Source Dictionary Research Articles

UKRAINISMS IN THE POLISH LANGUAGE: ETYMOLOGY AND SEMANTICS

Cultural, political, economic ties between peoples contribute to the emergence of mutual borrowing. Many lexemes in the Ukrainian language come from Polish, and the Polish language, in turn, borrows from Ukrainian. Lexical borrowings from the Ukrainian language in Polish written records appeared lay for a long period of XVI-XIX centuries. Ukrainian lexical elements had an influence on the formation of the lexical composition of the Polish literary language, which was especially noticeable in the period of romanticism in the work of representatives of the «Ukrainian school» in Polish literature. This article examines Ukrainian lexical borrowings in the literary Polish language on the basis of «Wielki słownik wyrazów obcych i trudnych», their matter, semantics, grammatical adaptation, the connotation of lexemes, and above all the etymology of borrowings. The dictionary does not always indicate the mediating functions of one or another language, including Ukrainian, in the borrowing process. In this regard, some Turkicisms that entered the Polish language through Ukrainian are presented as Ukrainianisms. But the majority of lexemes, which the source dictionary defines as Ukrainianisms, have a Turkic origin, which suggests the mediating role of the Ukrainian language. Ukrainianism are mainly related to the subject of «man», as well as to his activities, in particular domestic and military, demonstrate equivalence of semantics and belong to oral borrowings, assigned mostly in Polish to a lesser extent. Among the borrowings there are obsolete and polysemous words. The article emphasizes the historical process of language integration, particularly Slavic languages.

Noise reduction in infrasound signals based on mask coefficient binary weighting – Generalized cross correlation – Non-negative matrix factorization algorithm

Infrasound noise reduction has two difficulties: the extremely limited datasets and the overlap of frequency bands. To overcome these problems, we present an algorithm, named MCWGCC-NMF, for noise reduction in multi-sensor recordings of mixture infrasound signals. The method is based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), and it is combined with spatial information estimated by generalized cross correlation (GCC) and mask coefficient binary weighting (MCW). The source dictionary masking by GCC-NMF, which uses spatial information of individual NMF atoms, is performed by frequency weighting and threshold selection to alleviate the frequency overlap. The results show that the proposed method achieves consistently better performance than the GCC-NMF on the infrasound dataset. Our study provides a signal processing method of infrasound noise reduction, which has the potential to further enhance the signals reception of infrasound arrays with wind noise reduction system (WNRS).

Seçili Anlam Alanındaki Kök Dal Biçimlere Ulaşmada Yeni Bir Yöntem Denemesi

The word roots, bearing the traces of the age of the formation of languages and language families, are structures that were initially monosyllabic in all languages. Although the meeting of these monosyllabic structures with writing is at different conditions and times for each language, the different utterances (root allomorph) of these monosyllabic structures occurred long before writing. In these periods when linguistic productivity was limited, naming the same information with different utterances brought along root allomorphs, all born from the same basic root. It is also the purpose of the article to determine these root and branch forms in a functional way. Contrary to traditional methods, in this article, it is tried to reach the purpose by searching the source dictionary with twelve single and double syllable bases, seven pre-sound entries within the scope of the selected meaning area.

Domain adaption based on source dictionary regularized RKHS subspace learning

Domain adaption based on source dictionary regularized RKHS subspace learning

Jianhua Huang’s Lexicography and his Grand Dictionnaire Chinois–Français Contemporain (2014)

Le Grand Dictionnaire Chinois–Français Contemporain (GDCFC) was published in China in 2014. It is at present the largest dictionary of its kind and contains a number of innovative features. To know a dictionary and its design features, it helps to know its editor and his academic work. This is especially true of this dictionary, in that dictionary-making projects in China are in most cases chief-editor-oriented. Jianhua Huang, the chief editor of the GDCFC, accumulated rich experience in lexicographical practice and spent two decades exploring all aspects of theoretical lexicography before starting to compile the dictionary. This paper first addresses Huang’s lexicography as a preparation and underpinning for the GDCFC and then examines the dictionary itself. The examination is carried out at two levels. At the macrostructural level, the focus is mainly on its coverage and headword selection, in comparison to its sole source dictionary, A Modern Chinese Dictionary (6th edn, 2012). At the microstructural level, the focus is on sense translation, illustrative example allocation and translation, and grammatical and pragmatical labeling, in comparison with A Chinese–EnglishDictionary (3rd edn, 2010), a well-established Chinese–English counterpart. This examination reveals that the GDCFC is lexicographically well-designed and that it has to a large extent achieved the goal of combining a reference dictionary and a learner’s dictionary into one.

