Source Of Calories Research Articles

Chemical and Sensory Characteristics of Cookies from Nixtamalized Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and Tiger Nut (Cyperus esculentus) Flour Blends

Pearl millet and Tigernut are underutilized sources of calories and protein respectively. Pearl millet utilization has been hampered by its contents of anti-nutritional factors, which can be reduced through nixtamalization. Therefore, the quality of cookies from Nixtamalized Pearl Millet Flour (NMF) and Tigernut Flour (TNF) blends was evaluated. NPMF and TNF were produced using the established procedures. Precisely, (5-25%) of TNF was blended with (75-95%) of NPMF using mixture, simplex lattice design (version 6.0.8), which was used for Cookies development. Proximate composition, phytochemical properties, mineral contents and sensory attributes of the cookies were determined using standard methods. Data were analyzed with SPSS. Supplementation of TNF for NMF significantly improved the Proximate composition, mineral contents, antioxidant properties (TAC, Phenol, Flavonoid,) and sensory characteristics of Cookies. However, contents of alkaloid, oxalate, tannin and phytate which are commonly referred to as antinutrients at higher doses fell within tolerable limits. All cookies’ samples were generally accepted by the panelist, with cookie made from 20% TNF possessing highest acceptability score (7.23) on nine-point hedonic scale. Acceptable and nutritious cookies were developed from TNF and NMF blends.

Exploring the genetic diversity and population structure of an ancient hexaploid wheat species Triticum sphaerococcum using SNP markers

BackgroundUnderstanding genetic diversity and population structure is crucial for strategizing and enhancing breeding efficiency. Wheat, a globally cultivated crop, is a significant source of daily calories for humans. To overcome challenges such as extreme climatic fluctuations, stagnant yields, and diminishing genetic variation, it is essential to develop diverse germplasms with new alleles. Triticum sphaerococcum, an underutilized ancient hexaploid wheat species, shows promise for contributing beneficial alleles. However, the genetic diversity of its germplasms remains unstudied. This is the first report where we have examined the genetic diversity and population structure of 116 T. sphaerococcum accessions using a 35 K SNP Array. The objective of this study is to apply these findings to improve wheat breeding programs.ResultsAnalysis of the population’s genetic structure identified four potential subpopulations, which was supported by principal coordinate analysis. Allele neutrality tests showed an abundance of intermediate genotypes, suggesting that many beneficial alleles are maintained through balancing selection. Among the three subgenomes, subgenome B exhibited the highest genetic diversity. AMOVA (Analysis of Molecular Variance) revealed significant variation both among (35%) and within (65%) the four subpopulations. The high genetic differentiation between subpopulations was corroborated by a moderate level of haploid migrant numbers (Nm = 1.286), indicating sufficient gene flow. SP4 emerged as the most diverse subpopulation, showing the highest values for allelic pattern indices due to its larger size and higher percentage of polymorphic loci. The D subgenome displayed a faster linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay rate compared to the A and B subgenomes. Haplotype block analysis identified 260 haplotype blocks of varying sizes distributed across the genome.ConclusionsThis research demonstrates that Indian dwarf wheat accessions, sourced from three distinct gene banks and local collections, possess considerable genetic diversity. These germplasm collections offer valuable opportunities to investigate their unexplored genetic potential. They can be utilized in wheat improvement initiatives to tackle both present and future breeding challenges. Furthermore, these accessions can introduce new alleles to broaden the genetic base of modern wheat varieties, enhancing their overall diversity.

Public Perception and Willingness to Pay for Progari in the Bono and Greater Accra Regions of Ghana

Cassava is one of the most important staple crops in the tropics, ranking just behind rice and maize as a major source of calories. Its processed products are rich in carbohydrates, with gari being one of the most popular due to its extended shelf life. proGARI, a scientifically fortified version of gari, was developed under hygienic conditions at the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission (GAEC) to provide enhanced nutritional benefits. To assess consumer perception and willingness to pay for proGARI, a comprehensive survey was conducted in the Bono and Greater Accra Regions using structured questionnaires. The results revealed that nearly 70% of respondents expressed a willingness to purchase proGARI, but suggested improvements in the product's color to increase its visual appeal and marketability. Based on these findings, it is recommended to enhance proGARI’s color, implement targeted marketing campaigns highlighting its nutritional value and hygienic production, and expand consumer awareness through education programs. Additionally, offering diverse packaging options, exploring broader regional markets, continuously improving the product based on consumer feedback, and collaborating with retailers to enhance distribution channels are essential strategies to boost proGARI’s market presence and consumer demand.

