Electric Power Source Research Articles

Determination of Elements Reliability for Power Plants Based on Internal Combustion Engines by Lowest Residual Entropy Method

The selection technique of diagnostic parameters for the creation of fault detection system of autonomous electric power sources based on gasoline and diesel engines is given in the paper. An analysis of the design features for autonomous electric power sources based on internal combustion engines, which are the most common on the Ukrainian market, was carried out. Thanks to this, a logical model of the research object, which establishes the relation between the main structural elements of the system and determines the possible states of the system, was developed. The effect of fault state initiation for each element on the other system elements was analyzed. An informative criterion – Shannon information entropy is proposed to determine the finite number of diagnostic parameters among the infinite number of possible combinations for physical parameters that characterize the system. The equal-probable cases of exit from operational state of each system elements are considered. The residual entropies of the system at the fault state for one of the autonomous power sources assembly are determined, having applied the concept of Shannon information entropy. The residual entropy value is the informative criterion. The application of this criterion allowed to determine the system elements that most effectively reduce the system uncertainty degree. Based on the residual entropy values, the system assemblies, the state of which should be primarily monitored by diagnostic system, are selected. The diagnostic parameters are determined for such elements, and the ways to obtain them are given

Smart Event Desk Mini Photovoltaic with Air Purifier FP-F30

At an event booth, there will undoubtedly be many visitors who will come to see the event and go around from one Booth to another. In a situation like this, the air in the booth environment will mix with visitors, from cigarette smoke to pollution outside the booth event so the air quality will be less good. Therefore, it is necessary to create an intelligent booth system to overcome pollution problems by equipping the Air Purifier at the event booth accompanied by lights, ultrasonic sensors, and mini photovoltaic. Mini photovoltaic serves as an alternative source of electrical power, supporting sensors such as ultrasonics to detect people around the Booth, humidity sensors, BH1750 light intensity sensors, voltage sensors, and lamps function as alternative lighting. Air Purifier will filter air pulsions around the event booth. This system works automatically, so it is more effective in its use

Electric vehicle impact on the environment in terms of the electric energy source — Case study

The growth of the electric vehicles (EVs) use forces a need of verification their emissivity due to the electric power source. The thesis of non-emissivity EV is contested. Based on the average conditions of the Polish generation system and distribution network, real energy demand to charge EVs was calculated. Then the emissions were set and compared to the classic cars with internal combustion engine (ICE) according to Euro standards to check what real emissions are for EV and classic cars. For the averaged cases of the low voltage distribution system it turned out, that charging the electric vehicles from the mains results in higher exhaust gases production than the ICE cars. The energy losses are especially high for rural areas, where distances from the energy source to load are significant. This causes higher emissions than in cases of ICE. However the application of the renewable energy sources (RES) may be a best way to achieve zero-emissivity transportation, both in local scale (home RES supplying EV) and in whole system scale by lowering the average emissions substituting fossil fuels sources.

Optimal sizing of residential photovoltaic and battery system connected to the power grid based on the cost of energy and peak load

The use of renewable energy is necessary to achieve the goals of sustainable development, and sooner or later all countries are forced to plan and make policies for the use of this equipment. Considering the growing trend of smart systems and the ability of these systems to control and use renewable resources, it is necessary to investigate how to control and optimally use these resources in smart systems. Considering the geographical conditions and significant solar energy radiation in Iran, the most suitable option for using renewable energy in residential buildings is solar energy. Among the types of solar energy used around the world, photovoltaic panels are used more due to their wide range, being cheaper than other sources of electric power from solar energy and more durable than other sources. In order to reduce widespread losses and reduce the cost of transmission and distribution, increase efficiency, the possibility of the presence of private sector investors and increase the security and stability of the power grid, distributed production of electrical energy at consumption locations using small-scale units is the most cost-effective way to use home solar panels. Also, the production of energy from wind turbines can be done in the areas where anemometer data determine it to be suitable. The combination of solar energy and wind energy can effectively reduce the need for batteries, but studies show that this combination is only economically viable when it is used on a large scale and with high powers, which requires a lot of investment. Large initial capital is one of the biggest problems of distributed production systems, so the use of artificial intelligence methods for accurate capacity determination of renewable energy production systems becomes doubly important. The economic results show that the least cost of electricity and net price cost are 0.44 $ per kWh and 15.0 million $ respectively, when the converter size was gradually changed, with a renewable fraction of 46.7%.

