Source Of Animal Protein Research Articles

A qualitative risk assessment of Campylobacter transmission in dairy cattle in Bangladesh

Campylobacter, one of the four key causes of diarrheal diseases of humans, is a zoonotic bacterial pathogen commonly found in cattle, sheep, goats and poultry. As the number of crossbred cattle steadily increases in Bangladesh through intensified livestock production to fulfill the demand of animal-source protein, the risk of pathogenic Campylobacter transmission is likely to increase in humans and animals including the farm environment. The objective of this study was to confirm the risk pathways and estimate the likelihood of entry and exposure risks of Campylobacter for cattle in the farm holdings. Following OIE risk analysis guidelines and tools, we assessed the risk level of each pathway using secondary and field observation data used in expert opinion elicitation process to formulate and confirm the risk level and their combined risk. The probable risk nodes were combined to obtain the total risk level for each specific transmission pathway using the template adapted by Zepeda-Sein based upon expert opinions. The evaluations revealed that the risk of the entry and exposure of Campylobacter is medium with medium levels of uncertainty. Moreover, the consequence pathways showed high risk with low level of uncertainty. Finally, the overall risk for transmission was evaluated as medium with medium level of uncertainty. This study suggests that there is a significant risk of Campylobacter transmission which may spread in humans, animals and successfully maintain in the farm environments. Good animal husbandry practices along with personal hygiene and sanitation practices of animal attendants including their family members are needed to minimize the risk of Campylobacter transmission from farmed cattle to humans. The findings of this study could be useful for framing functional risk reduction measures at the low-resource settings using One Health approach considering human, animal and environmental health perspectives. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2025, 10(1), 6-21

Exploring Lupins in China: Insights into Cultivation and Challenges for Sustainable Agricultural Development: A Review

Lupin beans, a nutritious legume, are gaining popularity as a sustainable alternative protein source for both humans and animals, offering potential benefits over traditional options like soybeans. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the present status of lupin cultivation, production and research in China. Through a systematic examination of recent literature, we analyze the cultivation practices, production trends and advancements in lupin research within the Chinese context. Lupins, originating from the Mediterranean region, exhibit diverse species distributed across various continents. While historically cultivated primarily for forage lupins have gained traction globally due to their adaptability to different climates and soil types. China is a big importer of lupins, but they are also trying to grow them domestically. This has been challenging due to factors such as the suitability of the local climate and soil and the management of diseases. In China, research is being conducted to improve lupin cultivation by studying genetic traits, disease resistance and soil adaptation. As lupins are known for their nutritional and environmental benefits, China’s agricultural sector is expected to increase production.

Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Differently Processed Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from Selected Markets from Abeokuta Southwestern Nigeria.

Fish is a significant source of animal protein for humans; however, it has a tendency to bioaccumulate toxicants from the environment. The present study assessed the health risks associated with potential toxic metals (PTMs) in differently processed catfish (Clarias gariepinus) from four markets in Abeokuta metropolis, southwestern Nigeria. A total of 60 samples were collected and analyzed for PTMs using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The health risk assessment was evaluated based on the hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and cancer risk (CR). Iron concentrations ranged from 8.10 ± 6.80 to 70.7 ± 30.8mg/kg, making it the highest measured metal in the fish samples. The mean chromium (Cr) levels (0.25 ± 0.25 to 28.4 ± 14.5mg/kg), and lead concentrations (< 0.08 to 0.80 ± 0.70mg/kg) exceeded the permissible limits set by the joint FAO/WHO, in most of the differently processed fish samples. Principal component analysis identified two likely sources of metal contamination in the fish samples as pond/river runoff and vehicular emissions. The health risk assessment revealed a HQ for Cr exceeding the permissible limit of 1.0 across all processed catfish consumed by both adults and children. Similarly, the CR values for Cr surpassed the threshold of 1.0 × 10⁻4 in both age groups. Chromium accounted for 43% to 98% of the contributions to both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks. The findings indicated that children are more susceptible to the adverse health effects of PTMs than adults through the consumption of variously processed catfish.