Genotype and grain pretreatment effects on digestibility of sorghum proteins in the Ethiopian fermented bread

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSorghum is the principal food source for smallholder farmers in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Animal proteins are beyond economic reach, and only few food legumes are well‐adapted in major sorghum‐growing regions. Hence, sorghum serves as the primary source of protein and calories. However, the low digestibility of its proteins renders the communities vulnerable to protein malnutrition. Several factors, including genotypes and processing methods, have been shown to affect the digestibility of proteins in sorghum food products. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of grain pretreatment on the protein digestibility of Ethiopian fermented flatbread.FindingsThe effect of four grain pretreatment processes: decortication, sprouting, parching, and untreated control was compared using four diverse sorghum genotypes milled to medium (2 mm) and fine (0.5 mm) particle sizes. The in‐vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) was significantly lower in the parched samples compared to the unprocessed control, while sprouting significantly increased IVPD. Decortication appears to have no impact on IVPD. Finer particle size tended to enhance IVPD in all genotypes and for all pretreatement methods. The treatments had no significant effect on protein content except the sprouting consistently but marginally increased total protein.ConclusionsSprouting sorghum grains can significantly improve the protein digestibility of fermented breads. Given that it involves little cost, the process can be readily adopted by the local community, provided that they are educated about the impact of protein deficiency on the health and productivity of the community.Significance and NoveltyLow‐cost grain pretreatment procedures such as sprouting can have a significant impact on the availability of nutrients, especially protein, the most limiting nutrient in smallholder communities. Combining the procedure with genetically enhanced varieties and improved cropping systems that integrate food legumes can significantly enhnace protein nutrition for smallholder farmers.

Minimally processed foods have a higher total antioxidant content compared to processed and ultra-processed foods: results from an analysis of 1946 food items.

Ultra-processed foods (UPF), per the NOVA Classification, provide a major source of calories within modern food systems and are associated with poor health outcomes related to chronic inflammation. Dietary antioxidants play a key role in preventing disease; however, the relationship between the NOVA Classification and the total antioxidant content (TAC) of foods is not well characterised. We hypothesised that TAC would be highest in minimally processed food (MPF), lower in processed food (PRF) and lowest in UPF. TAC data for 3137 animal-based, mixed and plant-based food items were obtained from a published dataset. After data cleaning, 1946 food items and their TAC values were analysed using two hierarchal linear models (alpha: P < 0·05). MPF had the highest mean TAC (10·79 (sem 0·87) mmol/100 g) and were 11·31-fold and 10·72-fold higher than PRF and UPF, respectively (P = 0·023). Plant-based and mixed foods had a higher mean TAC (8·55 (sem 0·68) and 1·12 (sem 0·11) mmol/100 g, respectively) and were 22·67-fold and 2·98-fold higher compared with animal-based foods (P < 0·001). Food processing did not change mean TAC in mixed and animal-based foods; however, plant-based MPF had a higher mean TAC (11·49 (sem 0·93) mmol/100 g) and were 9·88-fold and 15·12-fold higher compared with plant-based PRF and UPF, respectively (P < 0·001). Mean TAC differed between NOVA processing groups for three categories of food: vegetables, beverages and beans, nuts and seeds (P < 0·001). Across all food items, and especially plant-based foods, mean TAC decreased with food processing. The lower TAC of UPF may at least partially explain why their consumption promotes inflammatory chronic disease.

Ancient duplications, multidimensional specializations, and defense role of hexokinases in wheat.

