Source Of Chitin Research Articles

Cloning, expression, purification and characterization of chitin deacetylase extremozyme from halophilic Bacillus aryabhattai\xa0B8W22

Chitin deacetylase (CDA) (EC 3.5.1.41) is a hydrolytic enzyme that belongs to carbohydrate esterase family 4 as per the CAZY database. The CDA enzyme deacetylates chitin into chitosan. As the marine ecosystem is a rich source of chitin, it would also hold the unexplored extremophiles. In this study, an organism was isolated from 40 m sea sediment under halophilic condition and identified as Bacillus aryabhattai B8W22 by 16S rRNA sequencing. The CDA gene from the isolate was cloned and overexpressed in E. coli Rosetta pLysS and purified using a Ni–NTA affinity chromatography. The enzyme was found active on both ethylene glycol chitin (EGC) and chitooligosaccharides (COS). The enzyme characterization study revealed, maximum enzyme velocity at one hour, optimum pH at 7 with 50 mM Tris–HCl buffer, optimum reaction temperature of 30 ºC in standard assay conditions. The co-factor screening affirmed enhancement in the enzyme activity by 142.43 ± 7.13% and 146.88 ± 4.09% with substrate EGC and COS, respectively, in the presence of 2 mM Mg2+. This activity was decreased with the inclusion of EDTA and acetate in the assay solutions. The enzyme was found to be halotolerant; the relative activity increased to 116.98 ± 3.87% and 118.70 ± 0.98% with EGC and COS as substrates in the presence of 1 M NaCl. The enzyme also demonstrated thermo-stability, retaining 87.27 ± 2.85% and 94.08 ± 0.92% activity with substrate EGC and COS, respectively, upon treatment at 50 ºC for 24 h. The kinetic parameters Km, Vmax, and Kcat were 3.06E−05 µg mL−1, 3.06E + 01 µM mg−1 min−1 and 3.27E + 04 s−1, respectively, with EGC as the substrate and 7.14E−07 µg mL−1, 7.14E + 01 µM mg−1 min−1 and 1.40E + 06 s−1, respectively, with COS as the substrate. The enzyme was found to be following Michaelis–Menten kinetics with both the polymeric and oligomeric substrates. In recent years, enzymatic conversion of chitosan is gaining importance due to its known pattern of deacetylation and reproducibility. Thus, this BaCDA extremozyme could be used for industrial production of chitosan polymer as well as chitosan oligosaccharides for biomedical application.

Comparison of the Physicochemical Properties of Chitin Extracted from Cicada orni Sloughs Harvested in Three Different Years and Characterization of the Resulting Chitosan

Chitin and its derivative chitosan are among the most used polysaccharides for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Most of the commercially available chitin is obtained from seafood wastes. However, the interest in alternative renewable sources of chitin and chitosan, such as insects, is growing. When new sources are identified, their stability over time has to be evaluated to allow for their commercialization. The aim of this study is to compare the physicochemical properties of chitin extracted from Cicada orni sloughs harvested in three different years (2017, 2019 and 2020) in order to assess the stability of the source and the repeatability of the extraction process. Chitin and its derivative chitosan were characterized by simple techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results suggest that the physicochemical properties of the extracted chitin varied from year to year, and that these differences are not due to the extraction process, but rather to intrinsic differences within the source. We showed that these differences could already be detected by analyzing the raw material (i.e., cicada sloughs) using the above-mentioned simple methods. The chitosan obtained from deacetylation of chitin had a low degree of deacetylation (66.2±1.6%). This low degree of deacetylation can be attributed to the deacetylation process, which is probably not appropriate for this source of chitin.

Biodegradation of Chitin Extracted from Labeo catla Fish Scales and Production of Chitooligosaccharides by Novel Chitinolytic Bacteria Streptomyces chilikensis RC1830

ABSTRACT Chitin, next to cellulose, is by far the most common biopolymer found in nature which is relatively resistant to degradation. Chitinolytic microorganisms can break glycosidic bonds in chitin to oligomers (chitooligosaccharides) and /or monomers (N-acetyl glucosamine) with various bioactivities. Utilization of the fish scales as a source of chitin followed by the production of commercially employable value-added products such as N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (NAG) and other chitooligosaccharides (COS) by using chitinolytic microorganism can be one method to overcome the environmental pollution problem and thus can be considered as a waste to wealth approach. In this present work, chitin was extracted from Labeo catla fish scale wastes by chemical treatment and was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and solid-state 13C CP/MAS NMR. The yield of chitin was found to be as high as 12.6% having good structural and physiochemical properties The extracted chitin was converted to more useful COS by using a novel chitinolytic microorganism Streptomyces chilikensis RC1830.

