Source Mass Research Articles

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY AND METAL CONTAMINATION OF WELL WATER IN THE SIXTHNEIGHBORHOOD OF COTONOU, SOUTH BENIN

In this research work, we have studied the physico-chemical characterization and searched for twenty-six metallic elements in the well waters of the sixth neighborhoodofCotonou. Well water was sampled in ten neighborhoods of this neighborhood.Physico-chemical parameters such as pH, temperature, conductivity, total dissolved salts (TDS) and salinity were measured on site while ammonium, phosphate, chloride, nitrite and nitrate ions are determined in the laboratory. Twenty-six metallic elements were measured after acid digestion of the water samples using the inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). The results showed that groundwater in the sixth neighborhood is in a degradation of its physico-chemical quality. The conductivity values varying between 2.06 and 1270 µS/Cm with an average of 872.41 and a standard deviation of 393.90 show that these waters are highly mineralized (the WHO qualifies waters with a conductivity greater than 200µS/Cm of very highly mineralized water). Ammonium and nitrite ions varying respectively between 0.6 and 7.1 mg/L with an average of 2.21 mg/L and 0.02 and 0.61 mg/L with an average of 0.22 mg/L are at abnormal concentrations in groundwater. The ammonium ion contents are beyond the standard value.As for metallic elements, aluminum, which is a trace element, is strongly present in water with an atypical observation of 5.008 mg/L. This value exceeds more than 25 times the standard defined by the WHO which is 0.2 mg/L. Iron is also present with an abnormal concentration of 2.711 mg/L as maximum value. Even if the values of the trace metals whose toxicities approved are lower than the standards, some atypical values are recorded and significant correlations established between these different chemical elements results from the common origins for the positively correlated metals and different origins for those which are negatively correlated.

Development of a DREAM-based inverse model for multi-point source identification in river pollution incidents: Model testing and uncertainty analysis

Source identification plays a vital role in implementing control measures for sudden river pollution incidents. In contrast to single-point source identification problems, there have been no investigations into inverse identification of multi-point emissions. In this study, an inverse model is developed based on the observed time series of pollutant concentrations and the DiffeRential Evolution Adaptive Metropolis (DREAM) method to identify multi-point sources with uncertainty quantification. We aim to simultaneously determine source mass, release location and time of multi-point sources. The newly developed DREAM-based model has been tested and verified through both numerical and field data case studies in terms of accuracy, reliability, and computational time. Adapted cases with single-point, two-point and three-point sources in the Songhua River are conducted to test the applicability of the modeling approach, respectively. The developed model can correctly quantify source parameters with a relative error that does not exceed ±0.63%, although it shows that an increase of emission sources may slightly increase the identification error. Among the three source parameters, the identification error of the release time tends to rise more obviously in response to the increase in the number of pollution sources. It is also found that the identification accuracy is primarily sensitive to the river velocity, followed by the dispersion coefficient and the river cross-sectional area. Furthermore, good monitoring strategies, including reducing observation errors, shortening monitoring interval time and selecting the proper monitoring distance between the monitoring and the source sites, help to achieve a better application of the developed model in river pollution incidents.

A rapid high‐precision analytical method for triple oxygen isotope analysis of CO2 gas using tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy

RationaleThe simultaneous analysis of the three stable isotopes of oxygen—triple oxygen isotope analysis—has become an important analytical technique in natural sciences. Determination of the abundance of the rare 17O isotope in CO2 gas using magnetic sector isotope ratio mass spectrometry is complicated by the isobaric interference of 17O by 13C (13C16O16O and 12C16O17O, both have mass 45 amu). A number of analytical techniques have been used to measure the 17O/16O ratio of CO2 gas. They either are time consuming and technically challenging or have limited precision. A rapid and precise alternative to the available analytical methods is desirable.MethodsWe present the results of triple oxygen isotope analyses using an Aerodyne tunable infrared laser direct absorption spectroscopy (TILDAS) CO2 analyzer configured for 16O, 17O, and 18O combined with a custom gas inlet system. We evaluate the sensitivity of our results to a number of parameters. CO2 samples with a wide range of δ18O values (from −9.28‰ to 39.56‰) were measured and compared to results using the well‐established fluorination‐gas source mass spectrometry method.ResultsThe TILDAS system has a precision (standard error, 2σ) of better than ±0.03‰ for δ18O and ±10 per meg for Δ′17O values, equivalent to the precision of previous analytical methods. Samples as small as 3 μmol CO2 (equivalent to 300 μg CaCO3) can be analyzed with a total analysis time of ~30 min.ConclusionsWe have successfully developed an analytical technique for the simultaneous determination of the δ17O and δ18O values of CO2 gas. The precision is equal to or better than that of existing techniques, with no additional chemical treatments required. Analysis time is rapid, and the system is easily automated so that large numbers of samples can be analyzed with minimal effort.