Hexokinases (HXKs), which sense and catalyze cellular sugar, play a critical role in the growth and development of various plants, including wheat, a primary source of human calories frequently attacked by fungal pathogens. However, the evolutionary dynamics and functional diversification of HXKs in wheat, particularly their roles in plant defense, remain unclear. Here, we discovered that the wheat hexokinase gene family originated through multiple ancient gene duplications across different plant lineages and has undergone comprehensive, multidimensional functional specialization in gene expression, subcellular localization, enzyme activity, and regulation of plant defense responses. Gene expression analysis suggests that two-thirds of the TaHXK genes are responsive to fungal infection. Subcellular analysis reveals that while six TaHXKs are localized in mitochondria, three TaHXKs from different phylogenetic branches are sorted into other cellular compartments. Notably, biochemical analysis shows that TaHXKs in mitochondria differ in their glucose-catalyzing activity, with TaHXK5 and TaHXK3 exhibiting the highest and lowest enzyme activity, respectively. Consistently, transient expression analysis suggests that TaHXK5 induces various plant defense responses, while TaHXK3 is defective in activating some plant defense responses. Furthermore, inactivation of the glucokinase activity of TaHXK5 compromised its function in defense activation, suggesting that mitochondrial TaHXKs display functional divergence in both enzyme activity and defense-inducing activity that are intrinsically connected. Overall, our findings reveal that the multidimensional specialization events following the ancient duplication events may have shaped the functional diversity of HXKs in wheat, shedding light on their evolutionary dynamics and potentially contributing to the improvement of wheat defense.

Unlocking Wheat Drought Tolerance: The Synergy of Omics Data and Computational Intelligence

ABSTRACTCurrently, approximately 4.5 billion people in developing countries consider bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as a staple food crop, as it is a key source of daily calories. Wheat is, therefore, ranked the second most important grain crop in the developing world. Climate change associated with severe drought conditions and rising global mean temperatures has resulted in sporadic soil water shortage causing severe yield loss in wheat. While drought responses in wheat crosscut all omics levels, our understanding of water‐deficit response mechanisms, particularly in the context of wheat, remains incomplete. This understanding can be significantly advanced with the aid of computational intelligence, more often referred to as artificial intelligence (AI) models, especially those leveraging machine learning and deep learning tools. However, there is an imminent and continuous need for omics and AI integration. Yet, a foundational step to this integration is the clear contextualization of drought—a task that has long posed challenges for the scientific community, including plant breeders. Nonetheless, literature indicates significant progress in all omics fields, with large amounts of potentially informative omics data being produced daily. Despite this, it remains questionable whether the reported big datasets have met food security expectations, as translating omics data into pre‐breeding initiatives remains a challenge, which is likely due to data accessibility or reproducibility issues, as interpreting omics data poses big challenges to plant breeders. This review, therefore, focuses on these omics perspectives and explores how AI might act as an interface to make this data more insightful. We examine this in the context of drought stress, with a focus on wheat.

Potential response of Mexican consumers to a Ban on genetically modified Maize imports

Mexico enacted a decree to ban the sale of genetically modified (GM) maize seed and maize for human consumption. Maize is particularly important to the average diet in Mexico as it is the main feed for the primary source of protein (poultry) and the main ingredient for the primary source of calories (corn tortillas). This study aimed to assess consumer awareness of the decree, support for the decree, and sensitivity of support given possible economic outcomes related to the decree. Additionally, we estimate the premiums consumers were willing to pay (WTP) for non-GM products relative to GM products (i.e., chicken meat, eggs, and corn tortillas). Results show that 54% of the Mexicans were unaware of the ban and that 77% of those aware supported the ban. Many consumers were willing to pay premiums to cover potential price increases due to the ban; however, not all low-income consumers would pay the potential premiums. Focusing on low-income consumers is particularly important, given they will likely be affected disproportionately more by the burden of increased food prices.

Mycotoxicity of leaf extract of Tabernaemontana pachysiphon Stapf against Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht, a postharvest fungal rot pathogen of taro

Taro, otherwise known as cocoyam, is one of the major sources of calories in the tropics. However, losses of its corm during storage are high, partly due to pathogenic diseases. Fusarium oxysporum is one of the principal fungal pathogens causing about 50% of postharvest losses of taro corms in the tropics. The rise in pesticide-resistant fungal pathogens, amongst other factors, has necessitated the recent search for alternatives to synthetic pesticides. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of six concentrations (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) of aqueous leaf extract of T. pachysiphon on spore germination, mycelial growth and reproduction of F. oxysporum both in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro experiment was conducted using the poison bait technique, while the in vivo experiment involved 21 corms (200 g) artificially infected with F. oxysporum and treated with the respective concentrations of the test extracts or griseofulvin. The control consisted of fungus-infected corms only. Generally, the experiments consisted of 7 treatments replicated 3 times and were laid out in a completely randomized design. Results of the cultures studies showed that all aqueous extract of T. pachysiphon significantly (P&lt; 0.05) and to varying degrees impeded spore germination (56.38–70.24%) and retarded radial growth of the pathogen (68.27–82.01%). The percentage rot expression in the living tissues treated with the extracts ranged between 19.4% and 40.4%. All results were statistically (P&lt; 0.05) superior to the control but comparable to the results (75.06%, 86.41%, and 17.2%) obtained with griseofulvin for these features, respectively. The inhibitions were linearly correlated with the dose of application of the biotoxicant both in vitro and in vivo.