FROM CHITIN TO CHITOSAN – A POTENTIAL NATURAL ANTIMICROBIAL AGENT

Chitin is a naturally occurring polymer. Together with its derivatives such as chitosan, it has a wide spectrum of application possibilities, and many properties not yet exploited. Chitosan possesses many features desirable in an ideal antimicrobial polymer. It shows activity against multidrug-resistant bacterial and fungal strains that pose a challenge to modern medicine. Chitosan also shows activity against certain viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2. It might be used as a drug or a vaccine delivery system, is biodegradable, bioavailable and considered safe for medical use. It is important to continue exploring the potential of chitosan, as well as to investigate its sources. Indeed, many sources of this polymer are still not or have been poorly described. In this paper, we compile the current state of knowledge on the antimicrobial properties of chitosan, list alternative sources of chitin to highlight the potential of these two polymers and encourage further research.

Effect of the Diets Supplemented with Artichoke and Shrimp by-Products on Obese Rats

Foods supplemented with functional fiber are an effective means for prevention of diseases like obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to estimate the dietary fiber content in artichoke stems by-product powder (ASP) and shrimp by-product powder (SBP) and evaluate the protective effect of diet supplemented with their by-products as natural dietary fiber on weight gain, the blood picture, serum biochemical parameters and liver enzymes activities in obese rats. The results revealed that the crude fiber content was 22.68% in the ASP and 13.65% in SBP. Total dietary fiber fractions were composed of 18.69 and 0.42% soluble dietary fiber, 25.01 and 58.57% insoluble dietary fiber in defatted ASP and SBP, respectively. They also presented high amounts of inulin (18.2 g/100 g artichoke stem) and chitin (58.15 g/100 g shrimp shell). Biological impacts were done on the control group (CG) and compared with obese rat groups which were classified into seven groups; positive group (PC) and groups fed on diet supplemented with ASP and SBP at a level of 5 and 10%, inulin at dose 7.7 %, and chitosan at dose 2.6 %, for 8 weeks. The results showed significant improvement and ameliorated reduction in final body weight, body weights gain (%) and feed efficiency ratio (FER) in all the treated groups compared with the PC. Administration of 10% ASP or SBP significantly decreased body weight by 37.66 and 35.61%, respectively as compared to the high fat diet (HFD) group, while the highest reduction in body weight gain and lower FER were obtained in groups fed on chitosan. Feeding obese rats on diet containing ASP and SBP led to a reduction in the total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, decreased in blood glucose level and improved serum liver enzymes activity and antioxidant enzyme activity as compared to the positive group. ASP as a source of inulin and SBP as a source of chitin can be used in the nutraceutical formulation of functional food products and a good source of natural dietary fiber to enhance the nutritional quality for prevention of diseases like obesity, and its associated health risks.

IL versus DES: Impact on chitin pretreatment to afford high quality and highly functionalizable chitosan

Chitin is mainly extracted from crustaceans, but this resource is seasonally dependent and can represent a major drawback to satisfy the traceability criterion for high valuable applications. Insect resources are valuable alternatives due to their lower mineral content. However, the deacetylation of chitin into chitosan is still an expensive process. Therefore, we herein compare the impact of both DES/IL-pretreatments on the efficiency of the chemical deacetylation of chitin carried out over two insect sources (Bombyx eri, BE and Hermetia illucens, HI) and shrimp shells (S). The results showed that chitosans obtained from IL-pretreated chitins from BE larva, present lower acetylation degrees (13–17%) than DES-pretreated samples (18–27%). A selective N-acylation reaction with oleic acid has also been performed on the purest and most deacetylated chitosans leading to high substitution degrees (up to 27%). The overall approach validates the proper chitin source and processing methodology to achieve high quality and highly functionalizable chitosan.