A Mechanistic Overview of the Current Status and Future Challenges of Aluminum Anode and Electrolyte in Aluminum-Air Batteries.

Aluminum-air batteries (AABs) are regarded as attractive candidates for usage as an electric vehicle power source due to their high theoretical energy density (8100 Wh kg-1 ), which is considerably higher than that of lithium-ion batteries. However, AABs have several issues with commercial applications. In this review, we outline the difficulties and most recent developments in AABs technology, including electrolytes and aluminum anodes, as well as their mechanistic understanding. First, the impact of the Al anode and alloying on battery performance is discussed. Then we focus on the impact of electrolytes on battery performances. The possibility of enhancing electrochemical performances by adding inhibitors to electrolytes is also investigated. Additionally, the use of aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes in AABs is also discussed. Finally, the challenges and potential future research areas for the advancement of AABs are suggested.

Highly flexible triboelectric nanogenerators with electrospun PVDF-TrFE nanofibers on MWCNTs/PDMS/AgNWs composite electrodes

With an increasing demand for flexible and portable power sources, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have been attracted as self-powered systems. In this study, we fabricated highly flexible TENGs composed of directly electrospun a poly(vinylidene fluoride co-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) nanofiber membranes on the multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)/silver nanowires (AgNWs) composite electrodes. Adjusting the PDMS mixing ratio could enhance the adhesive strength and decrease Young's modulus of the composite electrode, resulting in the fabrication of highly flexible TENGs. The TENG (30 mm × 30 mm2) yielded a power density of 5.28 W/m2. In addition, it was demonstrated the TENG could stably harvest electric energy under various conditions. It is expected that the proposed TENGs could be applied as electrical power sources for flexible electronics due to its sufficient electrical performance and flexibility.

An approach for radiation dose reduction in computerized tomography

<span lang="EN-US">Minimization of radiation dose plays an important role in human wellbeing. Excess of radiation dose leads to cancer. Radiation greatly affects young children less than 10 years of age as their life span is longer. Radiation can be reduced by hardware and/or by software techniques. Hardware methods deal with variation of parameters such as tube voltage, tube current, exposure time, focal distance and filter type. Software techniques include image processing methods. The originally acquired X-ray images may be contaminated with noise due to the fact of instability in the case of sensors, electrical power or X-ray source, that is responsible for the degradation of the image attributes. An enhanced image denoising algorithm has been proposed which decreases Gaussian noise combined with salt and pepper noise that retains most information particulars.</span>

The quality of health data before and after the implementation of the electronic health management information system for the fistula program in Tanzania

AbstractThis study assessed the quality and challenges of health data before and after the implementation of the Hospital Information System (HIS) for the fistula program at the Comprehensive Community‐based Rehabilitation Hospital in Tanzania. This was a mixed methods study. Data were collected at baseline and end‐line (before and after the implementation of the HIS) study using quantitative Data Quality Assessment (DQA) checklists and individual interviews. At the baseline, the DQA checklists were assessed using files registered from 2017 to May 2019. At the end‐line, the DQA checklists used data for a patient registered at the established HIS from June 2019 to December 2020. Interviews with clinical and non‐clinical staff were conducted at both baseline and end‐line studies. The study found that data quality improved after the implementation of the HIS. At baseline, data completeness declined from 85% in 2017 to 44.9% in 2019 while accuracy declined from 44% in 2017 to 31% in 2019. At the end‐line, data completeness and accuracy were >80% and 100% annually respectively. Data preciseness increased from 0% at baseline to 100% at the end‐line. Both data completeness and accuracy had inconsistent tend over months, although preciseness could not be evaluated at baseline as no breakdown of indicators was reported. The major challenges related to data quality included language barrier, incompleteness of data, incorrect data entry, use of both manual and electronic systems, as well as unreliable electricity and network. In general, the HIS had improved rates of data quality in terms of completeness, accuracy, and preciseness of data as compared to the manual system. Policy‐makers and hospital administrators should ensure that the HIS are integrated into national hospital information systems, build staff capacity, ensure reliable sources of electrical power, and regular training on data collection.