Computational models for improving surveillance for the early detection of direct introduction of cassava brown streak disease in Nigeria.

Cassava is a key source of calories for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa but its role as a food security crop is threatened by the cross-continental spread of cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) that causes high yield losses. In order to mitigate the impact of CBSD, it is important to minimise the delay in first detection of CBSD after introduction to a new country or state so that interventions can be deployed more effectively. Using a computational model that combines simulations of CBSD spread at both the landscape and field scales, we model the effectiveness of different country level survey strategies in Nigeria when CBSD is directly introduced. We find that the main limitation to the rapid CBSD detection in Nigeria, using the current survey strategy, is that an insufficient number of fields are surveyed in newly infected Nigerian states, not the total number of fields surveyed across the country, nor the limitation of only surveying fields near a road. We explored different strategies for geographically selecting fields to survey and found that early and consistent CBSD detection will involve confining candidate survey fields to states where CBSD has not yet been detected and where survey locations are allocated in proportion to the density of cassava crops, detects CBSD sooner, more consistently, and when the epidemic is smaller compared with distributing surveys uniformly across Nigeria.

Origin and evolution of the bread wheat D genome.

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is a globally dominant crop and major source of calories and proteins for the human diet. Compared with its wild ancestors, modern bread wheat shows lower genetic diversity, caused by polyploidisation, domestication and breeding bottlenecks1,2. Wild wheat relatives represent genetic reservoirs, and harbour diversity and beneficial alleles that have not been incorporated into bread wheat. Here we establish and analyse extensive genome resources for Tausch's goatgrass (Aegilops tauschii), the donor of the bread wheat D genome. Our analysis of 46 Ae. tauschii genomes enabled us to clone a disease resistance gene and perform haplotype analysis across a complex disease resistance locus, allowing us to discern alleles from paralogous gene copies. We also reveal the complex genetic composition and history of the bread wheat D genome, which involves contributions from genetically and geographically discrete Ae. tauschii subpopulations. Together, our results reveal the complex history of the bread wheat D genome and demonstrate the potential of wild relatives in crop improvement.

Nutritional Properties of Fortified Rice (PDS) Distributed at KGBV Hostels of Telangana State, India

Rice is a vital staple crop that serves as the primary source of calories for over half of the global population, particularly in Asia. Despite its importance, rice is inherently deficient in several essential micronutrients, and the nutritional value is further diminished through processing. This study examines the nutritional composition of fortified rice provided through the Public Distribution System (PDS) in KGBV hostels, emphasizing its potential to address nutritional deficiencies. The analysis focused on key parameters including moisture, ash, fat, crude fiber, protein, carbohydrates, energy, and iron content. Results revealed that fortified rice contains 11.8% moisture, 1.57% ash, 0.78% fat, and 31.05 mg of iron, crude fiber content was 0.3%, protein levels were 7.7%, carbohydrate content was 77.85g, and energy content was 349.22 kcal. These findings highlight the superior nutritional profile of fortified rice, particularly in terms of its ash, energy, and iron content, making it a highly beneficial option for addressing nutritional deficiencies and improving public health outcomes.

