Message Source Research Articles

영화 관객은 어떤 트위터 메시지에 영향을 받는가? : 메시지 전달자, 메시지 방향성, 영화 관람시기를 중심으로

영화 관객은 어떤 트위터 메시지에 영향을 받는가? : 메시지 전달자, 메시지 방향성, 영화 관람시기를 중심으로

Researching the TCP/IP network with using of modified active queue management REM-algorithm with dynamically split characteristics (DSREM)

This work is devoted to the description of the new method (algorithm) of active queue management (DSREM), developed on the basis of existing REM-method. The object of the research is the system of network router buffer active queue management (AQM), corrected by REM-algorithm. The main disadvantages of this system are the instability of the queue length parameters and the likelihood of marking the router buffer packet, as well as the increase in the percentage of lost and discarded packets with increasing load for data lines in TCP/IP network. The article describes the work of active queue management REM-algorithm. A new, developed by the author and a previously unknown active queue management algorithm with improved quality characteristics (for packet loss and more stable value of the router buffer queue length) based on the REM-algorithm with dynamically split characteristic of control law (DSREM-algorithm). Using TCP/IP-network modeling it is found that DSREM-algorithm in comparison with the REM-algorithm has the best performance for the lost and discarded packets, as well as more stable values of the queue length and the characteristics of the likelihood of marking packets with an increase in the number of incoming message sources. The practical value and scientific novelty of DSREM-method modifying REM-method is to introduce specific parameters (scale factors and stability factor) in the original algorithm, which enhance network performance.

Memorable Messages about the Misuse of Prescription Stimulants

ABSTRACTThe misuse of prescription stimulants among college undergraduates is a prevalent and dangerous problem on college campuses across the United States. Guided by a memorable messages framework, this research sought to examine the messages that college students recall about the misuse of prescription stimulants and examine how those messages are associated with students’ intention to use stimulants. We analyzed the recalled memorable messages of 129 undergraduates. Three predominant themes emerged from the analysis: academic implications, health implications, and ethical implications. Theme, source, and valence of the memorable messages were not associated with behavioral intention to engage in the misuse of prescription stimulants. These findings contribute to the scholarly and practical understanding of undergraduates’ experiences with illicit behaviors, and demonstrate a need to further investigate students’ sense-making in relation to risky decisions made during their college experience.

Modeling message preferences: An adaptive conjoint analysis of persuasive messaging to increase fruit and vegetable consumption

Few past studies have used conjoint analysis to assess message design features and even fewer have looked at health issues. This research applies conjoint analysis to the quest to design motivational messages for African Americans at risk for diet-related adverse health outcomes (e.g., heart disease) in Kentucky. African American health in the state of Kentucky can benefit from a diet high in fruit and vegetable consumption, but little past research has been conducted with African American Kentuckians to explore the best message structure for communicating about increased fruit and vegetable consumption. This study reports on the outcome of the final phase of formative campaign research. We use an adaptive conjoint analysis to identify the most important elements of message design for this group of Kentucky residents. Results indicate that the message's source (i.e., the person delivering the message) is the most important design element for creating persuasive health messaging about fruit and vegetables for African Americans in Kentucky, followed by the stated benefit of eating more fruit and vegetables and the manner in which the behavior is described, respectively. To our knowledge, this study is the first to treat campaign message features as the subject of a conjoint analysis in order to identify which combination of features might be most motivating for a specific target audience. Recommendations for future health communication campaign application, as well as future research are discussed.

