Source Community Research Articles

Presence of Location-Based Agglomeration Effects in Open Source Communities: An Empirical Test on GitHub

Open source communities are a distinct form of organizing, and we investigate the presence in these communities of location-based agglomeration effects. While an open source community transcends mu...

Operating parameters affecting biofloc technology: carbon source, carbon/nitrogen ratio, feeding regime, stocking density, salinity, aeration, and microbial community manipulation

The world population continues to increase day by day. Therefore, aquaculture needs to grow in order to response the need for protein foods and to cope with the problem of scarcity. However, this enlargement should require taking place in a sustainable way in order to protect the environment and natural resources. The rapid development in the production of seafood as a food sector brought several issues that are necessary to be studied. Particularly, the most important limitations of conventional aquaculture are feed and feeding regimes, high volumes of water requirement, and its pollution potential to natural water resources. Biofloc technology (BFT) is a sustainable aquaculture method for pollution prevention that is based on the principle of reuse of nitrogen-based pollutants which are considered organic waste in aquaculture. In this review, the studies in the literature that considered the parameters affecting BFT are examined. BFT holds a promising response to the global concern of making aquaculture more sustainable. Considering the water quality, fish growth, and immunological positive effects, it is foreseen that BFT systems will be important in aquaculture in the future. Currently, operational parameters are mainly adjusted on a trial-and-error way, and there is a clear need to shift towards a more scientific-based approach to be able to commercialize this technique.

Lattice design for angular dispersion enhanced microbunching in storage rings

Generation of coherent radiation pulses is of remarkable interest in the synchrotron light source community. A novel technique has been proposed to produce temporal coherent radiation in ref. [1]. In this scheme, an oblique incidence seed laser is utilized to introduce an angular modulation which is converted to microbunching by an angular dispersion section. In this paper, a specific design of the angular dispersion section is given to realize the coupling between transverse and longitudinal directions which satisfied the microbunching requirements of this technique. Numerical simulation results demonstrate that this lattice can be used to enhance the bunching factor at very high harmonics of the seed laser. The lattice structure has good flexibility, the elements of the transport matrix related to microbunching can be easily adjusted, and the beta function in the radiator can be simply optimized by adjusting the magnets of the transport line.

Methodology and Indigenous memory: using photographs to anchor critical reflections on Indian residential school experiences

In this paper, we discuss the theoretical foundations, methodology, and method for a now-underway historical Indigenous sport photo elicitation project. In our photo elicitation sessions with former members of the Sioux Lookout Black Hawks, an Indian residential school (boarding school) hockey team that famously toured Ontario, Canada in 1951, we use photo elicitation to spark memories and provide a sense of immediacy for participants, most of whom are in their eighties. Our approach, centred around storytelling and other Indigenous methodologies contributes to the growing field of visual repatriation, in which historical images from museum or private collections are returned to source communities for re-interpretation, while also extending the notion of ‘repatriation’ to mean returning the power to tell stories in ways that make sense to community members, called ‘restorying’ (Corntassel et al. 2009). The photo elicitation technique prompts new reflections on the team’s tour and assimilation, perspectives on cultural identity ‘then’ and ‘now,’ and lessons for today’s Indigenous youth. We examine initial research findings to evaluate the potential effectiveness of our framework that aims to place the power to tell their story firmly back in the survivors’ hands, some seventy years after the fact.

Guidance for ensuring fair and ethical broad consent for future use. A scoping review protocol.