Wheat NAC transcription factor NAC5-1 is a positive regulator of senescence.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is an important source of both calories and protein in global diets, but there is a trade-off between grain yield and protein content. The timing of leaf senescence could mediate this trade-off as it is associated with both declines in photosynthesis and nitrogen remobilization from leaves to grain. NAC transcription factors play key roles in regulating senescence timing. In rice, OsNAC5 expression is correlated with increased protein content and upregulated in senescing leaves, but the role of the wheat ortholog in senescence had not been characterized. We verified that NAC5-1 is the ortholog of OsNAC5 and that it is expressed in senescing flag leaves in wheat. To characterize NAC5-1, we combined missense mutations in NAC5-A1 and NAC5-B1 from a TILLING mutant population and overexpressed NAC5-A1 in wheat. Mutation in NAC5-1 was associated with delayed onset of flag leaf senescence, while overexpression of NAC5-A1 was associated with slightly earlier onset of leaf senescence. DAP-seq was performed to locate transcription factor binding sites of NAC5-1. Analysis of DAP-seq and comparison with other studies identified putative downstream target genes of NAC5-1 which could be associated with senescence. This work showed that NAC5-1 is a positive transcriptional regulator of leaf senescence in wheat. Further research is needed to test the effect of NAC5-1 on yield and protein content in field trials, to assess the potential to exploit this senescence regulator to develop high-yielding wheat while maintaining grain protein content.

Analysis of the volatility of the price of cassava in Cameroon: implications for food security

With a contribution of up to 71% to CEMAC production, Cameroon is one of the major producers of cassava and taro, accounting for more than 83% of root and tuber production. It is the 11th largest producer in the world and the 4th in Africa. Cassava is a vital food source for over 500 million people, ranking as the third-largest source of calories in the tropics after rice and maize. Its importance as a source of income for the majority of poor rural farmers in Cameroon cannot be overstated. However, there has been a persistent increase in the prices of cassava and other food commodities in Cameroon. This study was designed to investigate the determinants of cassava price volatility in Cameroon over the period 1994-2022. The TAR-MTAR method was employed in this study. Our results showed that cassava prices increased significantly by an average of 46% annually, with a volatility level of 30.8% annually and 177.8% over the entire period (1994-2022). This indicates that cassava prices have been rising rapidly and unpredictably, which can have various implications for consumers, farmers, and the economy as a whole. The research demonstrated that cassava price volatility occurred at the beginning, middle, and end of the year due to factors such as climate change, cassava yield, and interest rates. It has been suggested that the government should implement a mapping policy and selling models to ensure a stable supply of cassava.

SCREENING OF WHEAT GENOTYPES FOR WATER DEFICIT CONDITIONS UNDER THE SCENARIO OF CLIMATE CHANGE

The top-ranked crop in cereals, wheat feeds people around the globe more than any other food crop, with a diversity of uses in the food industry. The global production of wheat is 250 million tons which is still not enough to address the needs of the ever-increasing human population. Wheat plays a vital role in the human diet because it is the source of protein, carbohydrates, and calories. Due to its wider adaptation wheat is sown as a rain-fed and irrigated crop. Drought upsets the crop during all growth and developmental stages and all these stages of the crop are not equally affected by the drought. At initial growth stages, water stress reduces plant emergence and germination and causes a reduction in plant growth by reducing its height, number of productive tillers, and total leaf surface area. When drought occurs at anthesis it reduces the percentage of fertile spikelets. This research aimed to check the response of wheat genotypes under drought stress for different morphological attributes at the maturity stage. Significant results were obtained under drought and normal conditions. The data were further analyzed under PCA for the selection of best genotypes under normal and stress conditions. Zincol performed well under both conditions. Results obtained from this research will be useful in selecting the best genotypes for rainfed and water-stress environments in future breeding programs.

ClinOleic Impairs ROS Production and Phagocytosis in M1 Macrophages Without Affecting M1 Differentiation.

Lipid emulsions are the primary source of calories and fatty acids that are used to provide essential energy and nutrients to patients suffering from severe intestinal failure and critical illness. However, their use has been linked to adverse effects on patient outcomes, notably affecting immune defenses and inflammatory responses. ClinOleic is a lipid emulsion containing a mixture of olive oil and soybean oil (80:20). The effect of ClinOleic on the differentiation of M1 macrophages remains unclear. In this study, we isolated human monocytes and added ClinOleic to differentiation culture media to investigate whether it affects monocyte polarization into M1 macrophages and macrophage functions, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and phagocytosis. ROS production was stimulated by live S. aureus and detected with L-012, a chemiluminescence emission agent. Phagocytic capacity was assayed using pHrodo™ Green S. aureus Bioparticles® Conjugate. We found that M1 cell morphology, surface markers (CD80 and CD86), and M1-associated cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) did not significantly change upon incubation with ClinOleic during M1 polarization. However, S. aureus-triggered ROS production was significantly lower in M1 macrophages differentiated with ClinOleic than in those not treated with ClinOleic. The inhibitory effect of ClinOleic on macrophage function also appeared in the phagocytosis assay. Taken together, these findings reveal that ClinOleic has a limited impact on the M1 differentiation phenotype but obviously reduces ROS production and phagocytosis.