Sustainable Extraction of Chitin from Spent Pupal Shell of Black Soldier Fly

Chitin and its deacetylated derivative chitosan are used for application in areas as an agriculture, biomedicine, cosmetic, food, textile and chelating agent for wastewater treatment. The current extraction of chitin is based on a chemical process using hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. The main disadvantage of the process is the generation of large volumes of acid and alkaline effluents, which require further treatment before release. Chitin was extracted from spent pupal shell of black soldier fly (BSF) by the microbial fermentation method using Bacillus lichenformis A6. The recovery rate of chitin content by the microbial fermentation method was found to be about 12.4%. The structures of BSF chitin and chitosan were further characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM. Our results showed that the chitin obtained from BSF was observed in α form. The crystalline index values of chitin and chitosan are 52.8% and 55.4%, respectively. The surface morphology was examined by SEM, revealing nanofiber structures. The spent pupal shell of BSF may be used as alternative chitin sources for various technological purposes.

Insect Chitin-Based Nanomaterials for Innovative Cosmetics and Cosmeceuticals

Chitin and its derivatives are attracting great interest in cosmetic and cosmeceutical fields, thanks to their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, as well as their biocompatibility and biodegradability. The classical source of chitin, crustacean waste, is no longer sustainable and fungi, a possible alternative, have not been exploited at an industrial scale yet. On the contrary, the breeding of bioconverting insects, especially of the Diptera Hermetia illucens, is becoming increasingly popular worldwide. Therefore, their exoskeletons, consisting of chitin as a major component, represent a waste stream of facilities that could be exploited for many applications. Insect chitin, indeed, suggests its application in the same fields as the crustacean biopolymer, because of its comparable commercial characteristics. This review reports several cosmetic and cosmeceutical applications based on chitin and its derivatives. In this context, chitin nanofibers and nanofibrils, produced from crustacean waste, have proved to be excellent cosmeceutical active compounds and carriers of active ingredients in personal care. Consequently, the insect-based chitin, its derivatives and their complexes with hyaluronic acid and lignin, as well as with other chitin-derived compounds, may be considered a new appropriate potential polymer to be used in cosmetic and cosmeceutical fields.

Oil-contaminated sediment amended with chitin enhances power production by minimizing the sediment microbial fuel cell internal resistance

• Unamended river sediment generates 5 mW m −2 on unmodified C-cathode. • Oxygen reduction reaction was improved on MnO 2 /C surface. • Amended sediment with chitin generates 178 mW m −2 on modified MnO 2 /C-cathode. • Electroactive, degrader bacteria were identified on anode surface. Biodegradation of oil-contaminated sediments (OCS) in sediment microbial fuel cells (SMFC) is limited by several factors such as adapted microorganisms to degrade OCS, low conductivity and organic matter content, sluggish cathodic O 2 reduction reaction (ORR), among others. The use of a birnessite/Carbon Fabric (CF) cathode improves the O 2 reduction in SMFC. Oil-contaminated sediments amended with chitin (commercial analytical grade (CC) and dried natural shrimp shells (NC)) allows faster anaerobic biodegradation in the anolyte by the indigenous bacteria coming in the initial OCS, without further growth media. The SMFC containing the unmodified OCS produces a maximum power output of 5 mW m −2 in contrast to 62 mW m −2 and 178 mW m −2 of that SMFC containing CC and NC, respectively. High-power output of SMFC is the result of minimizing internal resistance by combining the following key factors: a) saturated air 0.8 M Na 2 SO 4 catholyte at pH 2, b) the use of a birnessite/CF-cathode, and c) the presence of bacterial groups enriched on the anode biofilm as Deltaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes , additional to other groups such as Aminocenantia depending on the source of chitin. The pH of the catholyte strongly modifies the power production of SMFC; a detailed discussion is included in this paper.

Chicken Bone as Chitin Source

Chitin extraction has been the interest of many researchers using it as biopolymer in many applications. Many approaches have been adopted in chitin extraction. The aim of this work isto prepare chitin from chicken bone, proposing a new approach, using all chicken bone as source of chitin and recycling this waste instead of accumulation as refuse. A chemical method was used in extractingchitin (deproteinization and demineralization).The obtained chitin was characterized byFourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence(XRF).The best result obtained was in experiment E5,which are close to the standard results, but chitin extraction was 16.25% of the total weight of the chicken bone used in the experiment. Which is considered a high percentage compared to the state of research on chitin extraction from chicken feat.

