHs from Biomass Fuels Used in Delhi, India

ABSTRACT The emission factors for particulate-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated for various biomass fuels (fuelwood, dung cakes, and agricultural residue) that are being commonly used in Delhi as a source of energy. Emission factors of total particulate PAHs varied from 35.9 ± 1.9 to 59.7 ± 4.4 mg/kg. Higher levels of total PAHs and particulate matter (PM) were found from dung cakes as compared to fuelwood and agricultural residue. The emission factors for PM from dung cake, fuelwood, and agricultural residue are 25 ± 8, 15 ± 3.2, and 12.1 ± 9.4 g/kg, respectively. The total PAH emissions showed an increase with high particulate matter emission rates and lower combustion efficiency. Fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene constituted the major fraction of PAH emissions from all biomass fuels. The annual budget estimates (total emissions per year) for PAHs and PM from biomass fuels used in Delhi are 30.5 ± 2.3 Mg (Megagrams) and 11.6 ± 4.4 Gg (Gigagrams), respectively. An attempt has also been made to evaluate the preliminary budget estimates of PAHs and PM emitted from the use of biomass fuels as a source of energy in India by using the emission factors obtained in the present study.

Estimation of anaerobic codigestion potential of agri-waste in India and comparative financial analysis

Agricultural waste generation including 1207 million tonnes (MT) of animal dung and 498 MT of crop residues represents an important source of energy in India. A total of 869 MT of recoverable animal dung and 177 MT of surplus crop residues can produce 54 Billion m3 of biogas under anaerobic codigestion to provide 622 PJ of cooking energy per annum fulfilling a major portion of cooking energy requirement of the country. Analysis reveals that the biogas potential of the country can be enhanced by 50% by application of codigestion technology over single feedstock digestion. Financial viability analysis carried out for the codigestion technology reveals its economic superiority over already existing single feed stock digestion.

An optimal electricity allocation model for sustainable resource use in India

Energy demand is increasing rapidly because of developments in the agricultural, industrial, commercial and transportation sectors. Improved lifestyle and population rise are other reasons for the increase in energy demand. The development of an electricity allocation model will help in the proper allocation of the energy sources to meet the future electricity demand in India. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a fuzzy-based linear programming, optimal electricity allocation model (OEAM) that minimizes the cost and determines the optimum allocation of different energy sources to the centralized and decentralized power generation in India. The potential of energy sources, energy demand, efficiency of the energy systems, emission released by the energy systems and carbon tax for the emissions released by each system are the main factors that influence the pattern of electricity distribution and are used as constraints in the model. Executing this model results in an optimal electricity distribution pattern. The results indicate that the commercial energy sources such as coal, nuclear and hydro would meet nearly 68% of total electricity demand and that the remaining 32% of the electricity demand will be met by the renewable energy sources, namely, wind, biomass, biogas, solid waste, cogeneration and mini hydel for the year 2020. Various scenarios are also developed by varying the demand, potential, emission and carbon tax. This studywill help in the formation of strategies for effective utilization of energy sources in India.

Determinants of household energy consumption in India

Improving access to affordable modern energy is critical to improving living standards in the developing world. Rural households in India, in particular, are almost entirely reliant on traditional biomass for their basic cooking energy needs. This has adverse effects on their health and productivity, and also causes environmental degradation. This study presents a new generic modelling approach, with a focus on cooking fuel choices, and explores response strategies for energy poverty eradication in India. The modelling approach analyzes the determinants of fuel consumption choices for heterogeneous household groups, incorporating the effect of income distributions and traditionally more intangible factors such as preferences and private discount rates. The methodology is used to develop alternate future scenarios that explore how different policy mechanisms such as fuel subsidies and micro-financing can enhance the diffusion of modern, more efficient, energy sources in India.