Rice Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) Feeding Behaviour in Resistant NAGINA22 Rice Mutants

Background: Rice (Oryza sativa L.), is an important staple food and an excellent source of calories in India. Of the different insect pests attacking rice, brown planthopper, BPH, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is an important sucking pest causing upto 100% yield losses. Host plant resistance is the most important method in keeping BPH under control and understanding the underlying mechanisms of resistance is necessary to breed the resistant varieties with desirable characters. Methods: Selected EMS mutant lines of Nagina22 (N22) variety, which were previously mass screened under controlled greenhouse conditions were assessed for their antixenosis mechanism to brown planthopper feeding by measuring probing marks and honeydew excretion area by following standard procedures and statistical analysis was done by using Statistix 8.1 software. Result: Both the brown planthopper nymphs and adults probed more in the resistant mutants compared to the susceptible mutants whereas the BPH adults probed more times (24.4) compared to the nymphs (22.2). The recorded honeydew excretion area by the resistant mutants was lower than that of susceptible mutants. In general, the BPH adults fed more and excreted more honeydew (79.5 mm2) compared to the nymphs (59.0 mm2). The damage score has a negative correlation with the probing marks of adults (-0.207) and nymphs (-0.411); and a positive correlation with honeydew excretion of adults (0.547) and nymphs (0.200). In this study, the EMS N22 mutants resistant to BPH, with a greater number of probing marks and less honeydew excretion area can serve as best donors in the breeding programmes to develop brown planthopper resistant varieties.

Exploring the instability in the food security due to nitrogen fertilizer regulatory policy

AbstractThe nitrogen regulatory policy (NRP) solution is introduced as a mitigation measure against environmental nitrogen losses and keeps food production in the Safe Operating Space of the Nitrogen Planetary Boundary. Meanwhile, scientific research shows that steps taken to reduce environmental harm can increase the unpredictability of calorie production from crops. This study sought to investigate the impact of NRP solutions on the level of risk of accessibility to calorie sources from domestic production, the variations in calorie sources by livestock and non‐livestock diet components, and the responses of different dietary preferences, namely, poor, medium, and rich livestock protein diets, against NRP solutions in the Zayandeh‐Rud River basin, Iran. We developed the aggregate household food security index (AHFSI) and combined it with outputs of crop simulation model to examine how changes in dietary energy supplies under three NRP scenarios—low, moderate, and high nitrogen fertilizer application—affect the stability of three regional dietary preferences. The comparison of NRP scenarios movements realized that increases (or decreases) in nitrogen fertilizer rates contradicted the stability in AHFSI. Additionally, a one‐unit change in the average calories from non‐livestock sources, such as wheat and potatoes, results in greater fluctuations in the standard deviations of produced calories compared to changes in meat and dairy production. We proposed that in order to prevent adverse effects of NRP solutions on food security, mitigation strategies addressing the NRP solution should be structured based on (i) regional heterogeneities, (ii) type of crops, that is, food and feed crops, (iii) the range of nitrogen rates movement; (iv) and the socioeconomic background related to dietary preferences or economic deciles of food expenditure.

A Season-wise Analysis of the Extent of Adoption of Popular Rice Varieties in Telangana, India

A Season-wise Analysis of the Extent of Adoption of Popular Rice Varieties in Telangana, India

Tribocorrosion and metal release from austenitic stainless steels 304 and 201 in simulated cassava food contact

Cassava is the third most significant calorie source in the tropics. Its processing has changed from traditional methods to stainless steel processing machines. This study investigated the influence of cassava on metal release from two common stainless steels, ASTM 304 and 201, with and without friction, and on tribocorrosion (multi-analytically) of 304. Cassava was relatively corrosive and hindered repassivation of the surface oxide of stainless steel, but it also acted as a lubricant against mechanical friction. The combined action of friction and cassava caused a significant increase in iron, chromium, nickel, and manganese release from the stainless steels (30–35-fold increase compared to no friction, and 4–12-fold increase compared to water without cassava but with friction).