Near telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies of Silkie Gallus gallus and Mallard Anas platyrhynchos restored the structure of chromosomes and “missing” genes in birds

BackgroundChickens and ducks are vital sources of animal protein for humans. Recent pangenome studies suggest that a single genome is insufficient to represent the genetic information of a species, highlighting the need for more comprehensive genomes. The bird genome has more than tens of microchromosomes, but comparative genomics, annotations, and the discovery of variations are hindered by inadequate telomere-to-telomere level assemblies. We aim to complete the chicken and duck genomes, recover missing genes, and reveal common and unique chromosomal features between birds.ResultsThe near telomere-to-telomere genomes of Silkie Gallus gallus and Mallard Anas platyrhynchos were successfully assembled via multiple high-coverage complementary technologies, with quality values of 36.65 and 44.17 for Silkie and Mallard, respectively; and BUSCO scores of 96.55% and 96.97% for Silkie and Mallard, respectively; the mapping rates reached over 99.52% for both assembled genomes, these evaluation results ensured high completeness and accuracy. We successfully annotated 20,253 and 19,621 protein-coding genes for Silkie and Mallard, respectively, and assembled gap-free sex chromosomes in Mallard for the first time. Comparative analysis revealed that microchromosomes differ from macrochromosomes in terms of GC content, repetitive sequence abundance, gene density, and levels of 5mC methylation. Different types of arrangements of centromeric repeat sequence centromeres exist in both Silkie and the Mallard genomes, with Mallard centromeres being invaded by CR1. The highly heterochromatic W chromosome, which serves as a refuge for ERVs, contains disproportionately long ERVs. Both Silkie and the Mallard genomes presented relatively high 5mC methylation levels on sex chromosomes and microchromosomes, and the telomeres and centromeres presented significantly higher 5mC methylation levels than the whole genome. Finally, we recovered 325 missing genes via our new genomes and annotated TNFA in Mallard for the first time, revealing conserved protein structures and tissue-specific expression.ConclusionsThe near telomere-to-telomere assemblies in Mallard and Silkie, with the first gap-free sex chromosomes in ducks, significantly enhanced our understanding of genetic structures in birds, specifically highlighting the distinctive chromosome features between the chicken and duck genomes. This foundational work also provides a series of newly identified missing genes for further investigation.

Comparative Nutritional Profiling of Economically Important Shrimp Species in Pakistan

Shrimp are widely recognized as a nutritious and flavorful food choice due to their tender and delicious meat. This study evaluated the nutritional composition of three economically important shrimp species: Penaeus merguiensis, Penaeus monodon, and Penaeus indicus, collected from the coastal areas of Pakistan. All shrimp species were found to be high in protein and low in fat content. The ratio of essential amino acids (EAAs), non-essential amino acids (NEAAs), and total amino acids (TAAs) varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among species, with P. indicus showing slightly higher values. Regarding fatty acid analysis, total saturated fatty acid content was found to be 35.04% in P. merguiensis, 52.43% in P. monodon, and 44.77% in P. indicus. Similarly, the polyunsaturated fatty acid content was found to be 26.24%, 26.77%, and 24.74%, in P. merguiensis, P. monodon, and P. indicus, respectively. Based on nutrient yield, P. monodon stands out as the most nutrient-dense species, followed by P. indicus and P. merguiensis. Overall, the present study suggests that all shrimp species can be used as a healthy choice of food and a good source of animal protein for human consumption. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of shrimp in promoting a healthy and balanced diet.

The Impact of Feeding Non-defatted Silkworm Pupae Meal on Haemato-biochemical and Oxidative Stress Parameters of Crossbred Cattle Calves

Background: The expenses on feed alone accounts around 55-60% to the total rearing cost of ruminants. In present time where the cost of feed is very high, it is very difficult to minimize the cost of production. Among feed ingredients, animal protein is quite expensive, thus, it is the need of the hour to unearth different unconventional feed resources to supply the nutrients to livestock and also for the profitability and sustainability of livestock sector. Among various important unconventional animal protein sources, silkworm pupae meal is one among them. The current study aimed to assess the effect of feeding non-defatted silkworm pupae meal on health status of crossbred calves. Methods: Fifteen crossbred, female calves (30-40 days old, 35.21±2.72 kg body weight) were selected and equally distributed in a random manner to three treatments viz., control (CON), treatment-1 (TRT-25) and treatment-2 (TRT-50). In CON group, fish meal was added as an ingredient in concentrate mixture @10%, while in the treatments TRT-25 and TRT-50, fish meal was replaced with SWPM at the levels of 25% and 50%, respectively. A 90-days feeding trial was carried out to determine the effect of feeding SWPM on health status of calves. Result: The haemato-biochemical parameters viz., Hb, PCV, RBC’s, WBC’s, blood glucose, ALT, AST, BUN, serum creatinine and A:G ratio revealed non-significant difference (p greater than 0.05) between the treatment groups, while the values of total protein, albumin and globulin showed significant difference (p≤0.05) between the treatment groups. The results of oxidative stress parameters viz., SOD, GPx, Catalase and MDA revealed non-significant differences (p greater than 0.05) between treatment groups. Hence, the study concluded that inclusion of SWPM upto 50% level in the calf starter ration had no adverse effect on the health status of crossbred calves.