Rice straw as a renewable energy source in India, Thailand, and the Philippines: Overall potential and limitations for energy contribution and greenhouse gas mitigation

abstract Rice is a widely grown crop in the South and South-East Asia that leaves substantial quantity of straw in the field. The aim of this paper is to assess the quantity of rice straw produced, estimate Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions based on its current uses, and assess its possible energy potential and related GHG emissions mitigation potential. Updated statistics on rough rice production are used in this study in combination with the literature values on Straw-to-Grain Ratio (SGR) to quantify the amount of rice straw produced in the three countries of focus. It is estimated that 97.19, 21.86, and 10.68 Mt of rice straw residue are produced in India, Thailand, and the Philippines, respectively. In India, 23% of rice straw residue produced is surplus and is either left in the field as uncollected or to a large extent open-field burnt. About 48% of this residue produced is subjected to open-field burning in Thailand, and in the Philippines it is 95%. The GHG emissions contribution through open-field burning of rice straw in India, Thailand, and the Philippines are 0.05%, 0.18%, and 0.56%, and the mitigated GHG emissions when generated electricity is used would be 0.75%, 1.81%, and 4.31%, respectively, when compared to the total country GHG emissions.

An optimal electricity allocation model for the effective utilisation of energy sources in India with focus on biofuels

PurposeRenewable energy sources are likely to play a major role in meeting the future energy requirement of a developing country like India. Among the various renewable energy sources, the bio‐energy plays a key role for the power generation. In this paper, an attempt is made to develop a fuzzy based linear programming optimal electricity allocation model (OEAM) that minimizes the cost and determines the optimum allocation of different energy sources for the centralized and decentralized power generation in India with special emphasis to bio‐energy.Design/methodology/approachThe OEAM model optimizes and selects the appropriate energy options for the power generation on the factors such as cost, potential, demand, efficiency, emission and carbon tax. The objective function of the model is minimizing the cost of power generation. The other factors are used as constraints in the model. The fuzzy linear programming optimization approach is used in the model.FindingsThe extents of energy sources distribution for the power generation in the year 2020 would be 15,800 GWh (4 per cent) from the coal based plants, 85,400 GWh (20 per cent) from the nuclear plants, 191,100 GWh (44 per cent) from the hydro plants, 22,400 GWh (5 per cent) from the wind mills, 45,520 GWh (11 per cent) from the biomass gasifier plants, 14,112 GWh (3 per cent) from the biogas plants, 8,400 GWh (2 per cent) from the solid waste, 33,600 GWh (8 per cent) from the cogeneration plants and 11,970 GWh (3 per cent) from the mini hydel plants, respectively.Originality/valueThe OEAM has been developed for the electricity demand allocation for the year 2020. An extensive literature survey revealed that carbon tax and emission constraints were never used in the previous models and they are considered in the present model.

CDM potential of SPV lighting systems in India

In view of the increasing interest in the development and dissemination of technologies for harnessing new and renewable sources of energy in India, there have also been some efforts towards their use in the domestic lighting sector. However, the cumulative number of Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) lighting systems such as SPV lanterns and solar home lighting systems in India is far below their theoretical potential despite government subsidy programmes. One of the major barriers is the high capital investment in these systems. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) provides industrialized countries with an incentive to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries to achieve a reduction in CO2 emissions at lowest cost that also promotes sustainable development in the host country. SPV lanterns and solar home lighting systems could be of interest under the CDM because they directly displace greenhouse gas emissions while contributing to sustainable rural development. However, only two SPV projects have been submitted under the CDM so far. This study assesses the maximum theoretical as well as the realistically achievable CDM potential of SPV lanterns and solar home lighting systems in India. The SPV lantern project is financially viable at a certified emissions reductions (CER) price of 34 € whereas the solar home lighting project is financially viable at a CER price of 46 €. While the maximum mitigation volume is about 35 million tonne CO2 on an annual basis, an estimate of achievable CER levels is done using the past diffusion trends of SPV systems. We find that annual CER volumes could reach 0.8 to 2.4 million by 2012 and 5.6 to 13.6 million by 2020. This would require that the government sets the subsidy level for SPV lighting systems at a level that allows them to become viable with the CER revenue. From a macro-economic point of view this makes sense if the sustainability benefits are deemed sufficiently high to warrant promotion of this type of project.