Hydrovoltaic Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Sweat Electrolyte Analysis.

Human sweat comprises various electrolytes that are health status indicators. Conventional potentiometric electrolyte sensors require an electrical power source, which is expensive, bulky, and requires a complex architecture. Herein, this work demonstrates an electric nanogenerator fabricated using silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays comprising modified carbon nanoparticles. The SiNWarrays platform is demonstrated as an effective self-powered sensor for sweat electrolyte analysis. It has been shown that an evaporation-induced water flow in nanochannels can yield an open-circuit voltage (Voc ) of 0.45V and a short-circuit current of 10.2µA at room temperature as a result of overlapped electric double layers. The electrolyte in the water flow results in a Voc decrease due to the charge shielding effect. The Voc is inversely proportional to the electrolyte concentration. The fabricated hydrovoltaic device shows the capability for sensing electrolytes in human sweat, which is useful in evaluating the hydration status of volunteers following intense physical exercise. The device depicts a novel response mechanism compared to conventional electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, the hydrovoltaic device shows a maximum output power of 1.42 µW, and as such has been successfully shown to drive various electronic devices including light-emitting diodes, a calculator, and an electronic timer.

Analysis of Boost Converters Fed Grid-Tied PV System

In high solar energy regions, photovoltaic systems are a low-cost source of electrical power. The advantages of a PV system include non-pollution and low maintenance. Solar energy alters irradiance and temperature, and partial shading in the cells is one factor that reduces power output. Therefore, different algorithms are being created to get the most power out of the PV setup, and boost converters are being created to control the supply. DC architectures will be highly sought-after in electrical distribution networks in the future. All of the aforementioned ideas are reviewed in this study for use in DC grids for upcoming DC applications. The idea of a microgrid is quickly becoming recognized as a smart approach to link renewable drive bases and loads. A Direct current grid is essential for the modern domain. Commercial, residential, and industrial applications all increasingly use DC systems. In terms of efficiency, control, and dependability, DC grids are superior. Direct current architectures will be highly sought-after in electrical distribution networks in the future. All of the aforementioned ideas are reviewed in this study for use in DC grids for upcoming DC applications.

High-photosensitive ultraviolet photodetector based on an n-ZnO microwire/p-InGaN heterojunction

Researchers have focused on the achievement of high-performance self-biasing ultraviolet photodetectors because of their significance in scientific research and realistic applications. Herein, we proposed and constructed a high-photosensing ultraviolet photodetector, which is made of a single ZnO microwire doped by Ga (ZnO:Ga MW) and p-type InGaN layer. The carefully designed n -ZnO:Ga MW/p-InGaN heterostructure device can sensitively monitor a broadband wavelengths of light in the range of 300–500 nm. The photodetector can also operate in self-biased and reversely biased modes. Especially for the photoelectrical measurements operated in a self-driving manner, the device exhibits excellent photodetection performances, containing a maximum responsivity of 217 mA/W, a photodetectivity of 4.57 × 10 12 Jones, a fast response speed (the rising/decaying times ∼175 μs/30 m) and a high I on /I off ratio of about 6.5 × 10 4 upon 360 nm light illumination. The broadband and ultraviolet spectrum-selective photoresponse of the single ZnO:Ga wire heterojunction detector was principally derived from the resulting combination of ultraviolet-sensitive ZnO:Ga microstructures and ultraviolet–visible-sensitive capability of InGaN materials. Furthermore, the as-proposed n -ZnO:Ga/p-InGaN heterojunction could be functioned as an electrical power source with output voltage of about 1.18 V. This study may enable a potential significance in achieving high-performance self-driving ultraviolet photodetector, and other cost-effective and multifunctional optoelectronic devices. • Catalyst-free growth of ZnO:Ga microwires was achieved using a facile CVD method. • The proposed n -ZnO:Ga MW/p-InGaN heterojunction can sensitively monitor a broadband wavelengths of ultraviolet–visible light. • The photodetector can operated in a self-driving manner, exhibiting excellent and competitive photodetection performances. • The n -ZnO:Ga MW/p-InGaN heterojunction can be employed as a miniature photo-induced power unit with a stable output voltage of about 1.18 V.