Advancing Food Security with Farmed Edible Insects: Economic, Social, and Environmental Aspects.

Farmed edible insects are considered a potential resource to help address food security concerns toward the year 2050. The sustainability (e.g., lower environmental impact), nutritional (e.g., high-quality proteins, essential amino acids, fiber, unsaturated fats, vitamins, and minerals) and health (e.g., antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory) benefits are the main reasons for the rise in interest for insects as alternative protein sources for food and feed production. Thus, edible insects can address the future global protein demand of an ever-increasing world population. In this context, several aspects related to their sustainability have been explored and addressed from an environmental perspective. This review describes the rationale for using insects as alternative protein sources and provides a comprehensive viewpoint, integrating economic, environmental, and social aspects into their sustainability framework toward addressing food insecurity concerns. For example, edible insects offer a more sustainable protein source comparable to, or even better than, that of conventional livestock. Considering their sustainability advantages, insects are noted for their lower impact on natural resources (e.g., water and agrarian land) and lower greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., carbon dioxide and methane). From a socioeconomic point of view, edible insects have lower production costs compared to conventional animal protein sources because of their high feed efficiency conversion, rapid growth rate, and short life cycles. Currently, the market for edible, farmed insects is becoming a significant economic activity that not only meets the needs of industry and consumers but also supports the ability of future generations to maintain a secure and sustainable community.

Exploring the potential of gamma-irradiated chitosan as an innovative, biodegradable preservative for refrigerated Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

PurposeFish is a crucial source of animal protein in Bangladesh and is widely consumed across the country. Rohu fish (Labeo rohita) is particularly important due to its rapid growth and high market demand. However, the use of formalin as a preservative for Labeo rohita and other fishes in Bangladesh poses significant health risks.MethodsIn our study, we explored the use of gamma-irradiated chitosan as an alternative preservative to prolong the shelf life of rohu fish through microbiological, chemical, and sensory analysis.ResultsUntreated Labeo rohita had a refrigerated storage life of 6 days, while chitosan-treated samples at a concentration of 10 g/L showed a refrigerated storage life of 16 days, based on several spoilage parameters. Additionally, our findings revealed that 50 kGy-irradiated chitosan, even at a concentration of 1 g/L, exhibited better antimicrobial activity against gram-negative bacteria compared to other chitosan variants. Unlike formalin, which has adverse effects on human health and the environment, chitosan is non-toxic and offers various health benefits.ConclusionThus, the results of this study demonstrate that radiation-processed chitosan has superior antimicrobial activity and serves as a safer alternative to formalin in extending the shelf life of Labeo rohita. We hope that these findings will promote the broader use of gamma-irradiated chitosan in Bangladesh and other countries to mitigate the health risks associated with formalin.

Reducing Agricultural Land Use Through Plant-Based Diets: A Case Study of Romania.

Agricultural systems face increasing global pressure to address sustainability challenges, particularly regarding land use and environmental protection. In Romania, where traditional diets are heavily dependent on animal-based products, optimizing land use is critical. This study investigates the potential of plant-based diets to reduce agricultural land use, examining scenarios of partial and complete replacement of animal protein with plant protein sources (soy, peas, and potatoes). The research modeled three dietary transition scenarios-replacing 33%, 50%, and 100% of animal protein with plant-based protein-using data from the Romanian National Institute of Statistics, the FAO, and international sources. Land use was calculated for each scenario using formulas that take into account protein content and land use intensity for animal and plant protein sources. The simulations quantify the reduction in agricultural land use at the per capita and national levels. The study reveals significant land-saving potential across all scenarios. At the national level, land use reductions ranged from 84,020 hectares (33% replacement) to 1,067,443 hectares (100% replacement). High-impact products such as beef and dairy continue to dominate land use, even in partial replacement scenarios. Conversely, replacing pork and chicken proteins shows substantial savings. The findings highlight the inefficiency of animal-based protein production and the ecological benefits of transitioning to plant-based diets. A dietary shift towards plant-based protein in Romania could achieve significant reductions in agricultural land use, contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals. This transition not only supports environmental conservation and resource optimization, but also provides public health benefits by reducing consumption of red and processed meat. These results provide a basis for policies to promote sustainable and nutritionally balanced food systems.