Volcanic debris avalanche transport and emplacement at Chimpa volcano (Central Puna, Argentina): Insights from morphology, grain-size and clast surficial textures

Understanding the flow dynamics in debris avalanches is an important tool to advance the knowledge about lateral failures of volcanoes, a fundamental step towards an accurate risk assessment and mitigation in volcanic areas. We describe the morphological, grain-size, and clast surficial textures of the Casana volcanic debris avalanche deposit emplaced by the sector collapse of Chimpa volcano (Central Puna, Argentina). We focused our analysis on the volcanic debris avalanche deposit, characterized by ridges, reduction in downflow matrix grainsize, jigsaw-cracked blocks in the whole extent of the deposit, collision superficial textures in grains (fractures, percussion marks, and voids). Sedimentological and textural analysis show a progressive disintegration and fracturing of the larger particles with greater distance in a dry, granular flow with minimal internal deformation during propagation. Casana avalanche behaved like a rigid body in the proximal area and as a granular flow in the medial and distal reach. Block sliding mechanisms generated the toreva block in the proximal region whereas granular flow produced the debris avalanche deposits. This is an example of how different mechanisms can interact during debris avalanche emplacement, which are strictly related to the cause of the volcano instability, the lithology and the degree of alteration of the source mass, and its interaction with paleotopography. Although the geological risk of the proposed study area is low, the study of Casana VDAD is important to understand similar processes in other volcanoes providing constraints to hazard assessment.

Transport Efficiency of a Homogeneous Gaseous Substance in the Presence of Positive and Negative Gaseous Sources of Mass and Momentum

In this article, a theoretical mathematical model of gas flow through a duct in the case of local mass and momentum sources and sinks is presented. The continuity equation and motion equation with one-dimensional, density-stable gas flows were used to create this model. The size of sources and sinks and their locations have an effect on the size of gas stream flows in the duct, gas energy losses, and the parameters of the mechanical source energy that is causing the flow. In the traditional approach to describing the gas flow in the duct, the concept of resistivity and the equivalent resistance of the conduit is used. In the case of flow in the duct with local mass and momentum sources and sinks, the transport resistance depends on a bigger number of parameters than the concept of specific resistance usage. The location and size of the source flux or mass and momentum sinks and the fan work (suction, blowing) were taken into account in the presented model. The model gives the opportunity to determine the mechanical energy losses and efficiency of gas transport in the duct.

Assessment of PFAS in collocated soil and porewater samples at an AFFF-impacted source zone: Field-scale validation of suction lysimeters

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) measurable in soil porewater authoritatively represent the mobile mass fraction critical to accurate assessment of leaching from source zones. This study evaluated PFAS occurrence in lysimeter-collected porewater samples for two depth intervals at a decades-old aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-impacted field site quarterly for a year. Notably, site-wide Log10 (∑PFAS) concentrations did not significantly differ among sampling events despite highly variable sample yields due to a heterogeneous and dynamic soil moisture regime. However, Log10 (∑PFAS) concentrations were significantly higher in the shallow interval concordant with higher mean soil concentrations and higher total organic carbon (TOC) reflecting net retention, which is supported by soil-to-groundwater annual mass discharge estimates less than 0.2% of the total source mass for any given PFAS. Interestingly, PFAS-specific Log10 (soil-to-porewater ratios) significantly increased with soil concentration in both depth intervals contrary to concentration dependence resulting from the saturation of sorption sites potentially implicating self-assembly as an additional operative retention mechanism. Overall, these data validate the use of suction lysimeters for short-term site characterization deployments and emphasize the importance of in situ porewater samples for interrogating PFAS transport within source zones.

