Energy Sources For Generation Research Articles

An environmental justice analysis of air pollution emissions in the United States from 1970 to 2010

Over the last decades, air pollution emissions have decreased substantially; however, inequities in air pollution persist. We evaluate county-level racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in emissions changes from six air pollution source sectors (industry [SO2], energy [SO2, NOx], agriculture [NH3], commercial [NOx], residential [particulate organic carbon], and on-road transportation [NOx]) in the contiguous United States during the 40 years following the Clean Air Act (CAA) enactment (1970-2010). We calculate relative emission changes and examine the differential changes given county demographics using hierarchical nested models. The results show racial/ethnic disparities, particularly in the industry and energy generation source sectors. We also find that median family income is a driver of variation in relative emissions changes in all sectors—counties with median family income >$75 K vs. less generally experience larger relative declines in industry, energy, transportation, residential, and commercial-related emissions. Emissions from most air pollution source sectors have, on a national level, decreased following the United States CAA. In this work, we show that the relative reductions in emissions varied across racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups.

Olive stone: a source of energy generation and a suitable precursor for activated carbon production

This work is focussed on the study of the reactions involved in the process of steam and CO2 gasification of olive stone char, in order to optimize both the energy content in the gas generated and the development of porosity produced in the char.

PENGGUNAAN SINAR INFRA MERAH UNTUK DETEKSI PANAS BUMI DAERAH SANGKANHURIP, KUNINGAN, JAWA BARAT

Geothermal resources can be explored with aerial photographs followed by surveys and analysis of geological, geochemical and geophysical data as well as shallow drilling. This research was conducted to determine the potential of geothermal resources using a camera capable of capturing infrared rays from objects and photo targets.Geothermal exploration is generally carried out with an initial survey using remote imagery and aerial photography techniques. Taking photos using a tool equipped with a Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS), namely a camera equipped with Forward Looking InfraRed (FLIR).The initial survey in this study was conducted at five locations of geothermal springs in the Sangkanhurip area, Kuningan, West Java. From these five locations using FLIR cameras detected geothermal resources with hot spring temperatures between 30 to 40 degrees Celsius.To find out the types of rocks that exist, a geological survey was carried out to make a geological map. The data and information obtained are then analyzed to obtain a map that displays geology with surface temperature data in the study area.This map can be utilized by companies interested in exploring and producing geothermal energy for use as a source of energy for Geothermal Power Generation (PLTP). Further analysis can be carried out with the Geochemical Method for predicting subsurface temperature. This discovery fulfills the research objective of detecting geothermal resources using infrared rays.

Techno-economic analysis of renewable energy generation at the South Pole

Transitioning from fossil-fuel power generation to renewable energy generation and energy storage in remote locations has the potential to reduce both carbon emissions and cost. This study presents a techno-economic analysis for implementation of a hybrid renewable energy system at the South Pole in Antarctica, which currently hosts several high-energy physics experiments with nontrivial power needs. A tailored model of resource availability and economics for solar photovoltaics, wind turbine generators, lithium-ion energy storage, and long-duration energy storage at this site is explored in different combinations with and without existing diesel energy generation. The Renewable Energy Integration and Optimization (REopt) platform is used to determine the optimal system component sizing and the associated system economics and environmental benefit. We find that the least-cost system includes all three energy generation sources and lithium-ion energy storage. For an example steady-state load of 170 kW, this hybrid system includes 180 kW-DC of photovoltaic panels, 570 kW of wind turbines, and a 3.4 MWh lithium-ion battery energy storage system. This system reduces diesel consumption by 95% compared to an all-diesel configuration, resulting in approximately 1200 metric tons of carbon footprint avoided annually. Over the course of a 15-year analysis period the reduced diesel usage leads to a net savings of 57 million United States dollars, with a time to payback of approximately two years. All the scenarios modeled show that the transition to renewables is highly cost effective under the unique economics and constraints of this extremely remote site.