Breaking barriers: Elevating legume protein functionality in food products through non-thermal technologies.

Legume proteins have recently gained significant interest in the food industry for their eco-friendliness and nutritional qualities. Research shows that the replacement of specific animal protein sources with legume proteins presents sustainability and economic benefit. Nonetheless, legume proteins frequently exhibit inferior functional properties and palatability compared to animal proteins. Various non-thermal technologies, including high hydrostatic pressure, ultrasound, cold plasma, pulsed electric field, and dynamic high-pressure microjet, had been investigated to enhance the functional properties of legume proteins without loss of nutritional and sensory properties. Although these technologies show potential, no systematic study has been conducted to summarize and compare their effects on different legume proteins. This review aims to fill this gap by addressing the most promising approaches of non-thermal technologies for the modification of functional properties of legume proteins. New insights are discussed, elaborating the effect of non-thermal technologies on the structural and functional behavior of proteins.

What Veterinarians Need to Know About the Newly-Emerging Field of Insects-as-Food-and-Feed.

Over the last two decades, the insects-as-food-and-feed industry has rapidly emerged. Its growth is largely because insects require substantially less resources (water, food, and energy) to produce than traditional sources of animal protein, making it a sustainable alternative food option. As this industry continues to grow, veterinarians will likely be called upon to assist in identifying food safety concerns, assessing animal health, implementing biosecurity measures, and formulating/prescribing treatment protocols comparable to what we have seen with the honeybee industry and the institution of veterinary feed directives (VFDs). Similar to other agricultural markets, high animal densities and management practices put insects at high risk for infectious diseases. Veterinarians interested in working with these species will need to become knowledgeable regarding the diseases afflicting the feeder insect industry and how best to diagnose and treat pathogens of concern. Using the edible cricket industry as an example, this review will highlight health and production issues while drawing similarities to other traditional livestock operations. If the insects-as-feed-and-food industry is going to be viable, veterinary involvement will be essential to ensure that insects can be used as a safe source of food for all.

Selected eating behaviors and the risk of orthorexia nervosa in a group of high school students.

Orthorexia nervosa (ON), or the obsessive desire to eat only healthy foods, is closely linked to eating behaviors. Among adolescents, the risk of developing ON and its consequences, including weight loss and malnutrition, can be particularly significant due to the crucial impact of eating behaviors on an individual's psychophysical development. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between the eating behaviors of high school students and the risk of ON. Observational study was conducted using the PAPI method among 514 students aged 14-19, of which 59.3% (N=305) were female. The research tool was a proprietary, validated questionnaire that included the ORTO-15 test (cutoff score=35) and the BSQFVF. The questionnaire was used to assess the frequency of consumption of selected food products, the level of dietary fiber intake, the quantity and regularity of meals consumed, as well as other eating behaviors of the participants. The individual responses were then analyzed according to the risk of ON using correlation coefficients. The prevalence of ON risk was found to be 32.1% (N=165). The percentage of individuals at risk of ON was higher among vegetarians. The results regarding the frequency of consumption of animal protein sources, dietary fiber intake, the number of meals and their regularity were similar in both the group at risk of ON and the group not at risk. Over 80% of individuals who never consumed bars, gummies, and candies were at risk of developing ON. The risk of ON was higher among vegetarians. Individuals who excluded highly processed foods from their diet were more susceptible to developing ON.

Redefining Protein Quality: Integrating Health Outcomes and Environmental Impacts in the Plant-Animal Protein Debate.

There is an ongoing debate about the relative merits of plant-based versus animal-based protein sources in terms of human health outcomes and environmental impacts. This viewpoint article reviews and synthesizes the current evidence comparing plant and animal protein sources on measures of human health like cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality risk, as well as environmental factors like greenhouse gas emissions, water use, and land requirements. Overall, greater consumption of plant protein sources like legumes, nuts, seeds, and whole grains is associated with reduced risks of cardiovascular diseases, some cancers, and mortality, especially compared to red and processed meats. Crucially, these health benefits align with the dramatically lower environmental footprints of plant proteins across measures like emissions, water use, and land use. However, evidence is mixed for some health outcomes, and more research is still needed. While blanket recommendations should be avoided, the convergence of health and environmental advantages suggests future dietary guidance should emphasize shifting toward more plant-based protein sources. However, evaluations must consider specific foods rather than broad categorizations. New protein production methods like precision fermentation may also reduce environmental impacts while maintaining adequate nutrition.