A new analytical model for transport of multiple contaminants considering remediation of both NAPL source and downgradient contaminant plume in groundwater

The contamination of groundwater aquifers by chlorinated solvents is a water-resource issue of great importance worldwide. Such contaminants are difficult to treat because they are often released as dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). Research shows that the application of remediation technologies to both the NAPL source and dissolved plume can lead to more efficient remediation, rather than to either alone. In these remediation efforts, analytical models that evaluate behavior and fate of contaminants do provide a better understanding of the performance of these remedial technologies. To the best of our knowledge, there exist no analytical model of simulating the plume migration of multiple contaminants with capabilities of accounting for both NAPL source and plume remediation simultaneously and different retardation for original chlorinated solvent contaminant and its degradation byproducts. In this study, we present a new analytical model for remediating both NAPL source and downgradient contaminant plume in groundwater at sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents and their degradation products with different retardation factors as well as considering both NAPL source and plume remediation simultaneously. A source model that accounts for the depletion of mass by the processes of dissolution or first-order decay reactions, corresponding with the removal or destruction of the source mass, is coupled to a plume reactive transport model. The source model is accounted for by relating source mass to the flux-averaged source discharge concentration through a power function. The developed analytical model considers 1-D advection, 3-D dispersion, first-order decay reactions and ingrowth as well as linear isothermal equilibrium sorption. The proposed analytical solution was derived through successive application of the Laplace transform in time and the double finite Fourier cosine transform regarding y and z. The correctness of the analytical model and its auxiliary FORTRAN computer program code are proved by showing excellent agreements between the simulated plume concentrations of all contaminants obtained from the derived analytical model and from a semi-analytical model available in the literature. Application of the proposed analytical solutions illustrates that the use of identical retardation factors for all contaminants may lead to underestimation or overestimation of the mobility of the contaminants, in cases when the retardation factors of the individual contaminants are greatly different from the identical retardation factor value adopted in all contaminants. From the experiments on six scenarios corresponding six remedial treatments, we found out that both the enhanced source decay and partial removal of source mass are main controlling factors at reducing the concentrations of all the contaminants, whereas plume decay leads to effective reduction in the concentrations of PCE, however, rather it causes unfavorable increases of the concentrations of the degradation byproducts.Ultimately, the developed model is used to better understand the impacts of various possible combinations of remedial efforts and management decisions on remediation of the subsurface contamination and quantify the benefit of a certain remediation decision.

Lead Isotopes and the Sources of Granitic Magmas: The Sveconorwegian Granite and Pegmatite Province of Southern Norway

Lead isotope analyses of K-feldspar from late Sveconorwegian (900–1000 Ma) granitic pegmatites and A-type, ferroan granitic intrusions in four different areas of southern Norway analyzed by laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma source mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) give compositions in the range 206Pb/204Pb = 16.637 to 17.555, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.445 to 15.534, 208Pb/204Pb = 36.317 to 37.459. These compositions broadly overlap with the initial compositions estimated from previously published solution TIMS whole-rock and feldspar Pb isotope analyses of late Sveconorwegian granitic plutons across the region, suggesting that magmas forming A-type granite plutons and granitic pegmatites have been derived from broadly similar source rocks, i.e., from a continental crust that initially formed in Palaeoproterozoic time (ca. 2.10–1.86 Ga), and subsequently underwent intracrustal partial melting, differentiation and rejuvenation via mafic underplating in Mesoproterozoic time.

ADIABATIC THEORY OF MOTION OF BODIES IN THE HARTLE-THORNE SPACETIME

We study the motion of test particles in the gravitational field of a rotating and deformed object within the framework of the adiabatic theory. For this purpose, the Hartle-Thorne metric written in harmonic coordinates is employed in the post-Newtonian approximation where the adiabatic theory is valid. As a result, we obtain the perihelion shift formula for test particles orbiting on the equatorial plane of a rotating and deformed object. Based on the perihelion shift expression, we show that the principle of superposition is valid for the individual effects of the gravitational source mass, angular momentum and quadrupole moment. The resulting formula was applied to the inner planets of the Solar system. The outcomes are in a good agreement with observational data. It was also shown that the corrections related to the Sun's angular moment and quadrupole moment have little impact on the perihelion shift. On the whole, it was demonstrated that the adiabatic theory, along with its simplicity, leads to correct results, which in the limiting cases correspond to the ones reported in the literature.