The influence of health messaging source and frequency on maternal smoking and child exposure among low-income mothers

Addressing maternal smoking and child tobacco smoke exposure (TSE) remains a public health priority, particularly in low-income, underserved populations which are known to experience the highest TSE rates and tobacco-related morbidity/mortality. Little is known about the types of TSE messaging received in high-risk populations, and which communication channels are influential in promoting smokers’ efforts to protect children from TSE. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between reported sources and frequency of TSE-reduction health messages maternal smokers received and the effects of the messaging on smoking- and TSE-reduction-related behaviors. Maternal smokers from low-income communities in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania who were enrolled at baseline in the Family Rules for Establishing Smokefree Homes trial (N = 359) were included in this study. Each participant completed a 60-minute in-home baseline interview, which included questions about their smoking history, current smoking patterns, children's TSE, and the TSE-related health messaging they had received prior to enrollment. Multivariable analyses were conducted to determine the effect of the source messaging on mothers’ knowledge, behavior, and intention regarding their baby's TSE. Results suggest that different sources of messaging may differentially impact smoking behavior and intention to change. For example, messaging from healthcare and dental providers may influence efforts to protect children from TSE whereas friends and family may influence intention to quit. Future studies could examine the value of multilevel health communication strategies, utilizing advice from healthcare providers that is augmented by family and peers to help promote smoking behavior change in this high-risk group of underserved postpartum smokers.

Investigating the impact of viral message appeal and message credibility on consumer attitude toward the brand

Abstract Due to the rapid growth of the Internet and use of e-commerce in the recent years, viral marketing has drawn the attention of manufacturing and service organizations. However, no research has been conducted to examine the impact of message appeal and message source credibility on consumers’ attitude with mediating role of intellectual involvement of consumers and their risk taking level. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of appeal and message source credibility on consumers’ attitude with mediating role of consumers’ intellectual involvement and their risk taking level. The population of this study includes consumers of mobile phones (Samsung, Sony, Nokia, LG and iPhone) in the Bushehr city (Iran). As the population of the study is unlimited, 430 questionnaires were distributed using available sampling method, and 391 questionnaires were collected and analyzed. Using structural equation modeling, we analysed the data through smart PLS software. The results show that the appeal and credibility of the message source impact the consumer attitudes toward the brand. We also found that the intellectual involvement of consumers plays the mediating role in the relationship between message appeal and consumer attitudes toward brands. In the relationship between message source credibility and customer attitude towards the brand, the level of risk taking of people has no mediating role.

How people can become persuaded by weak messages presented by credible communicators: Not all sleeper effects are created equal

The sleeper effect has been proposed to describe temporal changes in persuasion for messages associated with noncredible sources. The present research introduces a new kind of sleeper effect denoting increases in persuasion for weak messages associated with credible sources. This effect of the source was hypothesized to derive from attending to the message source rather than the message arguments and reconstructing delayed attitudes primarily on the basis of the source information. Findings from three experiments revealed that when the focus of attention was the communicator, there was a sleeper effect for the source. Specifically, during the time between an immediate follow up and a delayed follow up, persuasion increased when credible sources presented weak arguments. In contrast, when the focus of attention was the message arguments, a traditional sleeper effect emerged. That is, persuasion increased when strong arguments were presented by a noncredible communicator. These effects were mediated by relative recall of arguments versus source attributes and replicated with different message topics and lengths of delay.

On the Gaussian Fading Broadcast Relay Channel With Causal State Feedback

We investigate a typical setup of a heterogeneous network that can be modeled as a fast Rayleigh fading broadcast relay channel with one source (macrocell Base Station), one full-duplex relay (smallcell BS), and two destinations (mobile users). It is assumed that instantaneous channel state information (CSI) is available at the receivers’ side, while only a noiseless causal state feedback from the destinations about the source-to-destination channels is available at the relay. We propose a relaying scheme based on a two-stage decode-compress-forward strategy. The essential idea is to let the relay decode the source messages and then forward to the destinations a function of both the decoded messages and the CSI feedback. By characterizing and evaluating the achievable rate region of the proposed relaying scheme, we reveal that non-negligible performance gains over conventional cooperative strategies can be obtained by exploiting CSI feedback at the relay.