Calculation of dynamic operating modes refrigeration machines with electric energy sources

The method of calculating the dynamic operating modes of refrigerating machines with electric power sources is described. As an example, the results of the calculation and data of experimental studies of the processes of starting a refrigerating machine with an electric asynchronous motor are given.

Battery optimization by machine learning algorithms: Research gap via bibliometric analysis

Technological developments enable low-carbon transitions to be accelerated by conceptualization systems and innovations for research and development to generate clean energy. Batteries are becoming one of the essential parts of the science of electrical power sources. Lithium-ion batteries are part of the change and development factors in technologies that significantly impact the portable devices sector and the development of electric vehicles. Designing the material structure and composition of battery manufacturing with the help of engineering system design will form a much more optimal battery. Machine learning algorithms can easily optimize the battery’s composition through battery experiment test data history to produce a more optimal battery configuration. This study is prepared to identify research gaps in topics related to machine learning for battery optimization. Related studies about machine learning for battery optimization are identified using bibliometric analysis and systematic literature review of the study search index through database Scopus-indexed publications. The results from this paper reveal energy management systems and strategies, hybrid vehicles, other optimization algorithms, battery electrodes, and the safety of batteries as the particular research gap according to machine learning for battery optimization. This paper expects research on battery optimization using machine learning methods will continue to be developed to maximize the potential of machine learning algorithms in helping the research process.

Benefits from power and heat cogeneration

A large fraction of heat production from power sources is wasted in the environment, despite its numerous potential energy uses, for example, district heating, seawater desalination, or hydrogen production. In this paper, we use the MIXOPTIM methodology to evaluate performance indicators of mixes of electric power sources with and without cogeneration of heat to assess the benefits it entails. It appears from the study that the cogeneration option is highly interesting for mixes with a large nuclear share. The case of France is analyzed in detail, with an evaluation of the overall potential of cogeneration in terms of economic competitiveness as well as in terms of greenhouse gas emission reduction.

New Trends and Prospects for Developing Local Power Sources Based on Fuel Cells and Power Storage Units for Critical Infrastructure Customers

A reliable and efficient power supply for critical infrastructure customers is key to ensuring energy security. Critical infrastructure requires local power sources. Currently, performance requirements for such sources have significantly increased. Apart from high energy efficiency, important requirements include quick start-up time, small size, environmental friendliness, low noise, etc. These may be provided by fuel cells, which are considered the most prospective sources of electric power. However, it is necessary to overcome a number of obstacles limiting fuel cell efficiency in power supply systems for critical infrastructure customers. This paper presents the results of design analysis in the field of fuel cell, hydrogen conversion and power storage technologies. An assessment is given of promising studies aimed at combining the abovementioned technologies to create local power sources to ensure reliable power supply to critical infrastructure objects.

Seasonal variability of phytoplankton community response to thermal discharge from nuclear power plant in temperate coastal area

Nuclear power plants (NPPs) developed rapidly worldwide in the last half-century and have become one of the most important electric power sources. Thermal discharge from NPPs increases the temperature of receiving waters, directly and indirectly affecting phytoplankton community. Seasonal and interannual variation in environmental factors in temperate areas makes it challenging to determine the effects of thermal effluents from NPPs on coastal phytoplankton. Here, a five-year study was performed around a NPP in the western Yellow Sea to determine how thermal effluents affect phytoplankton community during different seasons. A total of 106 phytoplankton species from 7 phyla were identified in 10 biological sites during the 19 cruises, among which diatoms dominated phytoplankton abundance in all seasons. Our results show that increased seawater temperature caused by thermal effluents (1) was not enough to cause a statistically significant effect on phytoplankton abundance composition from autumn through spring, (2) significantly stimulated phytoplankton population growth and changed phytoplankton composition in summer (3) increased the proportion of diatoms and decreased the proportion of dinoflagellate in summer, and (4) increased the abundance and dominance of Skeletonema costatum sensu lato, especially in summer. The findings of this study provide essential information on the ecological impact of thermal effluents from NPPs in temperate coastal areas.