CDM potential of box type solar cookers in India

SYNOPSIS In view of the increasing interest in the development and dissemination of technologies for harnessing new and renewable sources of energy in India, there have also been some efforts towards their use in domestic cooking. However, the cumulative number of renewable energy systems such as box type solar cookers in India is far below their theoretical potential. One of the major barriers is the high cost of investments in these systems. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) provides industrialised countries with an incentive to invest in emission reduction projects in developing countries to achieve a reduction in CO, emissions at lowest cost, that also promotes sustainable development in the host country. Box type solar cookers could be of interest under the CDM because they directly displace greenhouse gas emissions while contributing to sustainable rural development. However, there is only one registered project on solar cookers under the CDM so far. This study assesses the maximum theoretical, as well as the realistically achievable, CDM potential of box type solar cookers in India. While the maximum mitigation volume is 46 million tonnes of CO2 on an annual basis, an estimate of achievable Certified Emissions Reductions (CER) levels is done using the past diffusion trends of box type solar cookers. We find that annual CER volumes could reach 0.7 to 2.1 million by 2012 and 1.7 to 2.1 million by 2020. This would require that the Government sets the subsidy for box type solar cookers at a level that allows them to become viable with the CER revenue. From a macro-economic point of view this makes sense if the sustainability benefits are deemed sufficiently high to warrant promotion of this project type.

An optimal energy allocation model using fuzzy linear programming for energy planning in India for the year 2020

Development of an energy allocation model will help in the proper allocation of the energy sources in meeting the future energy demand in India. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop a fuzzy-based linear programming optimal energy model that minimises the cost and determines the optimum allocation of different energy sources for the centralised and decentralised power generation in India. The potential, energy demand, efficiency, emission and carbon tax are used as constraints in the model. The model allocates the energy distribution pattern for the year 2020 in India. The results indicate that the energy distribution pattern would be 15 800 GWh (4%) from the coal-based plants, 85 400 GWh (20%) from the nuclear plants, 191 100 GWh (44%) from the hydro plants, 22 400 GWh (5%) from the wind turbine generators, 45 520 GWh (11%) from the biomass gasifier plants, 14 112 GWh (3%) from the biogas plants, 8400 GWh (2%) from the solid waste, 33 600 GWh (8%) from the cogeneration plants and 11 970 GWh (3%) from the mini-hydel plants, for the year 2020. A sensitivity analysis has been done to validate the OEAM model. This study will help in the formation of strategies for the effective utilisation of energy sources in India.

Energy models for commercial energy prediction and substitution of renewable energy sources

In this paper, three models have been projected namely Modified Econometric Mathematical (MEM) model, Mathematical Programming Energy-Economy-Environment (MPEEE) model, and Optimal Renewable Energy Mathematical (OREM) model. The actual demand for coal, oil and electricity is predicted using the MEM model based on economic, technological and environmental factors. The results were used in the MPEEE model, which determines the optimum allocation of commercial energy sources based on environmental limitations. The gap between the actual energy demand from the MEM model and optimal energy use from the MPEEE model, has to be met by the renewable energy sources. The study develops an OREM model that would facilitate effective utilization of renewable energy sources in India, based on cost, efficiency, social acceptance, reliability, potential and demand. The economic variations in solar energy systems and inclusion of environmental constraint are also analyzed with OREM model. The OREM model will help policy makers in the formulation and implementation of strategies concerning renewable energy sources in India for the next two decades.

Bio oil from pyrolysis of cashew nut shell-characterisation and related properties

Biomass in the form of cashew nut shell represents a renewable and abundant source of energy in India. Cashew nut shell (CNS) was pyrolysed in a fixed bed pyrolysis reactor under vacuum. The CNS on heating upto 175°C produced dark brown oil (oil CO1), which was extracted, and the CNS, after the removal of oil CO1, was pyrolysed under vacuum. The pyrolysis vapours were condensed to get a combustible oil fraction (oil CO2) as well as a noncombustible aqueous fraction. The detailed chemical compositional analysis of both the oils as well as aqueous fractions were carried out by various techniques like liquid column chromatography 1HNMR, 13CNMR, FTIR, GC-MS. The CNS oils (CO1 and CO2) were found to be a renewable natural resource of unsaturated phenols with long linear chains and marked absence of anacardic acid. Unlike other bio oils, the CNS oils have been found to be fairly stable. The oils were completely miscible in diesel and were found to have low corrosivity towards Copper and Stainless steel, and thus promise to be a potential fuel.