EEG Mental Recognition Based on RKHS Learning and Source Dictionary Regularized RKHS Subspace Learning

This article mainly studies Electroencephalogram (EEG) mental recognition. Because the human brain is very complex and the EEG signal is greatly affected by the environment, EEG mental recognition can be attributed to domain adaptative problems. Our main work is as follows: (1) At present, most domain adaptation learning only learns the linear subspace of Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space (RKHS), and RKHS itself does not. Given the complexity and nonlinearity of EEG mental recognition, we propose an EEG mental recognition algorithm based on two learning. The two learning is RKHS learning and RKHS subspace learning. The source dictionary regularized RKHS subspace learning we proposed applies to EEG mental recognition and is better than pure RKHS subspace learning, but not enough. To get satisfactory results, we learn RKHS before RKHS subspace. (2) According to Moore–Aronszajn theorem, RKHS can be uniquely generated by a kernel function. The existing RKHS is rarely learnable. It is difficult to find a kernel function that can be learned and optimized. In RKHS learning, this paper uses a learnable kernel function that we published, and the kernel function is easy to optimize. (3) In RKHS subspace learning, most of the existing methods adopt the Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) criterion, but it cannot make the spatial distribution of the same category of source and target domain data overlap as much as possible, and the label of the target domain data is unknown. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a framework of RKHS subspace learning based on source domain dictionary regularization. The experimental results on the brain-computer interface international competition data set (BCI competition IV 2a) show that the effect of the algorithm proposed in this paper is better than that of the other five advanced domain adaptation learning algorithms.

Learning-based compressive sensing method for EUV lithographic source optimization.

Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography emerges as a promising technique to fabricate next-generation integrated circuits. In order to improve the lithography imaging fidelity, source optimization (SO) technique is widely used to compensate for the imaging distortion. This paper develops an efficient learning-based SO approach for EUV lithography under the compressive sensing (CS) framework. The dimensionality of EUV-SO problem is significantly reduced by sparsely sampling the layout pattern. Then, the EUV-SO is formulated as an l1-norm inverse reconstruction problem based on the sparse prior of source patterns. The cost function is established based on a rigorous imaging model to take into account the characteristic effects in EUV lithography systems. In addition, a learning-based method is proposed to jointly optimize the source dictionary and projection matrix according to the sparsity and incoherence conditions in CS theory. The optimal source dictionary and projection matrix can be learned from a set of training samples collected from typical layout features in advance. Then, the optimized dictionary and projection matrix can be repetitively used in the following SO algorithms. Based on a set of simulations, the proposed SO method is proved to achieve good performance in both imaging fidelity and computational efficiency.

Development of Specialized Hand-held Electronic Dictionaries with Special Reference to Those for Medical Professionals and Students

In the course of 25 years of their existence, hand-held electronic dictionaries (HHEDs) have become more comprehensive in terms of content and more sophisticated technologically. One dimension in which the specification of these devices has advanced is the subject field of HHEDs. Medicine is one prime example of this trend. Medical HHEDs, which include many specialized, not readily accessible print dictionaries, save the user considerable time and effort. The HHED’s electronically enhanced navigability makes almost redundant the rules and conventions associated with consultation of print dictionaries. The market of medical HHEDs has been dominated by Casio and Seiko Instruments Inc. (SII). Each manufacturer contracted a block of publishers to supply contents for its respective set of products. With SII’s withdrawal from the HHED business, Stedman’s Medical Dictionary and its Japanese version were included in Casio’s HHED. The integration of a source dictionary and its translated version to be exploited for bi-directional consultation and learning in either language can be a useful, potential avenue for the next generation of HHEDs, in the environment rendered more competitive by a wide array of smart devices with Internet connectivity. Keywords: hand-held electronic dictionary, medical dictionary, organization, print dictionary, specialized dictionary

Implementation of Epic Beaker Anatomic Pathology at an Academic Medical Center

Background: Beaker is a relatively new laboratory information system (LIS) offered by Epic Systems Corporation as part of its suite of health-care software and bundled with its electronic medical record, EpicCare. It is divided into two modules, Beaker anatomic pathology (Beaker AP) and Beaker Clinical Pathology. In this report, we describe our experience implementing Beaker AP version 2014 at an academic medical center with a go-live date of October 2015. Methods: This report covers preimplementation preparations and challenges beginning in September 2014, issues discovered soon after go-live in October 2015, and some post go-live optimizations using data from meetings, debriefmgs, and the project closure document. Results: We share specific issues that we encountered during implementation, including difficulties with the proposed frozen section workflow, developing a shared specimen source dictionary, and implementation of the standard Beaker workflow in large institution with trainees. We share specific strategies that we used to overcome these issues for a successful Beaker AP implementation. Several areas of the laboratory-required adaptation of the default Beaker build parameters to meet the needs of the workflow in a busy academic medical center. In a few areas, our laboratory was unable to use the Beaker functionality to support our workflow, and we have continued to use paper or have altered our workflow. In spite of several difficulties that required creative solutions before go-live, the implementation has been successful based on satisfaction surveys completed by pathologists and others who use the software. However, optimization of Beaker workflows has continued to be an ongoing process after go-live to the present time. Conclusions: The Beaker AP LIS can be successfully implemented at an academic medical center but requires significant forethought, creative adaptation, and continued shared management of the ongoing product by institutional and departmental information technology staff as well as laboratory managers to meet the needs of the laboratory.