English

In the current investigation, chitin and chitosan are extracted from Callinectes amnicola (crab) and Penaeus notialis (shrimp) shell wastes using predetermined optimization conditions. The shrimp shell produces higher chitin yield (26.08%), higher chitosan yield (16.93%) and higher degree of deacetylation (DDA) of 89.73% than the yields of chitin (19.36%), chitosan (13.29%) and the DDA from crab shell (84.20%). The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and acid-base titration methods are used to obtain % DDA of the optimized chitosan. Insignificant deviations between the DDA values from both methods are obtained. The experimental FTIR bands and standards for the refined chitosan from crab and shrimp shell wastes are in excellent agreement. The physicochemical properties of the raw precursors, extracted chitin and chitosan (raw and refined/decolorized) are equally evaluated. The extracted chitin and chitosan are characterized using analytical techniques. The implication of this study is in the current drive to produce chitin and chitosan from the underutilized shell wastes of C. amnicola and P. notialis of Nigerian sources with a high yield and a high DDA. In this study, the P. notialis shell is a better alternative source of chitin and chitosan than C. amnicola shell. Key words: Extraction, characterization, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy.

Pseudosolvent Intercalator of Chitin: Self-Exfoliating into Sub-1nm Thick Nanofibrils for Multifunctional Chitinous Materials.

Traditionally, energy-intensive and time-consuming postmechanical disintegration processes are inevitable in extracting biopolymer nanofibrils from natural materials and thereby hinder their practical applications. Herein, a new, convenient, scalable, and energy-efficient method for exfoliating nanofibrils (ChNFs) from various chitin sources via pseudosolvent-assisted intercalation process is proposed. These self-exfoliated ChNFs possess controllable thickness from 2.2 to 0.8nm, average diameter of 4-5nm, high aspect ratio up to 103 and customized surface chemistries. Particularly, compared with elementary nanofibrils, ChNFs with few molecular layers thick exhibit greater potential to construct high-performance structural materials, e.g., ductile nanopapers with large elongation up to 70.1% and toughness as high as 30.2MJm-3 , as well as soft hydrogels with typical nonlinear elasticity mimicking that of human-skin. The proposed self-exfoliation concept with unique advantages in the combination of high yield, energy efficiency, scalable productivity, less equipment requirements, and mild conditions opens up a door to extract biopolymer nanofibrils on an industrial scale. Moreover, the present modular ChNFs exfoliation will facilitate researchers to study the effect of thickness on the properties of nanofibrils and provide more insight into the structure-function relationship of biopolymer-based materials.

Effect of deacetylation conditions on physicochemical properties of chitosan derived from shrimp shell and squid pen

Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin. The physicochemical properties of chitosan end products resulted from many factors such as chitin source of origin, deacetylation conditions such as alkali concentration, ratios of chitin to alkali, temperatureand extent of the reaction. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of deacetylation time length and alkali treatments on physicochemical properties of chitosan products prepared from shrimp shell, and squid pen. The result demonstrated that the % yield of chitosan products were in the range of 62.23-90.83% for α form and 71.30-98.07% for β form. The molecular weight (MW) of chitosan products were in a range of 342.98-1603.48 kDa for α form, and 127.11-908.18 kDa for β form. The % deacetylation degree (%DD) of chitosan products derived from shrimp shell were in a range of 85.36-91.39%. In addition, the result showed that %DD of chitosan products was significantly negative correlated with MW of chitosan products.

Chemically versus thermally processed brown shrimp shells or Chinese mitten crab as a source of chitin, nutrients or salts and as microbial stimulant in soilless strawberry cultivation

Brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) shells and Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) were chemically demineralized and deproteinized (denoted as M1 to M4 for the shrimp shells and M5 to M7 for the Chinese mitten crab), and shrimp shells were torrefied at 200 to 300 °C (denoted as R200, R255, R300), and were compared with a commercially available chitin source (denoted as reference chitin). Based on their chemical characteristics, a selection of chitin sources was tested for their N mineralization capacity. The N release was high for the chemically treated shrimp shells and Chinese mitten crab, but not for the torrefied shrimp shells with or without acid treatment, indicating that treatment at 200 °C or higher resulted in low N availability.Interaction with nutrients was tested in a leaching experiment with limed peat for three thermally and two chemically processed shrimp shells and the reference chitin source. The K concentrations in the leachate for the chemically treated shrimp shells and the reference chitin were lower than for limed peat during fertigation. Irreversible K retention was observed for one source of chemically treated shrimp shells, and the reference chitin. The thermally treated shrimp shells had a significantly higher net release of P, Na and Cl than the treatment without chitin source.Three shrimp shell based materials (M4, R200 and R300) and the reference chitin were tested in a greenhouse trial with strawberry at a dose of 2 g/L limed peat. A very positive and significant effect on Botrytis cinerea disease suppression in the leaves was found for the reference chitin, M4 and R200 compared to the unamended control. The disease suppression of the 3 chitin sources was linked with an increase of the microbial biomass in the limed peat with 24% to 28% due to chitin decomposition and a 9–44% higher N uptake in the plants.

Shrimp shell waste as a potential raw material for biorefinery—a revisit

The world’s economy is highly dependent on fossil fuels. The utilization of plant materials for the production of ethanol is a severe problem economically and socially, and mainly for the environment. Shrimp shell waste is a potential raw material for the production of biofuel. The use of shrimp shells and its chitinous material for the manufacture of biofuels is a sustainable way to reduce the cost of the ethanol as well as to reduce the environmental pollution caused by selfish waste. Several microorganisms are known to produce chitinolytic enzymes, which can convert chitin into its monomer, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine. The chitin, as well as N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine, can be utilized by the microorganisms as the sole carbon source for biofuel production. In this study, the extraction of chitin from shrimp shell waste, use of chitin and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine as the sole carbon source, simultaneous saccharification, and fermentation of chitin and utilization of raw shrimp shell as a biocatalyst for production of bioethanol and biodiesel were discussed.

Influence of Chitin Source and Polymorphism on Powder Compression and Compaction: Application in Drug Delivery.

The objective of the research reported herein is to compare the compaction properties of three different chitin extracts from the organisms most used in the seafood industry; namely crabs, shrimps and squids. The foregoing is examined in relation to their polymorphic forms as well as compression and compaction behavior. Chitin extracted from crabs and shrimps exhibits the α-polymorphic form whilst chitin extracted from squid pins displays a β-polymorphic form. These polymorphs were characterized using FTIR, X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Pore diameter and volume differ between the two polymorphic powder forms. The β form is smaller in pore diameter and volume. Scanning electron microscopy of the two polymorphic forms shows clear variation in the arrangement of chitin layers such that the α form appears more condensed due to the anti-parallel arrangement of the polymer chains. True, bulk and tapped densities of these polymorphs and their mixtures indicated poor flowability. Nevertheless, compression and compaction properties obtained by applying Heckle and Kawakita analyses indicated that both polymorphs are able to be compacted with differences in the extent of compaction. Chitin compacts, regardless of their origin, showed a very high crushing strength with very fast dissolution which makes them suitable for use as fast mouth dissolving tablets. Moreover, when different chitin powders are granulated with two model drugs, i.e., metronidazole and spiramycin they yielded high crushing strength and their dissolution profiles were in accordance with compendial requirements. It is concluded that the source of chitin extraction is as important as the polymorphic form when compression and compaction of chitin powders is carried out.

Physicochemical Properties and Cell Viability of Shrimp Chitosan Films as Affected by Film Casting Solvents. I-Potential Use as Wound Dressing.

Chitosan solubility in aqueous organic acids has been widely investigated. However, most of the previous works have been done with plasticized chitosan films and using acetic acid as the film casting solvent. In addition, the properties of these films varied among studies, since they are influenced by different factors such as the chitin source used to produce chitosan, the processing variables involved in the conversion of chitin into chitosan, chitosan properties, types of acids used to dissolve chitosan, types and amounts of plasticizers and the film preparation method. Therefore, this work aimed to prepare chitosan films by the solvent casting method, using chitosan derived from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp shell waste, and five different organic acids (acetic, lactic, maleic, tartaric, and citric acids) without plasticizer, in order to evaluate the effect of organic acid type and chitosan source on physicochemical properties, degradation and cytotoxicity of these chitosan films. The goal was to select the best suited casting solvent to develop wound dressing from shrimp chitosan films. Shrimp chitosan films were analyzed in terms of their qualitative assessment, thickness, water vapor permeability (WVP), water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), wettability, tensile properties, degradation in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and cytotoxicity towards human fibroblasts using the resazurin reduction method. Regardless of the acid type employed in film preparation, all films were transparent and slightly yellowish, presented homogeneous surfaces, and the thickness was compatible with the epidermis thickness. However, only the ones prepared with maleic acid presented adequate characteristics of WVP, WVTR, wettability, degradability, cytotoxicity and good tensile properties for future application as a wound dressing material. The findings of this study contributed not only to select the best suited casting solvent to develop chitosan films for wound dressing but also to normalize a solubilization protocol for chitosan, derived from Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp shell waste, which can be used in the pharmaceutical industry.