Strong Secrecy Capacity of a Class of Wiretap Networks

This paper considers a special class of wiretap networks with a single source node and K sink nodes. The source message is encoded into a binary digital sequence of length N, divided into K subsequences, and sent to the K sink nodes respectively through noiseless channels. The legitimate receivers are able to obtain subsequences from arbitrary μ 1 = K α 1 sink nodes. Meanwhile, there exist eavesdroppers who are able to observe subsequences from arbitrary μ 2 = K α 2 sink nodes, where 0 ≤ α 2 < α 1 ≤ 1 . The goal is to let the receivers be able to recover the source message with a vanishing decoding error probability, and keep the eavesdroppers ignorant about the source message. It is clear that the communication model is an extension of wiretap channel II. Secrecy capacity with respect to the strong secrecy criterion is established. In the proof of the direct part, a codebook is generated by a randomized scheme and partitioned by Csiszár’s almost independent coloring scheme. Unlike the linear network coding schemes, our coding scheme is working on the binary field and hence independent of the scale of the network.

Preferred breast cancer message sources and frames amongst western Kenyan women

This descriptive study set out to verify the Kenyan women’s knowledge of the various risk factors associated with breast cancer, their preferred framing of the breast cancer messages and their preferred channels for receiving those messages. Three hundred and ninety-three (393) women aged 20-64 years from the Kisumu County of Western Kenya were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics. Findings revealed that (a) information deficiencies in relation to breast cancer is a factor that needs to be addressed, (b) gain, loss and mixed frames are used and (c) the most preferred sources of information were radio and health facility personnel and, to a low extent the internet and television. The study recommends that it is prudent for the women to voluntarily seek the right information for them to make informed decisions regarding preventive breast cancer measures. Further, cancer risk communicators need to develop frames that revolve around symptoms and risk factors, and use the most preferred channels side by side to reinforce strengths associated with each. Internet and television among the rural women are of low use, calling for the collaborated efforts amongst development partners including the women to boost the level of their usage. Keywords : framing messages, communication channels, breast cancer screening measures

SNR based secure communication via untrusted amplify-and-forward relay nodes using artificial noise

A two-phase beamforming solution for secure communication using untrusted relay nodes is presented. To thwart eavesdropping attempts of participant relay nodes, we deliberately introduce artificial noise in the source message. We observe that for certain scenarios, the source node prefers to allocate its full power to the message signal and, therefore, in the absence of artificial noise, such transmissions will be vulnerable to eavesdropping. Therefore, we provide a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based framework for secure communication. We intend to bring down the SNR at each of the untrusted relay nodes below a certain predefined threshold; whereas, using beamforming, we want to boost the SNR at the destination. With this motive, we evaluate the optimal scaling vector for the beamforming phase, which not only nullifies the artificial noise transmitted initially, but also maximizes the SNR at the destination. We discuss both the total and individual power constraint scenarios and provide an analytical optimal solution and an iterative algorithm, respectively.

On the effect of the deployment setting on broadcasting in Euclidean radio networks

The paper studies broadcasting in radio networks whose stations are represented by points in the Euclidean plane (each station knows its own coordinates). In any given time step, a station can either receive or transmit. A message transmitted from station v is delivered to every station u at distance at most 1 from v, but u successfully hears the message if and only if v is the only station at distance at most 1 from u that transmitted in this time step. A designated source station has a message that should be disseminated throughout the network. All stations other than the source are initially idle and wake up upon the first time they hear the source message. It is shown in [17] that the time complexity of deterministic broadcasting algorithms depends on two parameters of the network, namely, its diameter (in hops) D and a lower bound d on the Euclidean distance between any two stations. The inverse of d is called the granularity of the network, denoted by g. Specifically, the authors of [17] present a deterministic broadcasting algorithm that works in time O (Dg) and prove that every broadcasting algorithm requires $$\varOmega \left( D \sqrt{g} \right) $$ΩDg time. In this paper, we distinguish between the arbitrary deployment setting, originally studied in [17], in which stations can be placed everywhere in the plane, and the new grid deployment setting, in which stations are only allowed to be placed on a d-spaced grid. Does the latter (more restricted) setting provide any speedup in broadcasting time complexity? Although the O (Dg) broadcasting algorithm of [17] works under the (original) arbitrary deployment setting, it turns out that the $$\varOmega \left( D \sqrt{g} \right) $$ΩDg lower bound remains valid under the grid deployment setting. Still, the above question is left unanswered. The current paper answers this question affirmatively by presenting a provable separation between the two deployment settings. We establish a tight lower bound on the time complexity of deterministic broadcasting algorithms under the arbitrary deployment setting proving that broadcasting cannot be completed in less than $$\varOmega (D g)$$Ω(Dg) time. For the grid deployment setting, we develop a deterministic broadcasting algorithm that runs in time $$O \left( D g^{5 / 6} \log g \right) $$ODg5/6logg, thus breaking the linear dependency on g.

