Clean Water Sources Research Articles

Exploring eco-friendly approaches for mitigating pharmaceutical and personal care products in aquatic ecosystems: A sustainability assessment

Global water scarcity is exacerbated by climate change, population growth, and water pollution. Over half of the world's population will be affected by water shortages for at least a month annually by 2050 due toa lack of clean water sources. Even though recycling wastewater helps meet the growing demand, new pollutants, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pose a health threat since conventional methods cannot remove them and their environmental monitoring regulations are yet in place. Therefore, the current review aims to investigate and propose eco-friendly technologies for removing PPCPs from wastewater and their implementation strategies for ecosystem safety. Findings indicated the absence of a single wastewater treatment technology that can remove all PPCPs in a single operation. Instead, biotechnological methods are one of the alternatives that can remove PPCPs from aquatic environments. In this context, community involvement and knowledge transfer are identified keys to clean water resources' long-term sustainability.

Effect of Drinking Water Fluoride on Gingivitis and Caries: A Study in Peat and Non-Peat Land: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.

Humans get fluoride from food and water available in their environment. The source of clean water in peatlands comes from rainwater with a low mineral content, especially fluoride. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the fluoride level in drinking water and salivary fluoride levels, as well as their potential impact on dental and oral health conditions. It is a causal-comparative study with a cross-sectional approach at the Health Polytechnics of Pontianak and Yogyakarta. The population were indigenous people in peat land (Pontianak) and non-peat land (Yogyakarta). The data were pH and mineral content in drinking water, saliva, the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies, dental caries rates, and gingivitis. Drinking water fluoride is only significantly correlated with salivary fluoride on non-peat land. If these data are combined, it can be seen that drinking water fluoride is positively correlated (P < 0.05; CI 95%) with pH water, fluoride water, and pH saliva. Increased levels of fluoride in drinking water were negatively correlated with gingivitis, dental caries, and S. mutans. Drinking water fluoride is negatively correlated with dental caries and gingivitis in peatland and non-peatland communities, but would be significantly associated with dental caries and gingivitis if both peatland and non-peatland data were analyzed together. This is due to the low content of fluoride in the drinking water of peatland. Therefore, it is necessary to add fluoride gel to the teeth to prevent the development of dental caries.

Quality of greywater based on economic class and generation time (a case study of Ciliwung watershed, Indonesia)

Community activities highly influence the generation of greywater, whereas community activities vary from time to time. The difference in economic class of households will also affect the lifestyle, sanitation facilities, and source of clean water used which will impact the quality of greywater. Hence, this study aimed to investigate whether differences in sampling time and economic class of households in developing countries, in particular Indonesia, will affect the quality of greywater generated. Based on laboratory analysis of greywater samples at 15 households at two different times, the results obtained were pH 5.77 - 9.52, DO 0.9 - 5.7 mg/l, COD 42 - 2190 mg/l, Ammonia 0.95 - 22.5 mg/l, and fecal coliform 1.7x102 – 1.7x107 MPN/100ml. These results were analyzed using the t-test to determine the significance of the data on greywater generation between morning and afternoon as well as differences in lower middle and higher middle-class. From this analysis, it was discovered that from each parameter there was no significant difference between the greywater quality data shown in the morning and the evening. There was a significant difference in the parameters of DO and COD between samples taken at households with lower middle and higher middle economic classes.

The Cholera Outbreak in Lebanon: October 2022.

In recent years, Lebanon has been struggling with a socioeconomic crisis exacerbated by population displacement after the Syrian crisis, which put a significant burden on its healthcare system. An additional challenge has been the response to a cholera outbreak- a deadly waterborne disease transmitted through the fecal-oral route that usually manifests as severe watery diarrhea and can rapidly progress to death. After reports of a cholera outbreak in Syria were disclosed in September 2022, the Northern Governorate of Lebanon too began reporting cases immediately after, and the first case was confirmed on October 6, 2022. The outbreak rapidly spread to other parts of the country. As of December 9, 2022, a total of 5105 suspected cholera cases with 23 associated deaths were reported across Lebanon. An estimated 45% of these cases were of children and adolescents below the age of 15 years. With the start of the vaccination campaign, awareness programs emphasizing adequate sanitation and clean water sources have become an urgent need.