A review on Effect of Cypermethrin on Hematology of Fresh Water Fish Channa punctatus (Bloch.)

Freshwater fish serve as an essential source of animal protein for humans. Nevertheless, they face significant threats from aquatic pollutants, particularly pesticides utilized in agricultural practices, which readily enter water systems. The effects of these pesticides can be direct, as they may be absorbed through the fish's skin, gills, intestines, or any injuries. Indirectly, pesticides can compromise water quality, such as by diminishing dissolved oxygen levels. The study of fish encompasses the examination of blood and blood-forming organs, including the kidneys and spleen, in vertebrates. This study entails the evaluation of several parameters, such as red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, and mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, differential leukocyte count, and platelet count. The insecticide cypermethrin negatively impacts the biochemical markers in the blood and the behavior of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). During the experiment, the fish were sourced from a hatchery and kept in a controlled laboratory environment. Various concentrations of cypermethrin were applied, and blood samples were collected to assess the hematological and biochemical parameters. Research on the effects of cypermethrin on the hematology of Channa punctatus has employed various concentrations, exposure durations, and methodologies, revealing significant alterations in the hematological parameters of this species. Biochemical factors such as levels of protein, cholesterol, phosphorus, and calcium exhibited declines in both short-term and long-term cypermethrin-treated groups. As the duration of exposure extended from 24 hours to 15 days, the effects became increasingly pronounced, particularly in the groups subjected to short-term exposure.

Konsentrasi Angkak (Monascus purpureus) dan Suhu Oven Terhadap Mutu Fisikokimia, Angka Lempeng Total, dan Organoleptik Pada Dendeng Ayam Giling

Chicken meat is a source of animal protein that can be processed into various food products, including jerky, offering a more economical alternative without compromising taste and quality, although it has the drawback of less appealing color. This study aims to determine the optimal concentration of angkak (Monascus purpureus) as a safe natural colorant to enhance the color of minced chicken jerky and evaluate the effects of angkak concentration and oven temperature on its physicochemical properties, total plate count (TPC), and organoleptic characteristics. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments combining angkak concentrations (1% and 3%) and oven temperatures (80°C and 100°C), each replicated three times. The analyzed parameters included color (L, a, b), moisture content, protein content, TPC, and organoleptic properties (taste, color, aroma, texture). The results of the study showed that adding angkak significantly increased red color intensity and antibacterial activity, while oven temperature affected moisture and protein contents. The best treatment was found at 3% angkak concentration and 100°C oven temperature, yielding dark red color, protein content of 27.13–30.06%, TPC of 0.022 x 10⁵ CFU/g, and high organoleptic acceptance. Thus, angkak canibe usedtas asnatural colorant and preservativeKfor minced chicken jerky.

Lighting in broiler poultry houses: optimization for growth, welfare and sustainability

Broiler production plays a crucial role in the global economy, directly impacting sectors such as exports, imports and the economies of the countries that consume and produce this important source of animal protein. However, the relevance of this sector goes beyond the economic aspects, encompassing issues related to the health and welfare of the birds, which directly influence their productivity and quality. Among the various factors that affect broiler performance, lighting stands out as an essential element, with the potential to impact both the behavior and development of the birds, directly interfering with productive efficiency. This study explores poultry farming with a focus on the importance of adequate lighting systems, considering their effects on poultry health and growth, as well as the associated economic impacts. Efficient lighting can improve the quality of life of animals, optimizing their development and contributing to the sustainability of production. On the other hand, failures in this aspect can cause significant damage, compromising both production and animal welfare. By addressing these interrelationships, this paper seeks to reinforce the need for practices that balance productivity, sustainability and respect for the living conditions of broiler chickens, promoting advances in the poultry industry.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Commensal Enterococcus spp. Isolates from Chickens in Hungarian Poultry Farms Between 2022 and 2023.