Discrete-time Gaussian interfere-relay channel

In practical wireless relay communication systems, nondestination nodes are assumed to be idle not receiving signals while the relay sends messages to a particular destination node, which results in reduced bandwidth efficiency. To improve the bandwidth efficiency, we relax the idle assumption of non-destination nodes and assume that non-destination nodes may receive signals from sources. We note that the message relayed to a particular node in such a system gives rise to interference to other nodes. To study such a more general relay system, we consider, in this paper, a relay system in which the relay first listens to the source, then routes the source message to the destination, and finally produces interference to the destination in sending messages for other systems. We obtain capacity upper and lower bounds and study the optimal method to deal with the interference as well as the optimal routing schemes. From analytic results obtained, we find the conditions on which the direct transmission provides higher transmission rate. Next, we find the conditions, by numerical evaluation of the theoretical results, on which it is better for the destination to cancel and decode the interference. Also we find the optimal source power allocation scheme that achieves the lower bound depending on various channel conditions. We believe that the results provided in this paper will provide useful insights to system designers in strategically choosing the optimal routing algorithms depending on the channel conditions.

Risk Belief and Attitude Formation From Translated Scientific Messages About PFOA, an Environmental Risk Associated With Breast Cancer

ABSTRACTEvidence regarding possible environmental causes of breast cancer is advancing. Often, however, the public is not informed about these advances in a manner that is easily understandable. This research translates findings from biologists into messages at two literacy levels about perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a possible environmental contributor to breast cancer. The Heuristic Systematic Model (HSM) was used to investigate how ability, motivation, and systematic and heuristic processing lead to risk beliefs and, ultimately, to negative attitudes for individuals receiving translated scientific messages about PFOA. Participants (N = 1,389) came from the Dr. Susan Love Research Foundation’s Army of Women. Findings indicated that ability, in the form of translated messages, predicted systematic processing, operationalized as knowledge gain, which was negatively associated with formation of risk beliefs that led to negative attitudes toward PFOA. Heuristic processing cues, operationalized as perceived message quality and source credibility, were positively associated with risk beliefs, which predicted negative attitudes about PFOA. Overall, more knowledge and lower literacy messages led to lower perceived risk, while greater involvement and ratings of heuristic cues led to greater risk perceptions. This is an example of a research, translation, and dissemination team effort in which biologists created knowledge, communication scholars translated and tested messages, and advocates were participants and those who disseminated messages.

In Media We Distrust

The internet allows politicians to deliver controlled messages via campaign websites, but citizens often turn to other sources (e.g., news websites) for political information. Using the cognitive response model as a framework, this article considers how varying contexts may affect the way citizens process candidate messages. We experimentally test the interaction of media trust, media context, and message content on evaluation of and support for a candidate. A national adult sample viewed a candidate profile on either the candidate’s website or CNN.com, and the profile contained either subtle or vivid religious cues. Those high in media trust who saw the CNN profile rated the candidate highest, but only when it contained subtle religious cues. Our findings suggest that while message source and media trust can condition message effects, these factors have less influence in the presence of strong message cues.