Small-parallel exemplar-based voice conversion in noisy environments using affine non-negative matrix factorization

The need to have a large amount of parallel data is a large hurdle for the practical use of voice conversion (VC). This paper presents a novel framework of exemplar-based VC that only requires a small number of parallel exemplars. In our previous work, a VC technique using non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) for noisy environments was proposed. This method requires parallel exemplars (which consist of the source exemplars and target exemplars that have the same texts uttered by the source and target speakers) for dictionary construction. In the framework of conventional Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based VC, some approaches that do not need parallel exemplars have been proposed. However, in the framework of exemplar-based VC for noisy environments, such a method has never been proposed. In this paper, an adaptation matrix in an NMF framework is introduced to adapt the source dictionary to the target dictionary. This adaptation matrix is estimated using only a small parallel speech corpus. We refer to this method as affine NMF, and the effectiveness of this method has been confirmed by comparing its effectiveness with that of a conventional NMF-based method and a GMM-based method in noisy environments.

Bilingual Lexicography as Recontextualization: A Case Study of Illustrative Examples in A New English–Chinese Dictionary

Different from previous research that tends to view bilingual dictionaries as objective and value-free representations of the languages and the world, this paper argues that bilingual lexicography is a complex site of ideological struggle. It conceptualizes bilingual lexicography as recontextualization from the perspective of critical discourse analysis and explores how the recontextualization of lexicographical discourse across cultures and contexts results in the transformation and transfer of meaning. It makes a diachronic comparative analysis of illustrative examples from two editions of A New English–Chinese Dictionary and finds that as the recontextualizers (the dictionary compilers) re-situate the source dictionary in a new context, elements of the prior lexicographic discourse are placed in new perspectives and orientations, brought to the foreground or pushed to the background. By showing how the recontextualizers attempt to de-politicize the words and examples in the source dictionary by using discursive strategies like deleting, replacing, re-signifying, etc., the paper suggests that the ideological functions of contemporary Chinese dictionaries have given way to their educational and social functions. This paper contributes to the emerging critical lexicography, which calls attention to ideology and power in (bilingual) lexicography.

Exemplar-based voice conversion using joint nonnegative matrix factorization

Exemplar-based sparse representation is a nonparametric framework for voice conversion. In this framework, a target spectrum is generated as a weighted linear combination of a set of basis spectra, namely exemplars, extracted from the training data. This framework adopts coupled source-target dictionaries consisting of acoustically aligned source-target exemplars, and assumes they can share the same activation matrix. At runtime, a source spectrogram is factorized as a product of the source dictionary and the common activation matrix, which is applied to the target dictionary to generate the target spectrogram. In practice, either low-resolution mel-scale filter bank energies or high-resolution spectra are adopted in the source dictionary. Low-resolution features are flexible in capturing the temporal information without increasing the computational cost and the memory occupation significantly, while high-resolution spectra contain significant spectral details. In this paper, we propose a joint nonnegative matrix factorization technique to find the common activation matrix using low- and high-resolution features at the same time. In this way, the common activation matrix is able to benefit from low- and high-resolution features directly. We conducted experiments on the VOICES database to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. Both objective and subjective evaluations confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

Research of Multi-Data Sources Report Model Based on Data Dictionary

This paper put forward an idea of multi-data sources report model based on data dictionary in order to separate the report from application program. When report changed, we can alter the system data dictionary, data source dictionary or modal file dictionary to adapt to new requests without any changes for application program. This brings to high independence between application program and report system. At the same time we can transplant the report system to different software system without any changes.

Bio-GilJabee: An Ontological Source Dictionary for Bioinformatics

A flood of data in recent years in the field of bioinformatics means that much of the challenges in biology can now be characterized by their computational efficiency [1]. For parsing and computing biological concepts and terms, it is necessary to construct an ontological system and databases derived from the ontological scheme. Fortunately, biological entities and computational objects are easily separable by computers as long as proper definitions and their scopes are given. However, many terms in bioinformatics can be very ambiguous depending on the context. This means that the researchers need to agree upon other researchers’ definitions and the usages of the ontological entities. There are many web sites on specific biological projects and their results. However, there is no major ontological site where the users can update the definitions interactively. We tried to build such a system. By extracting keywords, we could construct a dictionary server called Bio-GilJabee (meaning a guide, http://152.99.72.69/ aobo/index.html). It is a fast and easy server for finding bioinformatically relevant terms over the Internet. It is comprised of a search server, a source dictionary for bioinfomatics and web interface for interaction with the users.