The effect of sanitation risk on toddler stunting incident with geographically weighted regression approach in Malang Regency, Indonesia

Stunting is a fundamental problem in Indonesia's human development. The risk factors for stunting are very complex, including inadequate environmental sanitation. This study aims to analyze and map the influence of spatially correlated sanitation risk on the incidence of stunting toddlers in Malang Regency, Indonesia. Data collection was carried out by interviewing respondents using questionnaires, counting stunting toddlers, and observing environmental sanitation objects. Determination of respondents was done purposively with the following stages. First, at the village level, 75 sites were selected based on the following criteria: population density; poverty level; the presence of streams, drainage or irrigation canals; and flood vulnerability. Furthermore, in each village, 40 respondents were selected based on the following criteria: women aged between 18 to 65 years, came from poor families and had a child (or children). When the number of respondents who were willing to participate is less than 40 people in each village, they were replaced by other respondents based on recommendations from village officials. A total of 3000 respondents have participated in this study. The selected respondents include wives, dependent married women or widows. The spatial analysis approach was carried out using the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) method. Based on the results of the analysis of the spatial effect of the GWR model, the Sanitation Risk Factors that significantly affected the incidence of stunting in Malang Regency were; Environmental Drainage (greywater), Solid Waste, and Domestic Wastewater (black water). Clean and Healthy Lifestyles and Water Sources have less effect on sanitation risk. This study recommends government and public interventions to improve environmental sanitation including integrated waste management, improvement of drainage infrastructure, construction of standardized toilets, and carrying out health promotion efforts with education to increase public awareness.

Efficiency of drip irrigation of almonds and pistachios with snow and rainwater

According to experts worldwide, more than 700 million people need water reserves, and more than 1.7 billion households living in river basins need additional sources of clean water. Therefore, it is necessary to widely implement water-saving technologies in the irrigation of almonds and pistachios. In this regard, it is important to grow a rich and high-quality crop from agricultural crops through the rational use of Natural Resources, the widespread introduction of water-repellent technologies. More than 700 million people need water reserves, and more than 1.7 billion households living in river basins need additional sources of clean water. Noteworthy, the obtained data on wheat productivity were analyzed mathematically and statistically using the method of dispersion analysis in the manual “Methodology of field experience” by B.A. Dospehov. It was found that the soil of the experimental field had a humus content of 0.746%, followed by total nitrogen content was 0.088% and total phosphorus was 0.212%. According to the results, in 2014, when almonds were irrigated in the order of 60-65-60% relative to LFMC, the volume mass in the 0-30 cm layer of the soil was 1.30 g/cm3, followed by 1.34g/cm3at 0-50 cm, and it was 41 g/cm3at 0-100 cm. When irrigating almond in the order of 70-75-65% compared to LFMC, it was equal to 1.30 g/cm3, 1.34 g/cm3and 1.42 g/cm3, and on pistachio, it was 1.32; 1.36 and 1.43 g/cm3, correspondingly.

Hydrogeochemistry of Epikarst Spring During Rainy Seasons in the Ponjong Hydrogeological Subsystem, Gunungsewu Karst Area, Indonesia