Optimal power allocation to improve secrecy performance of non‐regenerative cooperative systems using an untrusted relay

To protect data communication from eavesdropper nodes, different techniques have been developed to improve the physical-layer security (PLS) of communications systems. Destination-based cooperative signalling (DBCS) is one of such techniques where the destination sends an intended artificial noise to the untrusted listeners helping to protect the source message from being captured reliably at eavesdroppers. In this study, the authors investigate the application of DBCS to improve the PLS, and as a consequence the secrecy performance of a two-hop amplify-and-forward cooperative system with an untrusted relay. To get the best performance out of DBCS, the transmit power of the source's signal as well as the artificial noise should be carefully adjusted. To address this, they have introduced the optimal power allocation to maximise the secrecy rate of the system under a sum-power constraint at the network nodes. For a system with large-scale antenna arrays at the base station, then then find the closed-form solution for the secrecy outage probability and the ergodic secrecy rate of the optimised system for both uplink and downlink. The presented simulation results validate the authors’ theoretical analysis and reveal that the proposed DBCS with optimal power allocation significantly improves the secrecy performance of the system.

Strong is the new skinny: A content analysis of fitspiration websites

“Fitspiration” websites are media that aim to inspire people to live healthy and fit lifestyles through motivating images and text related to exercise and diet. Given the link between similar Internet content (i.e., healthy living blogs) and problematic messages, we hypothesized that content on these sites would over-emphasize appearance and promote problematic messages regarding exercise and diet. Keywords “fitspo” and “fitspiration” were entered into search engines. The first 10 images and text from 51 individual websites were rated on a variety of characteristics. Results indicated that a majority of messages found on fitspiration websites focused on appearance. Other common themes included content promoting exercise for appearance-motivated reasons and content promoting dietary restraint. “Fitspiration” websites are a source of messages that reinforce over-valuation of physical appearance, eating concerns, and excessive exercise. Further research is needed to examine the impact viewing such content has on participants’ psychological health.

Sport celebrities multiple use in marketing messages: Example of the Spanish tennis player Rafael Nadal

The use of a sport celebrity as a message source is a popular way how to convince many consumers around the world to buy and use different services. In the last decades, we have seen that many sport celebrities in a serial way promote products and services of different companies at the same time or in a sequence. Therefore, there arises a question of message source credibility and trustfulness. The main objective of this research paper is to study the world famous Spanish tennis player’s appearance, Rafael Nadal, as a message source in different companies’ advertisements and the kind of image he creates. In this sense, a content analysis technique and a face-to-face survey technique (328 subjects) have been conducted to know what the consumers’ attitudes towards serial sport endorsers are.

On the Energy Efficiency and Effective Throughput Tradeoff of Fading Channels

This paper investigates the tradeoff between the energy efficiency (EE) and the effective throughput (ET) of fading channels. In particular, we consider the case of zero channel state information (CSI) at the transmitter, and thus, the receiver can only successfully decode the source messages with certain probability. Accordingly, the ET, which is defined as the rate of the successfully decoded information, is adopted to measure the spectrum efficiency of the considered channels. We characterize the EE–ET region by exploiting its structure, and each boundary point is obtained by solving a quasi-concave problem. As a special case, we also obtain the maximum ET per unit energy in closed form. Finally, we generalize our results to the case of multihop relay channels.

Proactive Engagement of Opinion Leaders and Organization Advocates on Social Networking Sites

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to examine opinion leaders’ and organization advocates’ proactive engagement with advocacy campaigns on social networking sites (SNSs). By examining the Empty Plate Movement, a campaign advocating food saving in China, this study compared proactive engagement activities by traditional and virtual opinion leaders, organization advocates, and other participants. Specifically, this study focused on three proactive engagement activities: publishing descriptive and injunctive normative messages and messages showing supportive/adoptive behaviors. The findings reveal organization advocates are the most likely source of descriptive and injunctive normative messages, and the least likely source of messages showing adoptive/supportive behaviors. Virtual opinion leaders are the most likely to publish messages showing adoptive and/or supportive behaviors. Both message features and message sources influence users responses. The findings suggest that organizations practice strategic communication in advocacy. Because of their motivations for self-involvement and online interaction, virtual opinion leaders frequently publish messages about their supportive/adoptive behaviors. The strategic value of SNSs lies in the mimicking process. Practically, this study suggests that virtual opinion leaders and organization advocates are useful to advocacy campaigns on SNSs.