Source For Further Development Research Articles

Physical, Optical, and Photoluminescence Properties of Cr2O3 in Borosilicate Glasses

The glass samples (35-x)B2O3:35SiO2:12Na2O:7.9CaO:0.1Sb2O3:10BaO:xCr2O3 with a variation of Cr2O3 content were successfully fabricated and characterized for solid-state lighting material applications. The results showed the most suitable composition within the range of study at 0.02 mol% of Cr2O3. This composition gave higher reflection loss (RL), lower oxide polarizability, and lower molar refractivity. The Commission International de I'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates confirmed a strong orange color emission. Hence, this suggests that the 0.02 mol% Cr2O3 glass is a good candidate and cost-effective for orange-emitting solid-state lighting material applications. This study will be a useful literature source for further development in this field.

Modification of Fresh-Water Clamshells (Pilsbryoconcha exilis compressa) as New Raw Material and its Application in the Biodiesel Production of Lard Oil

In the present work, the catalytic activity and stability of the Fresh-water Clamshells-derived CaO catalyst were investigated by the transesterification reaction of lard oil. The physicochemical properties of lard oil as a raw material for biodiesel production compared with palm oil were also studied. The obtained CaO_FWC was characterized by various analytical techniques to evaluate the physicochemical properties consisting of TGA, SEM, XRD, XRF, BET surface area, FT-IR, Hammett indicator method, and CO2-TPD. The results found that the fresh CaO_FWC showed the specific surface area, percentage of Ca element, total basic site, and basic strength of 8.293 m2g−1, 98.6 wt.%, 8.450 mmol g−1, and 15 < H_< 18.4, respectively which similar to CaO commercial grade. In addition, the fresh CaO_FWC catalyst also presented high catalytic activity that gave %FAME of lard oil more than 96.5 %. However, the CaO_FWC catalyst could only reuse 3 times with the catalytic activity slightly decreased, and %FAME remained higher than 95 %. While the stability of the CaO_FWC catalyst was tested by storage for a long time to 180 days, this experimental data suggested that the CaO_FWC catalyst could preserve for only 30 days, with the catalytic efficiency remaining similar to the fresh CaO_FWC. Furthermore, the preservation and reusability of the catalyst were also studied in terms of the kinetic rate of reaction for use as a database to optimize the reaction conditions. Finally, the fuel properties of biodiesel products derived from lard oil and palm oil as raw materials and catalyzed by CaO_FWC catalyst met the specified standards both of EN-14214 and ASTM-D6751. Therefore, all the results of this work were excellent databases for utilizing and adding value to the Fresh-water Clamshells and lard oil as biomass sources for further development and development as renewable and alternative energy in Thailand. HIGHLIGHTS The CaO catalyst obtained after calcination of the Fresh-water Clamshells has displayed excellent catalytic activity for the transesterification of lard oil with biodiesel conversion and FAME yield obtained under optimal conditions up to 96.86 % The Fresh-water Clamshells could stand promising resource for low-cost catalysts to lead the way for low-cost biodiesel The kinetic data can be used to optimize the biodiesel production process GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Архивный фонд И-2 «Комиссия калмыцких дел» Национального архива Республики Калмыкия как источник по изучению организации делопроизводства и документооборота в Калмыкии в первой половине XIX в. (на примере рассмотрения проекта об оспопрививании в калмыцких улусах, разработанного инспектором Соломоном в 1832 г.)