Culture Shock: the legacy of the 1960s power generation schemes in Aotearoa New Zealand

In 1960s Aotearoa New Zealand the response to a post war energy shortage was to look to the country's rivers, lakes, and geothermal areas as a source of electric power. The Ministry of Works began a programme of dam building which peaked in the 1960s and made irreversible changes our lakes, rivers, and landscapes. Although New Zealand now produces about 80% of its electricity through renewable energy, the 1960s also saw a rise in environmental activism and a revaluing of the natural "wilderness." Professor John Salmon's influential book, Heritage Destroyed: The Crisis in Scenery Preservation in New Zealand (1960), drew public attention to the environmental degradation caused by large-scale engineering projects, and the decade ended with the "Save Manapōuri" campaign which, in the early 1970s, prevented the raising of lakes Manapōuri and Te Anau to guarantee power to the Tiwai Point aluminium smelter. This paper considers the legacy of the 1960s power generation schemes, including changes to the physical landscape; new legislation for the preservation of the built and natural environments; and alternative ways to consider the cultural and natural landscapes that prioritise Te Mana o te Wai.

Biodegradable Poly(l-Lactic Acid) Films with Excellent Cycle Stability and High Dielectric Energy Storage Performance

Polymer-based film capacitors play key roles in numerous applications, such as converter/inverter systems in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), smart grids, and pulsed power sources. However, nearly all actively studied dielectric polymers are nondegradable. In this work, we prepare flexible biodegradable poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) films via a simple solvent casting method and achieve enhanced dielectric performances by polymer crystallization. The recoverable energy density (Urec) with charge–discharge efficiency (η) of 90% was improved from ∼2.9 J/cm3 for amorphous PLLA to ∼5.7 J/cm3 for the crystallized PLLA film at room temperature. Under 200 MV/m at 85 °C (the operation conditions of commercial biaxially oriented polypropylene-based capacitors in HEVs), Urec of 0.82 J/cm3 with η of 95% is achieved in the crystallized PLLA film, which is much higher than that of BOPP (below 0.5 J/cm3). In particular, the remarkable cyclic stability of the crystallized PLLA film is demonstrated by charge–discharge tests for 20 000 cycles at both room temperature and 85 °C under 200 MV/m. Moreover, the low C/(H+O) atom ratio helps metalized PLLA films exhibit a valuable self-healing ability after breakdown. With excellent recoverable energy density, high efficiency, good cyclic reliability, low-cost preparation method, self-healing ability, and eco-friendliness, the crystallized biodegradable PLLA film provides an eco-friendly and high-performance candidate to develop high-energy-storage capacitors.

The Cost of Islamic Boarding School Electricity Bills is Lowered by Installing Solar Cells on Grid Limiters

The world's supply of fossil energy is currently decreasing, and in time it will be scarce, while the human need for energy continues to increase. Solar cells that utilize solar energy are a source of renewable electrical energy (EBT). The burden of electricity bills at the Fajrul Iman Patumbak Modern Islamic Boarding School, Deli Serdang Regency is quite a burden on Islamic boarding school expenses. To reduce the burden of spending on electricity bills at Islamic boarding schools, solar cells and control equipment are installed so that they can generate electricity. After this service is carried out, the cost of spending on Islamic boarding schools has decreased. From this decrease, other Islamic boarding schools who know about this program are excited to utilize solar cells as a source of electric power. In the end, this program became a pilot for Islamic boarding schools that used EBT. All of these hopes can be seen in the dedication video that has been broadcast on the YouTube channel.

A dynamic model of a Hybrid Electric Propulsive System for degradation assessment

The present study proposes a model for the simulation of the steady-state and transient behaviors of a Hybrid Electric Propulsive System (HEPS), in presence of several forms and degrees of performance degradation. The power system, which is made of a turboshaft engine coupled with an electric power source is intended for urban air mobility applications. The proposed model encompasses the capability of modeling battery aging effects, and, consequently, updating the performance of the system with battery life. Moreover, the versatility of the proposed model makes it suitable for the analysis of the dynamic behavior of the system, for example in presence of small perturbations around predefined operational settings or following a known mission profile. In this investigation the model is applied to the test of the HEPS under different operating conditions with different degradation criteria, affecting both the thermal and the electric drive with different levels of severity. The application of the model allowed the generation of relevant information concerning the propulsive system state of health which will be processed with the employment of machine learning algorithms in an accompanying paper.