Comment on ”New apparatus design for high-precision measurement of G with atom interferometry”

It is shown that even in the case of a negligibly small change in the gradient of the gravitational field of the mass source in the axial direction, the dependence of this gradient in the radial direction leads to a systematic error in Newton gravitational constant value. The magnitude of this error is calculated for two configurations of the field. For both configurations it was found that this error is larger than the inaccuracy predicted in the article by Jain et al. (Eur Phys J D 75:197, 2021). In addition, we found the geometry of the source mass, for which this systematic error disappears.

Measuring Newtonian constant of gravitation at an exceptional point in an optomechanical system

We develop a quantum mechanical method of measuring the Newtonian constant of gravitation, G. In this method, an optomechanical system consisting of two cavities and two membrane resonators is used. The added source mass would induce the shifts of the eigenfrequencies of the supermodes. Via detecting the shifts, we can perform our measurement of G. Furthermore, our system can features exceptional point (EP) which are branch point singularities of the spectrum and eigenfunctions. In the paper, we demonstrate that operating the system at EP can enhance our measurement of G. In addition, we derive the relationship between EP enlarged eigenfrequency shift and the Newtonian constant. This work provides a way to engineer EP-assisted optomechanical devices for applications in the field of precision measurement of G.

Low temperature oxidation of toluene in an n-heptane/toluene mixture

As an important component of transportation fuels, toluene has little reactivity in the low temperature regime. However, the low temperature reactivity of toluene may be enhanced by the reaction of other reactive components (e.g., n-heptane) in fuel mixtures. This work examines low temperature oxidation of toluene in jet stirred reactor oxidation of an n-heptane/toluene mixture (1:1 in mole, 500–800 K, ϕ=0.5, τ=2.0 s, p = 1 bar). Two measurement techniques, time of flight molecular beam mass spectrometry using synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet radiation as the photon ionization source and gas chromatography mass spectrometry, were applied to identify and measure 32 species, including four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and oxygenated PAH (OPAH). Numerical simulations using the latest kinetic model from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory predicted the mole fractions of fuel molecules and small intermediates well, but under-predicted the mole fractions of oxygenated aromatics (phenol, benzyl alcohol, and cresol). The identification of benzyl peroxide–an important intermediate–supported the proposed formation pathways for the identified aromatics. Model analysis highlighted the influence of H-atom abstraction, OH/H radical ipso substitution, and OH addition reactions of toluene on the formation of phenol, benzyl alcohol, and cresol, which may further grow to OPAH molecules by the addition of benzyl radical from H-atom abstraction of toluene.

Relevant aspects on biomonitoring of heavy metal concentration in environmental air in Asunción city

Introduction: Briophytes (mosses) have long been used to determine the concentration of heavy metals as an alternative to the collection of atmospheric aerosols. We elaborated the present study to evaluate the environmental concentration of lead, cadmium, mercury and arsenic in autochthonous species of moss exposed during a period to urban environment and to analyze some methodological aspects of biomonitoring in Paraguay. Material and methods: In an observational study moss samples were obtained from Cerro Patiño (34.4km from Asuncion) to be transplanted in 5 sites of high vehicular traffic in the city of Asunción. One of the samples was taken as control (Moss control 1). The samples were left outdoors for 58 days (2 September 2013 - 29 October 2013) and then collected and subjected to study using the Inductive Coupling Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry technique. The bryophytes were characterized and recorded all the climatological variables that occurred during the study period. A second sampling phase of control moss was required (Moss control 2). Results: After 58 days of exposure, lead and arsenic levels were detected.  The bryophytes used belonged to two families: hypnaceae and pilotrichaceae. The range of temperature, relative humidity, wind and precipitation did not reach extreme levels during the cycle studied. Discussion: Discrete levels of lead and arsenic are detected in the samples studied here and could represent the studied areas, although other research on variation within and between the moss species of our country is necessary.