Introduction. In pre-revolutionary Kalmykia in the first half of the 19th century the activities of the authorities to manage the Kalmyk people, as well as the procedure for organizing work with documents, were regulated by the “Rules for the management of the Kalmyk people” of March 10, 1825 and the “Regulations on the management of the Kalmyk people” of November 24, 1834. The work is devoted to the study of record keeping and document flow in the Commission of Kalmyk Affairs, which carried out the administrative management of the Kalmyk steppe of the Astrakhan province, to identify common features with the all-Russian order of organizing work with documents and features in Kalmyk paperwork. Materials and methods. The research is based on the study of documents from the archive fund I-2 “Commission of Kalmyk Affairs” of the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia. In the process of studying this fund, historical research methods were used, which made it possible to identify, analyze, introduce new archival data into scientific circulation and establish their value as a historical source. Analysis. The study of the composition and content of documents created during the activities of the Commission of Kalmyk Affairs (1825–1836) made it possible to specify the procedure for organizing work with them. Using the example of the adoption of the “Regulations on smallpox vaccination in the Kalmyk uluses” (1839), developed by inspector Solomon, the author examined the procedure for considering and adopting a regulatory document. Results. The study revealed that archival documents created during the period of activity of the Commission of Kalmyk Affairs are unique written sources of the organization of office work and document flow in pre-revolutionary Kalmykia. These studies can become a source for further development of the topic of the state structure of Kalmykia, the relationship with the central authorities, the formation and development of the healthcare system in one of the national outskirts of pre-revolutionary Russia.

Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Potentials of Premna serratifolia L.: Traditional Medicinal Plant Used by Local People in Kalimantan

Millions of people worldwide have been using herbal medicines for thousands of years, due to their great interest in traditional medicines. One of the plants in Indonesia which has medicinal properties but is not widely known by the public and used is Bebuas plant. Bebuas (Premna serratifolia Linn) has been observed growing in West Kalimantan. The people of West Kalimantan used bebuas leaves to reduce cholesterol levels, the young leaves used as a traditional medicine to expel wind in the body quickly, treat intestinal worms, and increase breast milk for nursing mothers, and the decoction of fresh leaves is used for colds and fever medicine. Several studies report bebuas (Premna serratifolia L.) had many pharmacological activities. Bebuas contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins and triterpenoids/steroids that have a role in pharmacological activity. The present review aims to summarize the current state of scientific evidence on the pharmacological potentials of P. serratifolia. The subject of literature published from 2012 to 2022 were obtained frominternational research databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, SCOPUS, and Cochrane, using the keywords Premna serratifolia L., traditional medicine, medicinal plants, and pharmacology. The pharmacological activities which are discussed further in the review including antioxidant, anti-arthritic, anticholesterol, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antihelmintic, antidiabetic, and anticancer/cytotoxic. The study suggests that Premna serratifolia L. is a potent source for further development of phytomedicine.

Sonicated Extract from the Aril of Momordica Cochinchinensis Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Migration in Aggressive Prostate Cancer Cells.

Momordica cochinchinensis or gac fruit has been reported to have several biological activities, including antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. However, the effect on cancer cell metastasis has not been extensively studied. With this aim, the extract from the aril part was selected and investigated for prostate cancer cell migration. The aril extracts were prepared as boiled extract, sonicated extract, ethanol extract, and HAE (hexane:acetone:ethanol; 2 : 1 : 1) extract, while the prostate cancer cell models were PC-3 and LNCaP cells. An MTT assay was performed to compare the antiproliferative effect between prostate cancer cells and normal Vero cells. As a result, the sonicated extract had the highest efficiency in PC-3 cells, with IC50 values of 2 mg/mL and 0.59 mg/mL for 48 and 72 h, respectively, while it had less of an effect in LNCaP cells and was not toxic to normal cells. Cell damage was further confirmed using LDH and cell cycle analysis. As a result, the sonicated extract did not cause cell damage or death and only inhibited cell proliferation. The effect on cancer metastasis was further examined by wound healing, transwell migration assays, and western blotting. The results demonstrated that the sonicated extract inhibited PC-3 cell migration and decreased MMP-9 but increased TIMP-1 expression. All these results support that gac fruit is a valuable source for further development as an anticancer agent for prostate cancer patients.