Willingness to pay for renewables: Insights from a meta-analysis of choice experiments

Renewable energy policies contribute to solving some of the current environmental challenges, such as climate change mitigation and decarbonization, and people around the world are usually willing to pay for a greater presence of renewable energies. That willingness to pay (WTP) can be translated into a gain in social well-being. But not all renewables are equally valued, nor do all people experience the same gain in terms of well-being. Over the last 25 years, many choice experiments have focused on analyzing social preferences for different external effects associated with renewables. This article presents a meta-analysis of choice experiments to examine the evidence on WTP for renewable energies. We examined 63 articles across 28 countries, with a total sample of 52,948 participants and 84,821 observations. We used three econometric approaches (Generalized Least Squares, Weighted Least Squares, and a Panel Data Model) to estimate the willingness to pay of households for renewables around the world. Results show that the promotion of renewable energies is socially demanded, with an average minimum WTP of between €113 and €124 per household per year. The results also show that onshore wind farms are the preferred renewable energy source for electricity generation, whereas people are more reluctant about offshore wind in comparison with other renewable technologies. Finally, some geographic patterns are found, with people from Asia and southern Europe showing, respectively, a lower and higher willingness to pay for renewable energies.

Multivariable QFT Controllers Design for Heat Exchangers of Solar Systems.

This paper addresses the control of a heatexchanger placed in a solar water heating system and influencedby external disturbances at plant output. Heat exchangers playan essential role in industries that use renewable sources forenergy generation and water heating, i.e. geothermal, solar,ocean, etc. One of the main control targets of such systems is toachieve a simultaneous and accurate control of sometemperatures. A multivariable (MIMO) model of the heatexchanger of a solar plant, and a robust controller able togovern the system despite the external disturbances and loopinteractions are developed in this work. The MIMOmethodology for the non-diagonal controller design is based onthe Quantitative Feedback Theory (QFT).

Exploring the microscopic eyeball of cyanobacteria: A comprehensive review

Cyanobacteria resemble algae in that they contain chlorophyll and then photosynthesize and oxygen is released as a result. Cyanobacteria resemble bacteria in that they are Gram-negative bacteria and their wall consists of peptidoglycan and contain a primitive nucleus and do not contain chloroplasts but membranes called thylakoids that contain the chlorophyll pigment for photosynthesis. Cyanobacteria produce their own energy through photosynthesis, just like plants. Scientists from America said that they made an "energy generator" using a bottle containing bacteria and sewage, and that the efficiency of these "microbes connected to wires" reached 30%, which is equivalent to the efficiency of the best solar cells currently commercially available. The researchers explained in their study, the results of which were published in the Proceedings of the American Academy of Sciences, that it is still necessary to find a suitable metal to manufacture an important part of this small "generator", which is a cathode, which is the electrode of the electrical circuit where the process of reducing electrons occurs, as an alternative to the silver oxide that they currently use. The idea of using bacteria as a source of energy generation is not new, and through this idea, bacteria that live on natural waste can be exploited and release excess electrons through a complex mechanism of cells during this process that leads to the conversion of chemical energy into an electric current. It is expected that water purification plants will be the place for these microbial generators, as public wastewater is rich in natural materials, in addition to the fact that not only will electricity be produced there, but the water will be purified at the same time, which reduces the operating costs of these stations. However.

УПРОЩЕННАЯ КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ВЕТРОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ НА ОСНОВЕ ДВУХ МАГНИТОЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ ГЕНЕРАТОРОВ С РЕКОНФИГУРИРУЕМЫМИ ОБМОТКАМИ