A new design for testing the gravitational inverse-square law at the sub-millimeter range with a 32-fold symmetric attractor

Short-range tests of the gravitational inverse-square law are very important for finding new interactions. In order to further improve the constraints on the Yukawa-like gravitational force, we propose a new scheme based on the torsion balance, where the speculative Yukawa-like gravitational force between the pendulum and the attractor is substantially increased by increasing the area of the test mass and the source mass. A dual-compensation design is used to realize a null experiment, which can release the accuracy requirement on some geometric parameters. The calculation result shows that, at the 95% confidence level, the new design can establish the strongest bound on the magnitude α of the Yukawa violation at the range of 40–800 μm with the total error of about 2.0 × 10−17 N m, and improve the previous bounds about one order of magnitude at the length scale λ ≈ 300 μm.

Untargeted Metabolomics Identifies a Novel Panel of Markers for Autologous Blood Transfusion.

Untargeted metabolomics was used to analyze serum and urine samples for biomarkers of autologous blood transfusion (ABT). Red blood cell concentrates from donated blood were stored for 35–36 days prior to reinfusion into the donors. Participants were sampled at different time points post-donation and up to 7 days post-transfusion. Metabolomic profiling was performed using ACQUITY ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC), Q-Exactive high resolution/accurate mass spectrometer interfaced with a heated electrospray ionization (HESI-II) source and Orbitrap mass analyzer operated at 35,000 mass resolution. The markers of ABT were determined by principal component analysis and metabolites that had p < 0.05 and met ≥ 2-fold change from baseline were selected. A total of 11 serum and eight urinary metabolites, including two urinary plasticizer metabolites, were altered during the study. By the seventh day post-transfusion, the plasticizers had returned to baseline, while changes in nine other metabolites (seven serum and two urinary) remained. Five of these metabolites (serum inosine, guanosine and sphinganine and urinary isocitrate and erythronate) were upregulated, while serum glycourdeoxycholate, S-allylcysteine, 17-alphahydroxypregnenalone 3 and Glutamine conjugate of C6H10O2 (2)* were downregulated. This is the first study to identify a panel of metabolites, from serum and urine, as markers of ABT. Once independently validated, it could be universally adopted to detect ABT.

Effect of PrFe alloy grain boundary diffusion on coercivity and microstructure of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets

A Ga-containing Nd-Fe-B magnet was diffused by Pr70Fe30 alloys. After diffusion, the coercivity of the diffused magnet increased from 15.77 kOe to a maximum of 22.20 kOe. Changing the diffusion source mass ratio resulted in a different grain boundary microstructure. The grain boundary structure improved in the surface region. The distribution of Ga was optimized to form continuous RE6Fe13Ga phases in the grain boundaries by diffusing Pr70Fe30 alloys. The improvement in coercivity is mainly attributed to the optimized grain boundary structure and the continuous RE6Fe13Ga phase. Furthermore, the structural changes and their causes at different stages of diffusion were analyzed.

Please Repeat: Strong Lensing of Gravitational Waves as a Probe of Compact Binary and Galaxy Populations

Abstract Strong gravitational lensing of gravitational wave sources offers a novel probe of both the lens galaxy and the binary source population. In particular, the strong lensing event rate and the time-delay distribution of multiply imaged gravitational-wave binary coalescence events can be used to constrain the mass distribution of the lenses as well as the intrinsic properties of the source population. We calculate the strong lensing event rate for a range of second- (2G) and third-generation (3G) detectors, including Advanced LIGO/Virgo, A+, Einstein Telescope (ET), and Cosmic Explorer (CE). For 3G detectors, we find that ∼0.1% of observed events are expected to be strongly lensed. We predict detections of ∼1 lensing pair per year with A+, and ∼50 pairs per year with ET/CE. These rates are highly sensitive to the characteristic galaxy velocity dispersion, σ *, implying that observations of the rates will be a sensitive probe of lens properties. We explore using the time-delay distribution between multiply imaged gravitational-wave sources to constrain properties of the lenses. We find that 3G detectors would constrain σ * to ∼21% after 5 yr. Finally, we show that the presence or absence of strong lensing within the detected population provides useful insights into the source redshift and mass distribution out to redshifts beyond the peak of the star formation rate, which can be used to constrain formation channels and their relation to the star formation rate and delay-time distributions for these systems.