Bio oil from pyrolysis of cashew nut shell-characterisation and related properties

Biomass in the form of cashew nut shell represents a renewable and abundant source of energy in India. Cashew nut shell (CNS) was pyrolysed in a fixed bed pyrolysis reactor under vacuum. The CNS on heating upto 175°C produced dark brown oil (oil CO1), which was extracted, and the CNS, after the removal of oil CO1, was pyrolysed under vacuum. The pyrolysis vapours were condensed to get a combustible oil fraction (oil CO2) as well as a noncombustible aqueous fraction. The detailed chemical compositional analysis of both the oils as well as aqueous fractions were carried out by various techniques like liquid column chromatography 1 HNMR , 13 CNMR , FTIR, GC-MS. The CNS oils (CO1 and CO2) were found to be a renewable natural resource of unsaturated phenols with long linear chains and marked absence of anacardic acid. Unlike other bio oils, the CNS oils have been found to be fairly stable. The oils were completely miscible in diesel and were found to have low corrosivity towards Copper and Stainless steel, and thus promise to be a potential fuel.

The application of a Delphi technique in the linear programming optimization of future renewable energy options for India

The role of renewable energy resources in developing countries has increased considerably over the last decade. Technological developments are so advanced that the renewables can be conveniently substituted for commercial energy sources. The extent to which renewable energy could be substituted in the commercial energy scene in respect of environment and social impact is discussed in this paper. An optimal renewable energy mathematical (OREM) model will be developed for the substitution of renewable energy sources in India over the years 2010–11, 2015–16 and 2020–21. It is a linear programming model, which allocates optimal renewable energy sources for different end-uses such as lighting, cooking, pumping, heating, cooling and transportation. The model was developed with the objective of minimizing cost/efficiency ratio based on social acceptance, reliability, demand and potential constraints. The model predicts that around 25% of the total energy consumed will be from renewable energy sources by the year 2020–21. It was found that at optimal condition, for lighting end-use, solar PV and biogas electricity conversion could be used to an extent of 520 and 750 PJ , respectively. Similarly, the optimal renewable energy sources for other end-uses were determined by running OREM model. The potential for biomass, biogas, firewood and ethanol were varied in the model and different renewable energy distribution patterns were obtained. When the potential of these resources are increased in the model, the contribution of solar energy systems would decrease as they are expensive. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to validate the OREM model. The coefficient of sensitivity has been obtained for the variation of renewable energy demand, social acceptance and potential of renewable energy sources. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the OREM model is very sensitive with regard to variation of different parameters in the model. This model can be used in the formation of energy strategies in India.

Indian wind power: Wind as a supplementary energy source in India

Wind energy programmes started in India during the 1980s and gained momentum during 1992–1993 mainly due to the participation of private developers who saw wind as a viable alternative source of power for their existing industrial activities. The liberal incentives provided by the Government of India like 100 per cent depreciation in the first year itself, a five year tax holiday; wheeling/banking, and third party sale by different state governments also gave a big boost to the establishment of wind farms. Dr A. Jagadeesh, Wind Energy Specialist and Consultant, India highlights the current status and actions needed for further development of a wind power industry in India.

Sensitivity analysis of optimal renewable energy mathematical model on demand variations

Energy demand is increasing rapidly because of developments in the industrial, agricultural, commercial and transportation sectors. The population rise and improved life style are other reasons for the increase in energy demand. Since commercial energy sources are non-renewable and depleting in nature, it is essential to seek renewable energy sources. After a few decades, renewables have to play a major role to meet the growing energy demand. A Delphi study has been conducted to find the level of social acceptance in the utilisation of renewable energy sources for the year 2020–2021. The experts’ opinion revealed that 25% of total energy demand could be met by renewable energy sources. An Optimal Renewable Energy Mathematical (OREM) model is developed to allocate the predicted renewable energy demand for different end uses. The model is analysed to meet 20, 25 and 30% of the total energy demand in the year 2020–2021. In the case of the 25% energy demand, the renewable energy contribution would be 8.127 × 10 15 kJ. A sensitivity analysis has been done to validate the OREM model. The analysis reveals that the energy distribution pattern changes, even with an increase of 1% energy demand, for which the coefficient of sensitivity is 1.84%. This study will help in the formation of strategies for effective utilisation of renewable energy sources in India.