Relevance Due to the growing demand for electricity and the reduction in reserves of traditional energy sources, energy conservation and the use of alternative sources are becoming increasingly important. Wind energy is an important growth industry in the production of electricity from renewable wind energy, playing an important role in diversifying energy sources and reducing dependence on the unstable political and economic factors associated with the extraction and transportation of fossil fuels. Wind energy, from a scientific point of view, is a field of science and technology that develops the theoretical foundations, methods and means of using wind energy. To convert the kinetic energy of the wind flow into mechanical energy of rotation of the generator rotor with its subsequent conversion into electrical energy, wind power plants of various configurations are used, installed in open areas where the wind has a suitable speed for generating electricity. Of particular interest to researchers, engineers and the public around the world is the issue of developing new wind power plants and improving existing ones. Thus, wind energy has great interest in the modern world, representing an important and promising option for diversifying the energy system, reducing environmental pollution and providing a sustainable and economically attractive source of energy for future generations. Aim of research To study the operating modes at low and normal wind speeds of a wind power system model based on two magnetoelectric generators with reconfigurable windings in the Matlab application package (Simscape). Research methods Simulation of operating modes at low and normal wind speeds of a wind energy system based on two magnetoelectric generators with reconfigurable windings in the Matlab application package (Simscape). Results A study was carried out of the operating modes at low and normal wind speeds of a wind energy system based on two magnetoelectric generators with reconfigurable windings in the Matlab application package (Simscape). This voltage regulation method can provide the ability to stabilize voltage and maintain high efficiency at an acceptable level over a wider range of low and normal wind speeds.

Posture-induced modulation of lower-limb joint powers in perturbed running.

Despite evidence on trunk flexion's impact on locomotion mechanics, its role in modulating lower-limb energetics during perturbed running remains underexplored. Therefore, we investigated posture-induced power redistribution in the lower-limb joints (hip, knee, and ankle), along with the relative contribution from each joint to total lower-limb average positive and negative mechanical powers (i.e., over time) during perturbed running. Twelve runners (50% female) ran at self-selected (~15°) and three more sagittal trunk inclinations (backward, ~0°; low forward, ~20°; high forward, ~25°) on a custom-built runway, incorporating both a level surface and a 10 cm visible drop-step positioned midway, while simultaneously recording three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics. We used inverse dynamics analysis to determine moments and powers in lower-limb joints. Increasing the trunk forward inclination yielded the following changes in lower-limb mechanics: a) an elevation in total positive power with a distoproximal shift and a reduction in total negative power; b) systematic increases in hip positive power, coupled with decreased and increased contribution to total negative (during level-step) and positive (during drop-step) powers, respectively; c) reductions in both negative and positive knee powers, along with a decrease in its contribution to total positive power. Regardless of the trunk posture, accommodating drop-steps while running demands elevated total limb negative and positive powers with the ankle as a primary source of energy absorption and generation. Leaning the trunk more forward induces a distoproximal shift in positive power, whereas leaning backward exerts an opposing influence on negative power within the lower-limb joints.

PV integrated shipboard MVDC grid with reduced bus voltage ripple

Integration of renewable energy sources for power generation is a proven solution to reduce the increasing greenhouse gas emissions towards decarbonisation onboard ships. Also, it is easy to integrate a variety of energy sources in an all-electric ship under medium voltage direct current distribution system. In such distribution system, high frequency switching power converters are greatly involved on the source and the load sides, which are massive source of harmonics. In this paper, a grid connected photovoltaic module is designed and paralleled with the generator, as a step towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, to take care of the voltage ripple and noise created by the high frequency switching power converters in the system, a shunt direct current electric spring with a control strategy is incorporated. The proposed system eliminates the use of heavy passive filters, commonly used at the rectifier end. MATLAB/Simulink results substantiate that the increased voltage ripple with the inclusion of energy sources and loads, that goes around 10.91% under fully loaded condition, is reduced to 1.27% with the shunt direct current electric spring, hence well within the IEEE 1709 std., which is less than 5%.