Introduction: Broad consent for future use is the reuse of data and/or samples collected by a study by researchers who may not be affiliated with the original study team for purposes that may differ from the objectives of the original study. Sharing participant-level data and samples collected from research participants facilitates reuse and transparency and can accelerate drug or vaccine development, research findings, and translation. Data reuse and synthesis help prevent unnecessary research, thereby respecting research participants time and efforts and building their trust in the research process. Despite these myriad benefits, data and sample sharing represent a significant investment of time for the team that collected the data or samples, and may present additional risks for research participants, including that of re-identifiability and incidental findings, or for the source community. This scoping review will summarize existing guidance on broad consent for future use and highlight evidence gaps related to the ethical, equitable implementation of broad consent for future use. Methods and analysis: We will apply the Arskey and O'Malley scoping review methodology and best practice as outlined in the Joanna Briggs scoping review guidelines. The research questions have been identified through a literature review and consultation with subject-matter experts. The systematic search will be conducted in three databases using a tailored search strategy. We will search the reference lists of included articles or related systematic reviews for additional citations. The title-abstract and full text screening and charting the data will be conducted independently by two reviewers. Discrepancies will be resolved by a third reviewer. Results will be summarized in narrative form. Ethics and dissemination: This scoping review summarizes findings from existing publications and grey literature rather than primary data and, as such, does not require ethics review. Findings will be disseminated through an open access publication and webinar.

Digital Forensics Analysis of Ubuntu Touch on PinePhone

New smartphones made by small companies enter the technology market everyday. These new devices introduce new challenges for mobile forensic investigators as these devices end up becoming pertinent evidence during an investigation. One such device is the PinePhone from Pine Microsystems (Pine64). These new devices are sometimes also shipped with OSes that are developed by open source communities and are otherwise never seen by investigators. Ubuntu Touch is one of these OSes and is currently being developed for deployment on the PinePhone. There is little research behind both the device and OS on what methodology an investigator should follow to reliably and accurately extract data. This results in potentially flawed methodologies being used before any testing can occur and contributes to the backlog of devices that need to be processed. Therefore, in this paper, the first forensic analysis of the PinePhone device with Ubuntu Touch OS is performed using Autopsy, an open source tool, to establish a framework that can be used to examine and analyze devices running the Ubuntu Touch OS. The findings include analysis of artifacts that could impact user privacy and data security, organization structure of file storage, app storage, OS, etc. Moreover, locations within the device that stores call logs, SMS messages, images, and videos are reported. Interesting findings include forensic artifacts, which could be useful to investigators in understanding user activity and attribution. This research will provide a roadmap to the digital forensic investigators to efficiently and effectively conduct their investigations where they have Ubuntu Touch OS and/or PinePhone as the evidence source.

Blood meal source and mixed blood-feeding influence gut bacterial community composition in Aedes aegypti

BackgroundThe guts of blood-sucking insects host a community of bacteria that can shift dramatically in response to biotic and abiotic factors. Identifying the key factors structuring these microbial communities has important ecological and epidemiological implications.MethodsWe used the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, to investigate the impact of mixed blood meals on gut microbiota of vector mosquitoes. Adult females were experimentally fed on sugar or blood from chicken, rabbit or a mixture of chicken and rabbit blood, and their gut microbiota were characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplification and MiSeq sequencing.ResultsThe gut bacterial communities of mosquitoes fed on the three blood meal treatments clustered separately, suggesting that host species identity and mixed blood-feeding are key determinants of gut bacterial community composition in mosquitoes. Mixed blood meal had a synergistic effect on both operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness and the Shannon diversity index, suggesting that mixed blood-feeding can offset the nutritional deficit of blood meals from certain host species. The microbial communities observed in this study were distinct from those identified from similarly fed Ae. aegypti from our previous study.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that vector host-feeding preferences can influence gut microbial composition and diversity, which could potentially impact pathogen acquisition and transmission by the vector. The results also demonstrate that different microenvironmental conditions within the laboratory may play an important role in structuring the microbial communities of independently reared mosquito colonies.Graphical

Improving in-memory file system reading performance by fine-grained user-space cache mechanisms