In-vitro Antioxidant and DPP-IV Enzyme Assay of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Enicostemma littorale

Background: Pharmacological treatments for diabetes are based on increasing insulin availability and improving insulin sensitivity. Today, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) -based therapies aim to control glucose through DPP-4 inhibitors. DPP-4 is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the prolyl oligopeptidase family, with the specificity of eliminating the X-Pro or X-Ala dipeptides from the N-terminal end of the polypeptides. The effect of GLP-1 in stimulating the release of glucose-dependent insulin from pancreatic islets inhibits inappropriate glucagon release after meals and slow gastric emptying promotes intestinal permeability.
 Study Design: The current study investigated the inhibitory activity of DPP-4 along with the antioxidant activity of Enicostemma littorale extract. 
 Place and Duration of Study: The present study was conducted at Anurag University, Hyderabad between June-2021 to Sept-2021.
 Methodology: The extracts tested for a range of activities such as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity test, In-vitro DPP-IV enzyme test activity test, DPPH free radical scavenging.
 Results: The extract shows dose-dependent DPPH and hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity. In in-vitro DPP-IV enzyme assay activity, Enicostemma littorale ethyl acetate extract showed greater inhibitory activity of DPP-IV compared to vildagliptin with IC50 values ​​of 165.64μg/ml, respectively. Vildagliptin, based on the reference standard for DPP-IV inhibitor activity, has an IC50 value of 57.44 μg/ml. According to the in-vitro analysis, the Enicostemma littorale extract has a strong inhibitory activity of DPP-IV.
 Conclusion: We concluded that the Enicostemma littorale will be a better source for further development as new antidiabetic drugs. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report and study on the bark part of this species.

Polyphenolic Profile and Varied Bioactivities of Processed Taiwanese Grown Broccoli: A Comparative Study of Edible and Non-Edible Parts

Broccoli contains a substantial amount of bioactive compounds such as glucosinolates, phenolics, and essential nutrients, which are positively linked to health-promoting effects. This work aimed to evaluate whether both edible and non-edible parts of broccoli could be effective by examining in vitro antioxidant, cytotoxic, apoptotic, and antibacterial properties of its floret, leaf, and seed extracts (FE, LE, and SE, correspondingly). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and various assays exhibited strong antioxidant activities of all samples. LE obtained the highest capacity, correlated to its polyphenolic contents. SE exerted significant cytotoxicity against A549, Caco-2, and HepG2 cancer cell lines at low inhibitory concentration (IC)50 values (0.134, 0.209, and 0.238 mg/mL, respectively), as tested by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Flow cytometry confirmed apoptosis induction of extracts in Caco-2 cells by revealing an increased subG1 population and a decreased mitochondrial membrane potential. The considerable antibacterial efficacy was observed in either LE and SE against Bacillus subtilis and Salmonella typhimurium (0.39–0.78 mg/mL) using well-agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) techniques, along with the weak activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (1.56–3.13 mg/mL). The findings suggest that broccoli and its byproducts might serve as a promising source for further development of food or pharmaceutical products.

Modeling regional economic growth with the formation of innovative ecosystems of technological entrepreneurship as a factor of sustainable development

The article analyzes the potential of growth theories in the context of determining sources for further development of the Russian regions, taking into account the “new normality” in the economy. As a result of a comparative analysis of endogenous and exogenous theories, their similarity has been proven. Modification of the Aguion-Howitt model for a region subjected to the development of an innovative technological entrepreneurship ecosystem has been developed. This model will allow to evaluate the impact of the innovation ecosystem as a factor of endogenous growth of the region.

Scalable synthesis of cladosporin

Cladosporin, a secondary metabolite isolated from fungal sources like Cladosporium cladosporioides and Aspergillus flavus was found to exhibit selective nano-molar activity against malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum by inhibiting parasitic protein biosynthesis. In addition, this natural product has a broad range of bioactivities including, antiparasitic, antifungal, antibacterial as well as plant growth inhibition. However, it has limited availability from the natural sources for further development. Herein, we report a modified and improved synthetic route which led us to produce this potent natural product in a gram scale. Conversion of the undesired diastereomer to desired one via Mitsunobu inversion of secondary alcohol and carbon monoxide insertion reaction towards the construction of isocoumarin unit are the key features of the present synthesis.