Environmentally Friendly Energy Sources for Sustainable Electricity Generation in Schools

Ensuring a sustainable future necessitates the development of environmentally favorable projects. A safe environment not only supports various energy sources but also lays the groundwork for sustainable plans for future generations. This paper explores the feasibility of utilizing renewable energy sources (RES) within educational institutions, specifically Community High School Akwaeze, to generate electricity. Solar energy, harnessed through photovoltaic (PV) modules installed on the rooftops of 2-storey and 1-storey school buildings, has the potential to generate 27KW and 9KW of electricity, respectively. Biomass derived from human waste in the school hostels can be utilized for biogas production, capable of generating 234KWh of electricity. By leveraging these two energy resources, the school can meet its daily electricity demand of 10.21KW and even produce excess power for sale to nearby businesses, offices, and homes, thereby establishing a sustainability fund. However, the installation of such energy systems requires significant capital investment, potentially necessitating support from government entities, as well as alumni associations, for projects realization.

Assessment of energy gain in SPV Tree structure with bifacial PV modules in Rajasthan

With the rising use of renewable energy generation sources, there is a need for dependable and sustainable measuring techniques to monitor and measure the performance of the energy sources. Existing guidelines and standards for measurement of performance of PV modules are specified only for monofacial PV modules, in which the measurement of irradiance falling on the PV module is irrespective of the ground-clearance or mounting height up to a certain extent. With reference to techno-commercial aspects, the pitch in a ground-mounted power plant is set based on how optimum energy generation can be obtained with minimum land utilization. In case of bifacial PV modules, generation gain can be achieved by varying the ground-clearance/mounting height of the modules as the energy generation depends on the irradiance on both front as well as back side of the module. In this research study, the authors have compared field measurements of energy gained by varying the ground-clearance of bifacial PV modules by using bifacial PV modules in a novel structure of SPV Tree. The simulation and practical results show that the energy gain increases up to 3.5% in Marigold SPV Tree structure as the mounting height is 4 m, contrary to a conventional ground-mounted structure with mounting height 0.5 m from the ground.

Thermodynamic and exergoeconomic assessment of a trigeneration system driven by a biomass energy source for power, cooling, and heating generation

Environmental concerns and the limitations of conventional energy drive the exploration of reliable renewable sources. Herein, a biomass-assisted trigeneration system in conjunction with a methane-fed gas turbine cycle for generating power, cooling, and heating, and an attempt has been made to maximize the energy extraction from the energy source. The proposed system includes a steam Rankine cycle, a gas turbine unit, and a Kalina subsystem, and is investigated from energetic, exergetic, and economic viewpoints. A comprehensive parametric evaluation is carried out, and a multi-objective grey wolf optimization algorithm integrated with the LINMAP decision-maker method is employed to detect the most optimum point through two different scenarios. By conducting a base study, a net output power of 5926 kW, cooling load of 36.56 kW, heating load of 843.4 kW, and an energetic efficiency of 47.41 % can be achieved. The exergetic and economic standpoints bring out an exergy destruction rate of 7697.07 kW, cycle exergetic efficiency of 41.44 %, and a net present value of 12.420 $M that sequels to a payback period of 5.56 years. Biomass proves reliable in multigeneration systems, emphasizing the pivotal role of studies in maximizing energy extraction for diverse product outputs.

Syngas-diesel dual-fuel engine performance using H2/CO top gases from the steel industry furnaces

This study aims to utilize H2-CO-rich waste gases as an alternative energy source for power generation in a dual-fuel engine setup, where diesel is used as an ignition source. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model is developed and validated against experimental data using synthesis gas compositions containing H2, CO, CO2, and N2. A chemical kinetics model is integrated to enhance combustion accuracy, combining the diesel_14 and Gri-mech 3.0 sets to compute reactions involving diesel and synthesis gas/flue gases. Following validation, the study analyzes the dual-fuel engine's performance using H2-CO-rich waste gases: Blast Furnace Gas (BFG), Blast Oxygen Furnace Gas (BOFG), and Oxygen Blast Furnace Gas (OBFG) under various inlet temperatures. BOFG with diesel combustion results in higher peak pressure and heat release due to its significant combustible content (75.4 %). When considering BFG with diesel, the SOC occurs at 1⁰ bTDC, whereas for the BOFG and OBFG, ignition commences at 0 TDC. Also, the BOFG's short combustion duration led to an IMEP of 0.88 MPa, enhancing engine capacity than the OBFG and BFG. The exit amount of CO and UHC is higher in the case of BFG compared to the other fuels. Also, BFG exhibits lower MPRR from 0.33 to 0.5 MPa/deg, attributed to its prolonged combustion duration. Higher combustion temperatures increase NOx emissions, notably for BOFG, due to elevated in-cylinder temperatures. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of H2-CO-rich waste gases in dual-fuel engines for power generation, highlighting BOFG's performance advantages while addressing emissions concerns.