Background: The global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents one of the most significant challenges of our generation. It is crucial to continuously monitor AMR, not only by investigating clinical, pathogenic strains but also by monitoring commensal bacterial strains, as they can serve as natural reservoirs of resistance. Infections caused by Enterococcus species are increasingly recognized as emerging threats to both animal and public health. Among economically important livestock, poultry as a major source of animal protein for humans is a frequent carrier of enterococci, and also of sporadically detected clinical disease. Methods: This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Enterococcus strains (n = 499) isolated from chicken farms in Hungary. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined for 15 antibiotics, including 10 with established clinical breakpoints. Results: The strains exhibited good sensitivity to amoxicillin, one of the first-line treatments for Enterococcus infections in veterinary medicine, with only 20.8% showing resistance. However, we observed an alarming 27.9% resistance rate to vancomycin, which is reserved to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant strains in humans. A comparison of our findings with Hungarian hospital records revealed that the resistance patterns of poultry-derived Enterococcus faecalis strains were very similar to those of human isolates, particularly regarding penicillins and aminoglycosides. Conclusions: Overall, the increasing rates of AMR reinforce the importance of conducting periodic studies to establish long-term trends. For multidrug-resistant strains, next-generation sequencing is recommended to elucidate the genetic basis of resistance.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles of Commensal Escherichia coli Isolates from Chickens in Hungarian Poultry Farms Between 2022 and 2023.

Background: Widespread use of antibiotics has led to a global increase in resistance. The Escherichia coli bacterium is a facultative pathogen that often develops antibiotic resistance and is easily transmitted, not only in animal health but also in public health. Within the poultry sector, domestic fowl is widespread and one of the most dynamically growing sectors, which is why regular, extensive monitoring is crucial. Among economically important livestock, poultry as a major source of animal protein for humans is a frequent carrier of Escherichia coli, also with sporadically detected clinical disease. Methods: Our research evaluates the susceptibility of commensal Escherichia coli strains, isolated from large domestic fowl flocks in Hungary, to antibiotics of animal and public health importance, by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration value. Results: A total of 410 isolates were tested, with the highest level of resistance being found for florfenicol (62.7%). Particularly alarming are the resistance rates to enrofloxacin (52.9%), colistin (30.7%), and ceftriaxone (23.9%). We also found a resistance of 56.1% to amoxicillin and 22.2% to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, which suggests that the majority of strains are β-lactamase-producing. When compared with the national human resistance data, we found with similar values for amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, but the resistance rates of aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and potency sulfonamide were worse in animal health. Conclusions: In conclusion, our results suggest that periodic surveys should be carried out and that long-term trends can be established that allow the monitoring of resistance patterns over time. For multidrug-resistant strains, new generation sequencing can be used to investigate the genetic background of resistance.

Deteksi Bakteri Patogen Pada Daging Ayam Broiler Sebagai Skrining Foodborne Diseases Di Kabupaten Jember

Chicken meat is a source of animal protein that is very popular because of its high nutritional value, easy to obtain and cheap. However, as production increases, certain drugs and feed additives become essential for disease prevention, treatment, and growth promotion. The negative effect of using antimicrobial drugs is that they accumulate in animal tissues as residues and eventually become part of the food pyramid, subsequently impacting human health.A total of 45 broiler chickens were purchased from broiler meat sellers in 9 traditional markets in Jember. We took five broiler chicken meat randomly from each market. Samples have identified the type of contaminant bacteria using Salmonella Chromogenic Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar. The results of this study showed that broiler chicken meat samples were contaminated with E. coli (45/45 (100%)), Staphylococcus aureus (43/45 (95.56%)), Salmonella spp. (38/45 (84.44%)) and Proteus spp. (14/45 (33.33%)). All broiler meat samples purchased at the Jember traditional market were contaminated with at least 1 type of bacteria, namely E. coli. The index of bacterial contamination is between 0.25 – 1. The most common contamination patterns are S. aureus, E. coli and Salmonella spp., with a bacterial contamination index of 0.75.

Implementation of Fuzzy Logic on the Feasibility of Duck Egg Quality

Eggs are a staple food, with chicken eggs being the most common choice. However, duck eggs are gaining popularity due to their nutritional value. Ducks, a local poultry breed, are seeing increased interest, leading to a growth in the national duck population. Duck eggs themselves are one source of animal protein that is rich in nutrients and easily digested. Duck eggs have a very high protein content, which is 13.1 grams per 100 grams. The purpose of building a decision support system for duck egg selection is to help people choose quality duck eggs for consumption. Data collection techniques in this study use literature studies and include direct calculations and using MATLAB software to develop a Fuzzy logic system in determining the feasibility of duck egg quality. The results showed that in the example case for a duck egg that weighs 5.5 grams and then the thickness of the shell is 7.5 mm and the viscosity of the egg contents is given a number of 7, then the egg is still said to be suitable for consumption. This contributes to improving food quality in Indonesia by classifying the feasibility of eggs for public consumption.