Gedaren Spring is an important source of clean water and irrigation water that is located in the transition zone between the Gunungsewu Karst and the Wonosari Basin. Limestone dissolution is the dominant process influencing this epikarst spring’s dynamics, but there has been no temporal hydrogeological testing on its ion content. This hydrogeochemical study was intended to determine the characteristics and quality of Gedaren Spring water during the rainy season. The methods used in the chemical analysis were Schoeller, Piper, and chemographic diagrams, and the results were correlated with spring discharge measurements and rainfall. The chemical analysis showed a positive correlation between discharge and rain, the temporal presence of dominant ions, and temporal correlation patterns between variables. Ca2+ and HCO3- were the dominant cation and anion. The spring water was classified as calciumenriched, calcium, bicarbonate, Ca2+ + Mg2+, and HCO3--type groundwater and as unpolluted groundwater, suggesting good water quality. Chemographic patterns indicated that Mg2+, Cl-, and SO42- ions positively correlated with discharge and rainfall, while Ca2+, HCO3-, Na+, K+, pH, EC, temperature, and TDS negatively correlated with the two variables. Overall, Gedaren Spring has good chemical characteristics and quality during the rainy season has a dominant process of calcium enrichment and is of the type Ca2++Mg2+ and HCO3-.

Hydrogeology of the Balaesang Tanjung Region, Donggala District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Balaesang Tanjung in Donggala Regency is a peninsula surrounded by the sea. It is considered to have limited groundwater to be used as a source of clean water. This preliminary hydrogeological study aims to estimate the groundwater potential zone in the area. The main feature based on the lowest topography and gentle slope. It is occupied by the Molasse Formation, where limestone and other deposits are characteristic of a porous lithology, which most likely allows infiltration processes to occur in this area. Of course, the presence of discontinuities in limestones can serve as secondary porosity for storing fluids. So that the delineation of groundwater recharge follows the distribution of the Molasse Formation and the morphology of the plains. From these results, we recommend that the western Balaesang Tanjung area can act as a low to moderate productive aquifer, where the flow can flow through fissures and fissures.

Single Vs Multichannel Silica-Pectin Ultrafiltration Membranes for Treatment of Natural Peat Water

A comparative study was undertaken to investigate the potential of silica-pectin ultrafiltration membrane on varied operation pressure (0.1-0.3 MPa). Cross-flow ultrafiltration works were explored with tubular alumina substrates in single and multichannel configuration. The silica-pectin sol was prepared from TEOS as silica precursor by sol-gel method, afterward pectin was templated into the silica sol to induce carbon on it. Thereafter, both of single and multichannel alumina substrates was coated by the silica-pectin sol via inner coating technique. The study exhibited better performance of multichannel silica-pectin ultrafiltration membrane (with 4 bores) compared to the single channel membrane in terms of the permeate quality of UV254 rejection, as well as the permeate flux. The UV254 rejection of multichannel silica-pectin ultrafiltration membranes conducted over 84% in compliance with highest permeate fluxes of 234.3 L.m-2.h-1.bar-1 at high operation pressure (TMP 0.3 MPa). The multichannel ultrafiltration membrane permeate flux in this work is slightly high 60-75% over single channel. Hence, both single and multichannel silica-pectin membranes exhibited steady neutralized permeate fluxes under TMP 0.3 MPa conditions for natural 100% peat water concentration, which indicates that fouling is not occurred during filtration time up to 60 min. Therefore, multichannel silica-pectin ultrafiltration membrane in this work is success to treatment of natural peat water, that the natural organic matter removal was found to be fit for uses as clean water sources.

Water treatment implementation in improving shallow ground water quality with a combination filter-aerator method

It is undeniable that humans are very dependent on water. The problem is, access to clean water evenly in the Bugis Village, Dumbo Raya District, Gorontalo City, North Sulawesi Province has not been fulfilled. In addition, the Clean and Healthy Living Movement Program initiated by the government since 2016 has not been felt by the whole community. The purpose of the Community Service activity is training in making water treatment equipment as a means of improving water quality. Meanwhile, the only affordable source of clean water that can be used is groundwater. One of the problem factors in coastal areas is the quality of clean water that does not meet health requirements (Physical parameters, namely water that is yellow and smells while the Chemical parameters, namely the average concentration of Iron (Fe) = 9.94 Mg/l and Manganese (Mn) average = 8.8 Mg/l so it also has a negative impact on human health Training and demonstration approaches but still accompanied by discussions and lectures to provide information are the methods used in programs that will be carried out to be more effective and efficient for improvement Community-Based Total Sanitation Then empowering the community will create water filtration technology Combination Water Treatment with the Filter-Aerator Method that is affordable and can be operated with minimal resources and resources using materials that are widely available in the area. The empowerment location is approximately 10 Km from Makassar City, namely Barombong Village, Ma City Kassar of South Sulawesi Province and in the Bugis Village, Kec. Dumbo Raya, City of Gorontalo, North Sulawesi Province