Nowadays, as the memory capacity of servers become larger and larger, distributed in-memory file systems, which enable applications to interact with data at fast speed, have been widely used. However, the existing distributed in-memory file systems still face the problem of low data access performance in small data reading, which seriously reduce their usefulness in many important big data scenarios. In this paper, we analyze the factors that affect the performance of reading in-memory files and propose a two-layer user space cache management mechanism: in the first layer, we cache data packet references to reduce frequent page fault interruptions (packet-level cache); in the second layer, we cache and manage small file data units to avoid redundant inter-process communications (object-level cache). We further design a fine-grained caching model based on the submodular function optimization theory, for efficiently managing the variable-length cache units with partially overlapping fragments on the client side. Experimental results on synthetic and real-world workloads show that compared with the existing cutting-edge systems, the first level cache can double the reading performance on average, and the second level cache can improve random reading performance by more than 4 times. Our caching strategies also outperform the cutting-edge cache algorithms over 20% on hit ratio. Furthermore, the proposed client-side caching framework idea has been adopted by the Alluxio open source community, which shows the practical benefits of this work. • A packet-level cache policy for reducing page faults during sequential data reading. • An in-memory cache layer to cache the variable-length hot file fragments. • Proved that the variable-length cache problem is a submodular optimization problem theoretically. • Comprehensive performance evaluation of the client-side cache strategies.

Communities of making: Exploring parallels between fandom and open source

Studies of social media frequently focus on the most popular platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.) and fail to consider more unconventional platforms and communities that nevertheless fit the criteria of social media. A comparison of fan communities emphasizing different content structures (Archive of Our Own, DeviantArt, and Fanfiction.net) to open source community platform GitHub can provide insight into the practices of communities of making, regardless of even substantial differences in purposes and affordances, while expanding the traditional definition of social media. Study of both fan and open source communities revealed commonalities across platforms, such as non-market practices with deep market ties; gift economies that run on status; and a lack of inclusivity. We argue that the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion, labor, and value on social media platforms can be illuminated by putting these platforms and their communities into conversation.

Repatriation, Public Programming, and the DEAI Toolkit

ABSTRACT This article, prepared in the form of a conversation among the authors, discusses the role of a museum’s repatriation of human remains or sacred objects to Indigenous communities in their efforts around Diversity, Equity, Access ibility, and Inclusion (DEAI). Presenting case studies from their museums or from their own research in Germany and the US, the authors observe that public programming, working in concert with repatriation, can become a tool for increasing DEAI in museums with benefits for source communities, as well as for museum visitors and staff. Given the scarcity of research literature on repatriation-centered programming and the fact that their case studies often comprised first steps in their institutions’ repatriation efforts, the contributors call for further study of public programming and its potential to facilitate the repatriation process.

Casting a Wide Net: The Value of Collaboration and Outreach with Source Communities in the Analysis of Historic Native American Fishing Nets

The Lenape Tribe of Delaware is one of two recognized tribes within the state of Delaware. Having only gained state recognition in 2016, the group is actively working to regain the lifeways of their ancestors that have been lost in the aftermath of colonization and systemic oppression. This paper discusses collaborative research between the author, a student in Art Conservation, and the Lenape Tribe of Delaware into the once-crucial practice of net-tying. It addresses the impetus for the project and its role in object-based decolonization and Indigenous knowledge reclamation. The research was inspired by the last known Lenape netmaker, Clem Carney, whose work was collected by anthropologists in the early 1900s but since forgotten. The project was completed in collaboration with the Tribe from initial proposal onward and included three main stages: examination of fishing nets from Native Mid-Atlantic groups at the National Museum of the American Indian and the American Museum of Natural History, the compilation of an inventory of Native Mid-Atlantic nets and associated tools from institutions throughout North America, and outreach. Outreach efforts included a Tribal Delegation to the National Museum of the American Indian Cultural Resources Center, presentations to both the Native and non-Native community, and net-making workshops held at the Biggs Museum of American Art in Dover, DE. Through these events and a range of media posts and articles, it is estimated that 7,000 people learned about this collaboration. The project has prompted subsequent collaborations and serves as a model for community-driven research.