Free radical scavenging and anti-proliferative activities of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) seed extract

Objective: To investigate the chemical components and biological activities of avocado seed extract and fractions in order to determine the nutritional and pharmaceutical values of avocado seed. Methods: Various organic solvents were applied for extraction and fractionation of avocado seed. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl, 2,2-azinobis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, and DNA oxidation assays were applied for investigation of free radical scavenging activity. Nitric oxide production was measured by Griess reaction assay. Moreover, MTT assay was used to measure cancer cell growth inhibition. Results: The result indicated that the avocado seed contains (7.14 ± 0.40) g lipid/100 g, (1.67 ± 0.03) g protein/100 g, (54.0 ± 1.2) g carbohydrate/100 g, and (62.0 ± 2.3) mg gallic acid equivalent/g dried weight extract. Moreover, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate were revealed to be the highest free radical scavenging fractions with IC50 values of (48.0 ± 3.4) μg/mL (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl assay) and (22.0 ± 1.8) μg/mL (2,2-azinobis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid assay), respectively. Additionally, the avocado seed extract and fractions were able to protect against H2O2-induced DNA damage at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. On the other hand, the ethanol extract was effective in reducing nitric oxide production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells without cytotoxic effect. Notably, the avocado seed significantly inhibited the proliferation of human lung A549 and human gastric BGC823 cancer cells at the concentration of 200 μg/mL, especially hexane (81 ± 3)% and dichloromethane (75 ± 2)% fractions. Conclusions: The results of the present study supported the avocado seed as potential by-product source for further development of health beneficial products.

INHIBITORY POTENCY OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA EXTRACTS AGAINST DPP-4: AN IN VITRO EVALUATION

Background: Pharmacologic treatments for type 2 diabetes are based upon increasing insulin availability and improving sensitivity to insulin. Nowadays, glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) based therapies aims at glucose control through DPP-4 inhibitors. DPP-4 is a transmembrane glycoprotein belongs to prolyl oligopeptidase family, with the specificity of removing X-Pro or X-Ala dipeptides from the N-terminus of polypeptides. GLP-1 effect by stimulating glucose-dependent insulin release from the pancreatic islets, inhibit inappropriate post-meal glucagon release and slow gastric emptying promoting leaky gut. The current study investigated DPP-4 inhibitory activity of catechin, isolated from Withania somnifera (WS), for ethnopharmacological treatment of type 2 diabetes and aimed to increase availability of GLP-1and sensitivity to insulin.
 Materials and Methods: Young and matured fresh roots, leaves, and fruits of WS plant extract were considered and were systematically evaluated for DPP-4 inhibitory activity using in vitro method, enzyme kinetics, phytochemical analysis, RP-HPLC, LCMS and 1H and 13C NMR method and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies.
 Results: In this study, methanol (100% and 80%) extracts of WS matured root exhibited maximum DPP-4 inhibitory activity when compared to other extracts. The maximum DPP-4 inhibitory activity was found in 100% methanol extract of matured root. Phytobioactive was purified by RP-HPLC. The compound purified was found to be flavonoid and was characterized (LCMS, 1H and 13C NMR studies), identified as catechin. Auxiliary, molecular docking was performed using Ligand Fit method using PatchDock package. The study revealed the binding affinity of catechin with DPP-4 to be -6.601 kcal/mol with 13 hydrogen interactions with the receptor and was very similar to the standard potent blockers withaferin A and others (cuscohygrine, scopoletin, sitoindoside IV, tropine), further confirming its hyperglycemic potency.
 Conclusion: The study reveals that, 100% methanol extract of WS matured roots contains the compound- catechin, which exhibits DPP-4 inhibitory activity resulting in increased level of bioactive GLP-1 and GIP. In this background, we concluded that the WS will be a better source for further development as new antidiabetic drugs.

Effects of Plantago major Extracts and Its Chemical Compounds on Proliferation of Cancer Cells and Cytokines Production of Lipopolysaccharide-activated THP-1 Macrophages.