Reusing Sewage Effluent in Greening Urban Areas: A Case Study of: Southern Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

The foremost threat facing all living organisms is water pollution, which has a number of detrimental effects. Moreover, the search for alternative sources of clean water has become a high priority for all governments. The current study’s goal is to determine whether it is possible to use the treated wastewater found in wadi Al-Khumra effluent stream in Jeddah governorate in irrigating non-edible crops, gardens, and aromatic plants, instead of allowing it to flow into the sea without being put to any useful use. In light of its high nutritional value, notably in terms of Ca, Mg, and NO3, the results of the water analyses demonstrated the prevalence of its suitability for irrigation. The amount of potentially toxic elements in this water is markedly lower than the Saudi regulations’ permitted limit. Furthermore, the analysis results of soil samples collected from the sewage stream at the study sites showed the richness of this soil with various macro and micronutrients, though the level of some potentially toxic elements exceeded the permitted limits. Overall, before the competent authority decides to use these resources for reforestation and irrigation of some economically significant crops, the mineral content of irrigation water and the soil must be taken into consideration.

Risk Factors For Stunting In Toddlers

This study aims to analyze several risk factors for stunting in children under five that are rarely studied in Indonesia and the Province of East Nusa Tenggara, namely factors of water, hygiene, environmental sanitation, history of the quantity of maternal ANC visits during pregnancy, and family food security. This research was conducted in the working area of ​​the Noemuti Health Center. This research is an analytic observational study with a case-control study approach and consists of a case sample of 36 toddlers and a control sample of 36 toddlers. Data analysis in this research is a bivariate analysis using the chi-square test. The results of the analysis show that eight variables are risk factors for stunting in toddlers in the work area of ​​the Noemuti Health Center in 2021, namely birth distance, family food security, adequacy of clean water, clean water sources, physical quality of clean water, mother's hand washing habits with soap and running water, history of quantity of maternal antenatal care visits during pregnancy, and frequency of illness. Health promotion efforts and cross-sectoral cooperation are needed to tackle the stunting problem.

Impact of socioeconomic change and hygiene sanitation during pandemic COVID-19 towards stunting

The global COVID-19 pandemic has raised the risk of malnutrition in children under five years, including stunting. Stunting is common in low-income regions, when families cannot afford nutritious meals. Stunting may become more common as a result of changes in family socioeconomic circumstances, personal cleanliness, and environmental sanitation during the pandemic. This study determined the effect of socioeconomic factors and hygiene sanitation during COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of stunting in coastal areas. This was analytical survey research with cross sectional approach. The total sample was 3886 families who had toddlers aged 0-59 months in the coastal areas in Surabaya City, Indonesia. The study found that low family income, hand-washing habits, clean water sources, sewer access, waste management, and healthy latrine have significant impact to malnutrition, especially stunting.

Designing, fabricating, and testing of portable electrospun nanofilter systems for domestic water purification

Membrane technology has been playing a vital role in water filtration and purification. Various technologies such as sand filtration, reverse osmosis, treatment with chemical disinfectants, and distillation have been used in the past for clean water sources. Membrane technology is a relatively easy method with many important features, including low operational temperature, low power consumption, and free of chemical additives. Membrane filtration can be further improved by using nanofibrous media in portable forms for drinking water supplies. Electrospun nanofibers possess high porosities, high surface area, good permeability and flexibility, unidirectional orientation, and well-connected pore structures, and therefore, an ideal candidate for portable water filtration purposes. Electrospinning is a novel method of fabricating nanofibers in various forms. In this study, nanofibrous membranes were fabricated using two polymers (polyacrylonitrile - PAN and polyethylene glycol -PEG), one solvent (dimethylformamide - DMF), and activated charcoal at different electrospinning conditions (DC voltages, pump speeds, and collector distances). Different water samples from the local pond, water jet cutter water, tap water, deionized (DI) water, and carbon black (CB) deionized water were used in this study. The water samples were tested for turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and refractive index. The test results indicated that the proposed portable nanofilter system substantially improved the quality of the water sources for drinking and other household use. It is concluded that these nanofibrous membranes can easily purify contaminated water by eliminating impurities, such as organic and inorganic particles, viruses, bacteria, algae, and other pathogens.