Multiple Grid-Connected Microgrids with Distributed Generators Energy Sources Voltage Control in Radial Distribution Network Using ANFIS to Enhance Energy Management

Voltage conditions and power quality for customers and utility equipment are significantly impacted by the addition of microgrid-generating sources within distribution networks. Designing the right control for distributed generators for the various generating units of a Microgrid is important in enabling the synchronization of renewable energy generation sources, energy storage unity, and integration of Microgrids into a radial distribution network. This research provides control mechanisms based on an adaptive technique employing ANFIS, to reduce fluctuation of voltage and current difficulties faced when multiple renewable energy sources and storage systems are incorporated into a distribution network. A step-by-step Voltage Source Converter (VSC) Controller was designed for controlling the DC voltage power sources used. The ANFIS training, test system modeling, and the distributed energy source were modeled in MATLAB/SIMULINK 2021a Software. Four microgrids were developed each consisting of a Photovoltaic plant, Wind Turbine, and Battery Storage System. Non-critical and critical loads were considered during the system testing. The simulated result reveals that the proposed control system works effectively in maintaining a constant system voltage of 340VAC which significantly mitigates system voltage and current fluctuation without using any static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and power system stabilizers.

AVALIAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL METANOGÊNICO DE CHORUME GERADO EM ATERRO DE RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS DOMICILIARES: O CASO DO CONSÓRCIO INTERMUNICIPAL DO PONTAL DO PARANAPANEMA (CIPP)

Leachate is a liquid produced by the decomposition of organic and inorganic waste in landfills and can pollute soil and groundwater, as well as pose a risk to public health if not properly managed. In this work, the methanogenic potential of the leachate generated in the landfill of the Intermunicipal Consortium of Pontal do Paranapanema was evaluated to estimate the volume of biomethane produced from the leachate. Subsequently, an environmental and economic assessment was made of the potential replacement of diesel used by the waste collection fleets of the member municipalities of the consortium with biomethane. The results indicate that biomethane would supply 23.2% of the demand for fossil fuel, providing savings and a reduction in the amount of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere. This study demonstrated that the biomethane generated from landfill leachate can be an important source of renewable energy generation for the Intermunicipal Consortium of Pontal do Paranapanema to replace the diesel used by the waste collection fleets with biomethane.

Decarbonization of mining and steel sectors: experience of Kazakhstan

To strengthen its international position, Kazakhstan is updating the transition to economic decarbonization within the framework of the adopted long-term low-carbon development strategy. This article examines the current problems of decarbonization of the mining and metallurgical industry, which is one of the largest atmospheric pollutants. General scientific methods were used, including the descriptive method, methods of retrospective and cause-and-effect analysis, generalization and structuring of initial statistical data presented in the open press. It has been established that in the current situation of economic and political challenges, the growth of investments in renewable energy sources is focused not so much on achieving environmental indicators, but rather reflects the desireof countries importing energy raw materials to increase their energy security. It is substantiated that the development of ESG principles is becoming a primary factor ensuring the competitiveness of enterprises and the priority of internal production goals of sustainable development. The study analyzes the prospects for using the best available techniques in the low-carbon development strategy of industrial enterprises. The authors conclude that achieving carbon neutrality will require the state to adopt a systematic approach to coal mining as the main source of energy generation. It is shown that institutional measures that stimulate the decarbonization of the mining and metallurgical sector of Kazakhstan in the medium and long term will increase energy efficiency and accelerate the transition of industrial enterprises to renewable energy. The example of Kazakhstan can be useful for countries expanding the presence of mining and metallurgical enterprises in the international market by mastering various decarbonization mechanisms, disclosing information on sustainable development and taking into account ESG risks.