Extraction, physicochemical characterization, and morphological properties of chitin and chitosan from cuticles of edible insects

As an alternative, cuticles from edible insects was proposed as an unconventional but viable source of chitin and chitosan. The chitin present in the mealworm’s (Tenebrio molitor) cuticles was obtained biotechnologically in one step of enzymatic deproteinization and after deacetylated. Differences in the physicochemical characteristics and the properties of the cuticles, chitin, and chitosan were investigated in this study. Commercial chitosan was used as a reference sample to validate the methods used. The enzymatic deproteinization used to obtain chitin showed an efficiency of 85%. The global yield of the process (cuticle-to-chitosan) was 31.9%. The characterization results of these polymers using DSC, FT-IR, XRD, TGA, and SEM techniques demonstrate consistency with the degree of deacetylation of the obtained chitosan, allowing the differentiation between chitin and chitosan. This study suggests that the wastes of edible insect breeding should be collected and evaluated as an alternative of chitin/chitosan source.

Synthesis Of Schiff Bases From Glucosamine On The Basis Of Apis Mellifera

Chitin and chitosan have attained a lot of interest due to their important biological activities and wide range of applications. Traditionally, chitin is prepared mainly from crustaceans. Recently, there has drawn increased attention to extract chitin and chitosan on the basis of insects, but until now only limited numbers of insect species have been documented to be sources of chitin. The main object of this research work is to extract chitosan on the basis of Apis mellifera; to synthesis Schiff bases of glucosamine which is obtained by hydrolysis of chitosan and to review obtained substances through the uses of ICP-MS elemental analysis and IR analysis.

Potential of discarded sardine scales (Sardina pilchardus) as chitosan sources

ABSTRACT The random discharge of marine fish waste into the coast generates environmental pollution. However, a better valorization of these by-products leads to the extraction of sustainable biomolecules. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer that can be produced from various marine by-products, in particular the crustacean shells, crabs, and fish scales. The aim of this current study is the extraction of chitin and characterization of chitosan obtained after a deacetylation reaction from sardine scales (S. pilchardus) as a new marine source. The β form of chitin extracted undergoes deacetylation in 40% NaOH at 121°C for 20 min. The chemical structure of obtained chitosan was characterized based on Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The physicochemical properties of obtained chitosan such as the ash, moisture, nitrogen, solubility, molecular weight, fat, and water-binding capacity were also determined. According to the results of FTIR and XRD analysis, the degree of deacetylation (DDA), and the crystalline index (CrI) value of obtained chitosan is respectively about 87% and 95%. The SEM and EDS analysis revealed respectively fibrillar and pleated morphology with the presence of three major elements characterizing the chitosan, which are C, O, and N. The physicochemical analysis showed that the rate of ash, moisture, and nitrogen in obtained chitosan were respectively about 0.10, 0.34, and 7%. The solubility, molecular weight, fat, and water-binding capacity of produced chitosan were found to be 93%, 5.86 kDa, 310, and 510% respectively. Sardina pilchardus scales could be considered a promising and alternative source of chitin and chitosan, which will be applicable in a large number of fields. Implications: Direct rejection of marine biowaste as fish scales in nature, port, or fish processing plants, is a dramatic problem that is growing day after day. These uncontrollable discharges cause marine pollution and promote bacterial growth, which leads to a degradation of the soil and air quality. Taking into account the objectives of sustainable development, better development of these by-products would make it possible to produce valuable biomaterials that will be applied in various fields and which have benefits for the environment and humans. The central objective of this research is accentuated on the enhancement of Sardina pilchardus scales; by the conversion of chitin into chitosan and the determination of its physicochemical characterization. The obtained chitosan from Sardina pilchardus scales could be applied in the agricultural and food industry.