Hepatitis A virus seroprevalence among children and adolescents in a high-burden HIV setting in urban South Africa

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is one of the most important global causes of viral hepatitis. Recent reviews suggested that HAV endemicity in South Africa could shift from high to intermediate. A hospital-based HAV seroprevalence study was conducted between February 2018 and December 2019 in Pretoria, South Africa. Systematic sampling was performed on children and adolescents (1–15 years) who attended outpatient services. Participants with a known HIV status and valid HAV serology results were included. Of the 1220 participants, the median age was 7 years (IQR: 4–11), with 648 (53.11%) males and 572 (46.89%) females. Of 628 (51.48%) HIV-infected participants, most (329, 71.83%) were both immunologically and virologically controlled or had low-level viremia (74, 16.16%). Almost three-quarters (894, 73.28%) were living in formal dwellings, and just over half (688, 56.39%) had access to clean water sources inside the house. Increasing age was associated with testing HAV IgG-positive (OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.20–1.30, p < 0.001), with 19.8% of participants one year of age compared with 86.7% of participants 15 years of age. This study suggests that South Africa has an intermediate HAV seroprevalence, with rates < 90% by 10 years of age (68.6%). Increased age and informal dwellings are statistically associated with HAV seropositivity, while HIV status does not significantly influence HAV seropositivity.

Depicting the Underground River Systems in Karst Mountains of Buayan and Ayah Subdistricts Using GGMPlus Data and Springs Distribution

The karst mountain area in Buayan and Ayah subdistricts is a mountainous area that stretches from North to South and ends in the South coast region. In this area, many springs are found which are a source of clean water for residents. The existence of springs in the area is an indicator of the existence of underground rivers flowing under the mountainous area, this is also reinforced by the presence of interconnected caves and the existence of river flows in these caves. Analysis the presence of underground river flows in the Karst mountain area in the study area can be identified by looking at the type of rock formations that dominate the area. The density contrast shown through the residual gravity data also shows changes in rock formations related to the presence of water sources in the study area. GGMPlus data was obtained from forward modeling in order to get a residual map. This study shows that rock formations in the Karst area in the study area conform to the topographical shape.

Analysis of Basic Environmental Health Facilities Associated with Risk Factors of Diarrhea Among Toddlers

Diarrheal disease in young children (toddlers) seems increasingly common in tropical countries, especially in dirty and dense urban areas. Diarrhea can last several days and cause the body to lose the fluids needed for survival. This study aimed to determine the sanitation factors that influence the incidence of diarrhea. Methods: This study used a case-control design involving 100 respondents. All respondents were divided into two groups: the case class (toddlers who had diarrhea) and the control class (toddlers who did not experience diarrhea). Results and Discussion: This showed that four sub-variables of sanitation (waste, drainage conditions, domestic wastewater management, and water source safety) had a significant relationship with the incidence of diarrhea (p-value 0.05). Domestic wastewater was the most influencing factor and securing clean water and drinking water sources, with a Nagelkerke R Square value of 0.952. There was an indication that the independent variable (sanitation) affected the dependent variable (diarrhea incidence) by 95.2%. Conclusion: The sub-variable of domestic wastewater management and the sub-variable of the safety of clean water and drinking water sources were the most affecting the incidence of diarrhea. The clean water source factor was 12 times riskier. It means children who did not get it will have 12 times the risk of getting diarrhea. Meanwhile, in the aspect of domestic wastewater management, children who did not meet the requirements for domestic wastewater have a risk of 8.13 times the incidence of diarrhea.