Background:Plantago major has been reported to have anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. However, its antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Moreover, which plant parts are more suitable as starting materials has not been explored.Objectives:To investigate the antiproliferative activity of P. major extracts against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HeLaS3, A549, and KB cancer cell lines as well as their effects on inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, and interferon [IFN]-γ) production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 macrophages.Materials and Methods:The methanol and aqueous extracts of P. major from different plant parts and its chemical compounds, i.e., ursolic acid (UA), oleanolic acid (OA), and aucubin were tested in this experiment.Results:Methanol and aqueous extracts of P. major seeds exhibited the greatest antiproliferative activity. The methanol extracts of seeds also demonstrated the highest inhibition of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ production. Interestingly, the roots, which were commonly discarded, exhibited comparable activities to those of leaves and petioles. Furthermore, UA exhibited stronger activities than OA and aucubin.Conclusions:The seeds are being proposed as the main source for further development of anticancer and anti-inflammatory products, whereas the roots could be included in the preparation of P. major derived products with respect to anti-inflammatory.SUMMARY Amongst the parts of Plantago major, seeds exhibited the greatest antiproliferative activity against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HeLaS3, A549, and KB cell lines as well as the highest inhibition on TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ productionThe roots, which were commonly discarded, exhibited comparable antiproliferative and cytokines inhibition activities to those of leaves and petiolesUrsolic acid, a chemical compound of Plantago major, exhibited stronger activities than oleanolic acid and aucubinThe seeds are being proposed as the main source for further development of anticancer and anti inflammatory products, whereas the roots could be included in the preparation of Plantago major derived products with respect to anti inflammatory. Abbreviations used: TNF: Tumor Necrosis Factor; IL: Interleukin; IFN: Interferon; HPTLC: High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography; UA: Ursolic Acid; OA: Oleanolic Acid; AUC: Aucubin.

Component based design of a drug delivery capsule robot

Since the introduction of Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) researchers have started exploring the design space of Medical Capsule Robots (MCRs): embedded micro-systems that can operate autonomously within the human body and can diagnose, prevent, monitor, and cure diseases. Although the research in the area of MCRs is an active topic and has grown exponentially, current devices provide only limited functionalities because their design process is expensive and time consuming. To open this research field to a wider community and, at the same time, create better designs through advanced tool support, in our previous works we presented a design environment for the rapid development of MCRs. In this paper, this environment was adopted to design a Drug Delivery Capsule (DDC) based on a coil-magnet-piston mechanism. The force of the coil acting on the magnetic piston and the drug release profile were modeled and assessed on bench-top with a maximum relative error below 5%. Then, in vivo trials were performed to validate the DDC functionality with a scheduled drug release profile for a 5h and 24min procedure. The resulting design environment template is available open source for further development of drug delivery applications as well as to serve as guideline in prototyping novel MCRs addressing other clinical needs.

Direct Perception Requires an Animal-Dependent Concept of Specificity and of Information

Specificity and information are at center stage in ecological psychology. Nevertheless, the usual theorizing on these concepts may have made the problem of accounting for perception and action more difficult by so far underestimating the role of animals as both meaning-detectors and meaning-determiners. The usual understanding of information and specificity in ecological psychology seems neither necessary nor even compatible with ecological premises and empirical findings. I argue that a reframing of these concepts to fully take animals into account is necessary to explain perception of action-specific meanings. The reframing proposed converges on ideas from developmental systems theory and in no way concedes to inputs-followed-by-processing-followed-by-representation models. Fully acknowledging the animal for properly defining information over the animal-environment system poses no threat lawfulness, realism, or direct perception. It also invites serious consideration of self-organization and interactivism as sources for further development of ecological science.

Bounded Rationality Through the Filter of the Lisbon Objectives

Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have created best conditions for grows of knowledge societies. An emerging global information society serves to building global knowledge societies as source for further development. Conventional paradigms of sciences starts to be more blemish and prone to redefinition of there foundations, understood as scientific knowledge. The perspective of knowledge and ideals of rationality are both heavily influenced by a new contemporary scientific thinking, through tools, inherent of autonomy and uncertainty. A new understanding of the world in terms of open dynamic heterogeneous uncertain systems is needed. Among the conclusions: classical rational reasoning is mainly aiming at effectiveness, not at uncertain knowledge processing, because of its temporality (mainly its ineffectiveness in dealing with future events); a bounded-rationality approach enables both, better economic models and better modelling, being based on trends in economic modelling as well as on agent-oriented software engineering.