Šta navodi milenijalce na uzbunjivanje? - od kulturološke do socio-psihološke perspektive uzbunjivanja

Whistleblowing cases that shook intelligence community in the last decade have something in common. Edward Snowden, Bradley Manning, and Reality Winner are all members of a single generation - Millennials. We challenge the viewpoint that depicts this generation as a potential "insider threat." Millennials do have certain psychological traits and attitudes that can be related to tendencies towards whistleblowing, but these findings still do not approve the rhetoric that creates distrust towards the generation. This paper proposes a shift from the cultural to the socio-psychological level of analysis, with respect to both cultural and individual characteristics of whistleblowers, but puts more emphasis on the social dimension. In comprehending recent cases of leaking classified information, it is not enough to reduce explanation to some individual personality traits or hide behind an abstraction, such as the concept of generation. To shed more light on the issue, we introduce the concept of the imagined community, such as the open source community, promoting free Internet and transparency of information and knowledge. Therefore, mental membership in an imagined community might be more decisive for blowing the whistle than the global set of values related to the whole generation of Millennials.

Introduction. Visual Ethics after Communism

This special issue problematizes the often-uncritical use of images in publications and displays about communism. It poses a number of questions for anthropologists, historians, museologists and others: when does an image or a museum display present itself as problematic and for whom? Under what circumstances is it ethically justifiable to exhibit or publish such images or, conversely, to put images aside, leaving them undisplayed? When do arguments based on “the public good” outweigh the right to personal privacy, individual integrity and cultural patrimony of source communities?

Open Source Software and Standards Development: Competition Law Implications

Technical standards developed by standards development organizations (“SDOs”) increasingly involve software-based solutions that implicate open source software (“OSS”). SDOs generally operate pursuant to policies and procedures based on principles of consensus, due process, balance, and openness, and subject to consensus-defined intellectual property rights (“IPR”) policies that contemplate inclusion of patented solutions in standards. Consequently, SDO policies help incentivise IPR owners to contribute their new and innovative technologies to standards by providing owners of Standard Essential Patents (“SEPs”) the opportunity to offer licenses for their IPR on fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (“FRAND”) terms. Open source projects are often pursued in consortia or similar forums, which typically do not fully observe such procedural principles, and do not contemplate FRAND patent licensing, or patent licensing at all. However, traditional SDO standards activities and open source projects are not mutually exclusive, and both can drive innovation and competitiveness. As noted by the European Commission’s 2017 communication on the EU’s approach to SEPs, integration between open source projects and standards development processes may be “a win-win situation,” and “[f]lexible and effective interactions between standardisation and open source communities will promote and accelerate the uptake of advanced technology developments.” This paper considers the competition law implications of integrating standards development and open source efforts, to help facilitate that potential “win-win” outcome, and achieve the procompetitive goals of standards development, rather than create risks of competitive harm that will deter innovation. This paper submits that consensus-based approaches to standards development, where account is taken of all stakeholder interests, and which abide by principles of openness, balance and due process, should apply equally when SDOs accommodate open source projects. Experience shows that such procedural safeguards are fundamental to avoid potential anticompetitive effects resulting from imposiing IPR policies that favour discrete stakeholder interests. This paper further explains that EU and US competition law provide the necessary tools to challenge conduct related to standardization and open source licensing that may diminish competition and innovation.

Saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungi exhibit contrasting richness patterns along elevational gradients in cool-temperate montane forests

Increasing evidence suggests that elevational gradients of soil fungal richness are highly variable, but few studies have examined how diversity components of each guild contribute to overall fungal diversity. Here, we aimed to disentangle the relationships between total, saprotrophic, and ectomycorrhizal fungal richness, and environmental factors across elevational gradients in cool-temperate montane forests. We observed that total and saprotrophic richness decreased but ectomycorrhizal richness increased with increase in elevation. Elevational range size and nestedness analyses illustrated that saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal source communities were located at lower and higher elevations, respectively. The observed total and saprotrophic richness were directly influenced by soil properties and indirectly influenced by climate and plant communities. Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness was affected by climate and the dominance of ectomycorrhizal trees. We highlight that two directional source–sink dynamics lead to opposite elevational patterns between saprotrophic and ectomycorrhizal fungal richness, shaping the variation in elevational richness gradients. • Saprotrophic fungal richness decreased with increase in elevation. • Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness increased with increase in elevation. • Soil properties and plant traits affected saprotrophic fungal richness. • Climate and ectomycorrhizal trees affected ectomycorrhizal fungal richness. • Two directional source–sink dynamics explain the richness patterns of soil fungi.