Stress distribution and roof subsidence of surrounding strata considering in situ coal conversion and CO2 mineralization backfilling: Photoelastic experiments using 3D-printed models of mining faces and goafs

Coal, a reliable and economical fuel, is expected to remain the primary energy source for power generation for the foreseeable future. However, conventional mining and utilization of coal has caused environmental degradation and infrastructure damage. An in situ coal conversion method has been proposed to mitigate environmental problems and reduce CO2 emissions resulting from coal extraction and utilization. This method involves the in situ conversion and utilization of coal, backfilling of waste rock, and CO2 mineralization to backfill the goaf. In this study, the impact of mining and conversion activities on the surrounding strata was evaluated to ascertain the effectiveness and advantages of the in situ coal conversion method. Transparent stope models were created using three-dimensional printing technology. The stress distribution and deformation characteristics of the surrounding strata were examined using photoelasticity and digital image correlation methods. The results were compared with those obtained using the traditional backfill mining method. The comparison revealed that the disturbance to the surrounding strata was 14.4 times less in the in situ conversion method than in the traditional backfill mining method. Additionally, the disturbance height at the roof and the disturbance depth at the floor were 4.2 and 2.1 times lower, respectively. The roof subsidence in the in situ conversion method was 1.97 times less than that in the traditional backfill mining method. These results confirm the advantages of minimizing the disturbance to surrounding rocks and controlling the subsidence of roof strata.

Algorithm based Calibration Strategies in an Electric Powertrain

The latest trend in the automobile industry is electric energy usage for vehicle propulsion. The electrical energy conversion to mechanical energy via motor is the currently accepted and safe technology. The major challenge for this is the component protection strategies. Components such as the motor, battery etc. need to be protected to enhance the life cycle of the vehicle. Also, vehicle safety is of much importance to avoid any fatalities arising with regards to the mishandling of the components. This study suffices the component protection by developing algorithmbased strategies. The algorithms are pre-fed to the controller. Development of smart motor and battery is proposed via Battery Thermal management system. The energy used is of both AC as well DC form. Energy sources for the electric energy generation are different namely, Batteries, Fuel cell etc. Energy generated through chemical reaction is stored in the battery and is eventually utilized.

STUDI POTENSI PLTS ATAP DI MAKASSAR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENGGUNAAN ENERGI TERBARUKAN DAN MENGURANGI EMISI KARBON

Indonesia is located below the equator and has high exposure to sunlight throughout the year, providing great potential for generating electrical energy from solar sources. The demand for electrical energy in Indonesia continues to increase every year, so that it is very important to take advantage of the abundant potential of solar energy to become a source of renewable energy for power generation. This study focuses on analyzing the potential and effectiveness of using solar power and the challenges in its use, especially in the Makassar area. Solar power can generate up to 112,000 GWp of electricity or the equivalent of 89,600,000 MW. One of the challenges faced in using solar panels is the high material and installation costs, as well as people's dependence on conventional electricity. The Indonesian government has set a target to obtain 23% of the total electricity capacity from renewable energy sources by 2025. One solution is to use a rooftop solar system which can directly convert solar radiation into electrical energy. The energy generated from the Rooftop PLTS system can be stored in a battery that is controlled by a regulator and used at night. The use of on-grid PLTS or Rooftop PLTS can provide the advantage of saving PLN's electricity by 39.9% to 110.5%. It can be concluded that using energy from solar panels in a month can produce carbon gas emissions by 3.3% or carbon gas emissions are reduced by up to 96.7%.