Inhibition of Prostate Cancer Growth by Muscadine Grape Skin Extract and Resveratrol through Distinct Mechanisms

The phytochemical resveratrol contained in red grapes has been shown to inhibit prostate cancer cell growth, in part, through its antioxidant activity. Muscadine grapes contain unique phytochemical constituents compared with other grapes and are potentially a source for novel compounds with antitumor activities. We compared the antitumor activities of muscadine grape skin extract (MSKE), which we show contains no resveratrol, with that of resveratrol using primary cultures of normal prostate epithelial cells (PrEC) and the prostate cancer cell lines RWPE-1, WPE1-NA22, WPE1-NB14, and WPE1-NB26, representing different stages of prostate cancer progression. MSKE significantly inhibited tumor cell growth in all transformed prostate cancer cell lines but not PrEC cells. Prostate tumor cell lines, but not PrEC cells, exhibited high rates of apoptosis in response to MSKE through targeting of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase survival pathways. The reduction in Akt activity by MSKE is mediated through a reduction in Akt transcription, enhanced proteosome degradation of Akt, and altered levels of DJ-1, a known regulator of PTEN. In contrast to MSKE, resveratrol did not induce apoptosis in this model but arrested cells at the G(1)-S phase transition of the cell cycle associated with increased expression of p21 and decreased expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 proteins. These results show that MSKE and resveratrol target distinct pathways to inhibit prostate cancer cell growth in this system and that the unique properties of MSKE suggest that it may be an important source for further development of chemopreventive or therapeutic agents against prostate cancer.

Up-regulation of ERG11 gene among fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans generated in vitro: is there any clinical implication?

A well-characterized matched pair of fluconazole (FLU)-susceptible and FLU-resistant isolates, in addition to a clinical resistant isolate, was analyzed. It was found a differential expression of genes: the resistant strains experimentally induced after fluconazole exposure in vitro were associated mainly with up-regulation of ERG11 gene and a clear trailing growth in broth microdilution tests, whereas the isolate with clinically acquired resistance expressed constitutively high level of CDR gene and fluconazole MIC >64 mg mL −1 within 24 h of incubation. The phenotype of resistant cells generated in vitro was reversible, implying that an induced transcriptional up-regulation of ERG genes would be one adaptive mechanism allowing the cells to grow in the presence of azole drugs. These drugs could have a potential role in modulating genes whose up-regulation would allow cells to remain in the hosts, providing a source for further development of resistance.

Isothermal Pseudo-2D Analysis of Reactive Extrusion in Single-Screw Extruders

Reactive extrusion involves the continuous synthesis and modification of polymers in a screw extruder. Over the years, it has received a lot of attention both in academic research and industrial applications. It remains a potential source for further development of new products and processes. The present analysis is focused on power-law fluids undergoing isothermal homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions simulating reactive extrusion in a single-screw extruder. The assumption of shallow screw geometry enables the flow to be modeled as that occurring between infinitely long parallel plates, the analytical solutions of which are available in the literature. For the concentration problem, the reaction is taken to be first order, and the equation of conservation of component species is transformed into an eigenvalue problem. The eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are determined using the Runge–Kutta method. Analytical solutions are developed for the concentration distribution in the extruder and expressions for the conversion of the reactant, and Sherwood number are presented. The accuracy of the solutions is established and the concentration profiles at different axial locations in the extruder are presented for various values of power-law index, flow rate, and the homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction rate parameters. The effects of these parameters on the Sherwood number, reactant conversion and, bulk and wall concentration are also investigated.

The determination of locus of control in a geriatric population and a subsequent test of the social learning model for interpersonal distances.

Summary An attempt was made to measure locus of control in a geriatric population and to apply this measurement to the social learning model for interpersonal distance. Results suggested that the elderly group studied were no more external than middle-aged adults. This was discussed from several theoretical points of view. Interpersonal distance results, although not in direct support of theory, provided a source for further development and alteration of the model.