Frequency of ‘core idioms’ in the British National Corpus (BNC)

This article looks at how a comprehensive list of one category of idioms, that of ‘core idioms’, was established. When the criteria to define a core idiom were strictly applied to a dictionary of idioms, the result was that the large number of ‘idioms’ was reduced to a small number of ‘core idioms’. The original list from the first source dictionary was added to by applying the same criteria to other idiom dictionaries, and other sources of idioms. Once the list was complete, a corpus search of the final total of 104 ‘core idioms’ was carried out in the British National Corpus (BNC). The search revealed that none of the 104 core idioms occurs frequently enough to merit inclusion in the 5,000 most frequent words of English.

Constructing an intelligent dictionary help system

This paper discusses different issues in the construction and knowledge representation of an intelligent dictionary help system. The Intelligent Dictionary Help System (IDHS) is conceived as a monolingual (explanatory) dictionary system for human use (Artola and Evrard, 1992). The fact that it is intended for people instead of automatic processing distinguishes it from other systems dealing with the acquisition of semantic knowledge from conventional dictionaries. The system provides various access possibilities to the data, allowing to deduce implicit knowledge from the explicit dictionary information. IDHS deals with reasoning mechanisms analogous to those used by humans when they consult a dictionary. User level functionality of the system has been specified and a prototype has been implemented (Agirre et al., 1994a). A methodology for the extraction of semantic knowledge from a conventional dictionary is described. The method followed in the construction of the phrasal pattern hierarchies required by the parser (Alshawi, 1989) is based on an empirical study carried out on the structure of definition sentences. The results of its application to a real dictionary has shown that the parsing method is particularly suited to the analysis of short definition sentences, as it was the case of the source dictionary. As a result of this process, the characterization of the different lexical-semantic relations between senses is established by means of semantic rules (attached to the patterns); these rules are used for the initial construction of the Dictionary Knowledge Base (DKB). The representation schema proposed for the DKB (Agirre et al., 1994b) is basically a semantic network of frames representing word senses. After construction of the initial DKB, several enrichment processes are performed on the DKB to add new facts to it; these processes are based on the exploitation of the properties of lexical-semantic relations, and also on specially conceived deduction mechanisms. The result of the enrichment processes show the suitability of the representation schema chosen to deduce implicit knowledge. Erroneous deductions are mainly due to incorrect word sense disambiguation.

Two Unaccomplished English-Japanese Dictionaries in the Edo Period

Two English-Japanese dictionaries which were compiled by the respectable interpreters of the Dutch language at the end of the Edo period were not completed. It was partly because the compilers were not specialists in the English language, and partly because they did not recognize the importance of the source dictionaries from which they edited. One of the English-Dutch dictionaries which formed the basis of the English-Japanese dictionary was considered the best and the most useful on account of its full phonetic representation and its variety of illustrative examples. And the other source dictionary was thought to be the richest in its entry words. The distinctive merits of these source dictionaries, however, turned out to be difficulties for the compilers of the English-Japanese dictionaries. On the other hand, Tatsunosuke Hori, another Dutch interpreter, used a pocket English-Dutch dictionary as a base-book of his English-Japanese dictionary, knowing that in spite of its poor content it would be much easier to compile the dictionary. It took him only two years to complete it with the aid of his colleagues.

ALTEXT: A Multipurpose Processing Language

ALTEXT, a multipurpose programming language has been used extensively at Lockheed Missiles and Space Company for linguistic research and for processing textual data: for example, the conversion of orthographic form of words into corresponding phonetic forms and the formatting of the phonetic data according to source dictionary and to regional dialects [B. V. Bhimani and R. Mitchell, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 38, 934(A) (1965)], correlation studies, etc. In processing dictionary entries, an ALTEXT program required 18 min to process over 73 000 words for which the rate of processing was 8000 words/h with a COMIT program. A program that processed 2000 records with SNOBOL in 70 min was written in ALTEXT and the operating rate was increased to 10 000 records in 3.62 min. The speed of ALTEXT is a result of efficient input-output and of coding that is similar to that in assembly languages. Statements in ALTEXT consist of self-descriptive English words and algebraic expressions that resemble those in FORTRAN, making it an easy language to learn. [Work supported by Lockheed Independent Research.]