Dynamic Characteristic Study of Supercritical CO2 Recompression Brayton Cycle System

The supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) Brayton cycle has been regarded as the main development direction of future nuclear power generation by more and more scholars, due to its high environmental efficiency and high thermoelectric conversion rate. However, due to fluctuations in the operation of the primary loop of the system with nuclear energy, parameters such as the power of the heat source and the mass flow of the working medium in the system will change, which will affect the dynamic performance and operation of the SCO2 Brayton cycle system. Therefore, it is necessary to study the dynamic response of the system performance under disturbance conditions, analyze the operating characteristics of the SCO2 Brayton cycle system. In this paper, a comprehensive dynamic model of SCO2 recompression Brayton cycle, which analyzes the response curves of critical parameters under the disturbance of heat source heating power and system mass flow rate, is accurately developed based on Simulink software. In order to verify the validity of the proposed model, the simulation results are compared with the experimental results conducted by Sandia Laboratory under the same conditions. The results show that the model has high accuracy, and can reflect the dynamic response of system performance under parameter perturbation. In this paper, the closed-loop simulation is innovatively performed to show the dynamic response to step-change in the heat source power and mass flow rate. And the thermal efficiency is about 31.85%, when the system operates stably at the design point of working condition. If a disturbance is applied to the system, the temperature change will be mainly concentrated near the heat source of the cycle, and the change near the precooler will be relatively small. The change of the heat source power will lead to a large monotonic variation of cycle efficiency. By contrast, an inflection point in cycle efficiency will be resulted in by changing the system mass flow rate. The results of this paper would provide good approaches for the design, control, and improvement of the SCO2 Brayton cycle.

GWSkyNet-Multi: A Machine-learning Multiclass Classifier for LIGO–Virgo Public Alerts

Abstract Compact object mergers which produce both detectable gravitational waves and electromagnetic (EM) emission can provide valuable insights into the neutron star equation of state, the tension in the Hubble constant, and the origin of the r-process elements. However, EM follow-up of gravitational wave sources is complicated by false-positive detections, and the transient nature of the associated EM emission. GWSkyNet-Multi is a machine learning model that attempts facilitate EM follow-up by providing real-time predictions of the source of a gravitational wave detection. The model uses information from Open Public Alerts (OPAs) released by LIGO–Virgo within minutes of a gravitational wave detection. GWSkyNet was introduced in Cabero et al. as a binary classifier and uses the OPA skymaps to classify sources as either astrophysical or as glitches. In this paper, we introduce GWSkyNet-Multi, an extension of GWSkyNet which further distinguishes sources as binary black hole mergers, mergers involving a neutron star, or non-astrophysical glitches. GWSkyNet-Multi is a sequence of three one-versus-all classifiers trained using a class-balanced and physically motivated source mass distribution. Training on this data set, we obtain test set accuracies of 93.7% for binary black hole-versus-all, 94.4% for neutron star-versus-all, and 95.1% for glitch-versus-all. We obtain an overall accuracy of 93.4% using a hierarchical classification scheme. Furthermore, we correctly identify 36 of the 40 gravitational wave detections from the first half of LIGO–Virgo’s third observing run (O3a) and present predictions for O3b sources. As gravitational wave detections increase in number and frequency, GWSkyNet-Multi will be a powerful tool for prioritizing successful EM follow-up.

Characterization of magnetic field noise in the ARIADNE source mass rotor

The Axion Resonant Interaction Detection Experiment (ARIADNE) is a nuclear-magnetic-resonance-based experiment that will search for novel axion-induced spin-dependent interactions between an unpolarized source mass rotor and spin-polarized $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ nuclei placed nearby. To detect a feeble axion-mediated signal at the subattotesla level, the experiment relies on ultralow magnetic background and noise. We measure and characterize the magnetic field from a prototype tungsten rotor. We show that the field is dominantly caused by a few discrete magnetic dipoles, likely due to impurities in the rotor. This is done via a numerical optimization pipeline which fits for the locations and magnetic moments of each dipole. We find that under the current demagnetization procedure, the magnetic moment of the impurities is bounded at ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}9}$ A ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$. We further show that a shielding factor of ${10}^{9}$ will support ARIADNE's design sensitivity with the current level of tungsten purity and demagnetization process.