A Highly Stable Ortho-Ketoenamine Covalent Organic Framework with Balanced Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Sites for Atmospheric Water Harvesting.

Atmospheric moisture is a sustainable clean water source that can solve the shortage of fresh water in arid areas. Herein a 2D covalent organic framework (COF-ok) was reported as a promising porous sorbent for solar-driven atmospheric water harvesting. COF-ok with ortho-ketoenamine linkage was extremely stable in harsh environment, including in boiling water, strong acids and bases. Because of the balanced hydrophilic and hydrophobic sites in channels, COF-ok showed a high water uptake of 0.33 g g-1 at a low relative humidity of 34 % featuring a characteristic S-shaped water sorption isotherm with low regeneration temperature (∼45 °C) and excellent cyclic stability. A laboratory-scale water harvesting system could collect water of 161 g kg-1 under sunlight.

Analysis of The Influence of Nutritional Status Variables and Environmental Sanitation on The Event of Diarrhous to Children

Introduction: Diarrhea in 2019 became the second leading cause of death in children under five. The causes of diarrhoea include infection, malabsorption, and food and are influenced by several factors such as behavioural, nutritional, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. This study aimed to analyze the effect of variables on nutritional status and environmental sanitation on the incidence of diarrhoea in children under five in the South Lampung Regency. Method: This study is survey research with a cross-sectional design and uses binary logistic regression analysis. The samples taken were 380 toddlers aged 6-59 months. Result: 10 of the 21 predictor variables had a significant effect on the 5% significant level of the incidence of diarrhoea, where there were nine predictor variables, including poor/poor nutritional status, history of exclusive breastfeeding, clean water sources from BOR wells, clean water sources from PDAM. mountain spring drinking water sources, latrine facilities, septic tank facilities, managed waste management, and the floor of a ceramic house can reduce the incidence of diarrhea with odds ratio and [p=] values of 0.06[0.000], 0.33[0.017], 0.01[0.0000], 0.02[0.000], 0.02[0.004], 0.04[0.000], 0.01[0.025], 0.02[0.001], and 0.10[0.000]. Toddlers living in noncoastal areas have a 1.08 times higher chance of experiencing diarrhoea than coastal areas. In contrast, one variable, namely the age of toddlers, can increase the susceptibility to diarrhoea in toddlers with the odds ratio and [p=] values of 1.04 [0.007, respectively. Conclusion: This study shows that the influence of nutritional status variables and environmental sanitation has a great possibility to reduce the incidence of diarrhoea in children under five, namely in the group of nutritional status variables, including poor/poor nutritional status, age of toddlers, and history of exclusive breastfeeding.

Cogeneration Systems Performance Analysis as a Sustainable Clean Energy and Water Source Based on Energy Hubs Using the Archimedes Optimization Algorithm

Different energy requirements of the residential sector are varied, such as electricity, heating, cooling, water, etc., and these necessities are met by multi-energy systems using various energy sources and converters. In this paper, an optimal day-ahead operation of a large residential demand sector is presented based on the energy hub (EH) model with combined heat and power (CHP) as a cogeneration system. The purpose of the optimization is to maximize social welfare (SW) and minimize environmental emissions subjected to numerous technical constraints. To explore the effectiveness of the proposed model, real cases were studied and results were analyzed. Moreover, to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed methodology, the Archimedes optimization algorithm (AOA) is implemented for optimizing the EH system. The performance of the AOA is compared with the genetic algorithm, and the results depict that the AOA is better in terms of convergence speed and global search ability. Implementation of the proposed framework shows that the total SW is increased by 27.44% and environmental emissions are reduced by 18.36% compared to the base case without the EH. Additionally, there is 512.26 MWh and 149.4 m3 as a surplus in the electricity and water that are sold to every network, respectively.