Identification of Natural CRISPR Systems and Targets in the Human Microbiome

Many bacteria resist invasive DNA by incorporating sequences into CRISPR loci, which enable sequence-specific degradation. CRISPR systems have been well studied from isolate genomes, but culture-independent metagenomics provide a new window into their diversity. We profiled CRISPR loci and cas genes in the body-wide human microbiome using 2,355 metagenomes, yielding functional and taxonomic profiles for 2.9 million spacers by aligning the spacer content to each sample's metagenome and corresponding gene families. Spacer and repeat profiles agree qualitatively with those from isolate genomes but expand their diversity by approximately 13-fold, with the highest spacer load present in the oral microbiome. The taxonomy of spacer sequences parallels that of their source community, with functional targets enriched for viral elements. When coupled with cas gene systems, CRISPR-Cas subtypes are highly site and taxon specific. Our analysis provides a comprehensive collection of natural CRISPR-cas loci and targets in the human microbiome.

Generating social capital to boost open source strategies

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings Engaging in various participatory behaviors can help firms in the technology sector to improve financial returns from open source development collaborations. Project outcomes become significantly more attainable when such businesses are active in the open source communities as this helps build the symbiotic relationships that can generate valuable social capital. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.

Extremely bright coherent synchrotron radiation production in a diffraction-limited storage ring using an angular dispersion-induced microbunching scheme

Generation of extreme bright coherent synchrotron radiation in a short wavelength range is of remarkable interest in the synchrotron light source community. In this paper, a novel technique is adopted to produce the coherent radiation which uses an angular dispersion to enhance the micro-bunch by a tiny amplitude of energy modulation. This scheme can be inserted in a long straight section of a storage ring. A lattice design of an extreme-low emittance storage ring with 3.5 GeV energy is presented in this paper, which employs a higher order achromat (HOA) concept. We show the design results for the multi-bend achromat (MBA) lattice with an emittance of 20 pm-rad in about 900-meter circumference. Numerical simulations demonstrated that this angular dispersion induced micro-bunch scheme can be used to generate coherent radiation near soft x-ray region, the repetition rate can reach 10 kHz and the spectral brightness can reach 3*10^24phs/s/mm^2/mrad^2/0.1%BW.

Behavioral Science of Software Engineering

Large-scale software development is a sociotechnical activity only bounded by human imagination, ingenuity, and creativity. It involves teams of developers progressing by coordinating their activities and communicating their bottlenecks, goals, and advancements toward the wider goal of creating large, high-quality software systems. The stakeholders they serve are diverse (for example, clients, infrastructure providers, open source communities, project managers, and regulatory authorities), and often they have many competing, implicit requirements. But, as the political and legal implications of algorithms and data (https://harvardmagazine.com/2000/01/code-is-law-html) increasingly affect society, it is imperative that the systems the developers build are high quality in terms of accurately embodying all of those requirements.

Identifying a fly-in/fly-out source-hub community: The case of Deer Lake, Newfoundland and Labrador

Fly-in/Fly-out (FIFO) is a commuting arrangement involving the movement of employees to and from their place of work by airplane, often on a rotational basis. Extensive research on FIFO has been conducted in Australia where three community types have been identified: source (or home) communities, host (or work) communities, and hub communities (stop-over communities). An additional community type, the source-hub community, was identified in 2013. Though FIFO arrangements are important for facilitating intra- and inter-provincial ERGM, limited research on hub or source-hub communities has been conducted in Canada. Through a door-to-door census and key informant interviews, this study identified Deer Lake in Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) as a FIFO source-hub community. While airport access was an important factor influencing Deer Lake's source-hub development, as was the case in Australia, other significant factors included proximity to friend and family connections and employment. Overall, it is suggested that factors influencing the development of FIFO source-hub communities may be context-specific. While more research is needed to understand the emergence of source-hub communities, these findings contribute to dialogues around the nature of resource-dependent communities, including the study of compound community types and the relationship between FIFO workers and the communities through which they travel.