Types Of Sounds Research Articles

Age and parous-experience dependent changes in emotional contagion for positive infant sounds.

Emotional contagion is achieved by inferring and emotionally resonating with other persons' feelings. It is unclear whether age-related changes in emotional contagion for infant sounds are modulated by the experience of childbirth or childcare. This study aims to evaluate changes in inference and emotional resonance for positive and negative infant sounds (laughter and crying) among women, based on age and parous experience. A total of 241 women (60 young nulliparous, 60 young parous, 60 old nulliparous, and 61 old parous) completed a web-based questionnaire. After listening to three types of infant sounds (laughter, cooing, and crying), participants responded with their valence for hearing infant sounds and estimated infant valence on an 11-point Likert scale. The analysis for emotional resonance revealed that the correlation coefficient between self and estimated infant valences was greater in young parous and old nulliparous women than in young nulliparous women, in laughter and cooing sounds. However, correlation coefficients for crying did not differ among any of the four groups. The degree of emotional resonance for infant valence increased depending on age and parous-experience for positive infant sounds.

Penerapan Sisa Material Kayu dan Triplek Sebagai Elemen Kedap Suara Dalam Bangunan

Waste material is a very serious problem in the world of building construction. Efforts to reduce the use of new materials and reuse leftover materials can have a positive impact on the environment. Moreover, many building materials cannot be renewed so they are only used once. Apart from that, producing new materials requires the use of quite a lot of energy. There are many new materials, but this does not rule out the possibility that wood-based materials are still widely used. Wood is a type of building material that has a natural grooved character and is able to withstand noise and weather. The aim of this research is to determine the difference in soundproofing between wood and plywood materials in semi-permanent buildings. The method used was an experimental trial using the CoolExp software cellphone application to measure the decibel sound from each experiment. This research data was obtained through several experiments from several types of sounds, namely, knocking sounds, the sound of pebbles being dropped, the sound of music, the sound of people talking, the sound of vehicles. The results of the research show that: (1) the sound of knocking on wooden material is more soundproof (2) the sound of pebbles being dropped on wooden material is more soundproof (3) the sound of music on wooden material is more soundproof (4) the sound of people talking on tripek material is more soundproof (5) the sound of plywood material vehicles is more soundproof.

Fault Detection of In-Service Bridge Expansion Joint Based on Voiceprint Recognition

Bridge expansion joints (BEJs) in service are susceptible to damage from various factors such as fatigue, impact, and environmental conditions. While visual inspection is the most common approach for inspecting BEJs, it is subjective and labor-intensive. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology for detecting the fault status of BEJs, inspired by voiceprint recognition (VPR) based on audio signals. We establish an Artificial Neural Network to filter nonevent segments from low signal-to-noise ratio signals, achieving an AuC value of 0.981. We design and improve ConFormer VPR models with a multifeature aggregation strategy and cascade them to realize fault detection of BEJs. For three successive tasks in classifying environment sound types, vehicle impact types, and faults, the ConFormer VPR models achieve AuC values of 0.975, 0.925, and 0.886, respectively, demonstrating the feasibility of our methods for unmanned inspection of BEJs. In future research, the introduction of multiple types of damage and the implementation of benchmarking tests are planned to further enhance the capabilities of the system.

DeepRespNet: A deep neural network for classification of respiratory sounds

Respiratory sounds convey significant information about the pulmonary status. This study proposes a deep learning-based framework to create an automatic, non-invasive, diagnostic method of categorizing pulmonary sounds. A labelled database of pulmonary sounds has been collected using an electronic stethoscope and audio recording instrument. Two deep learning architectures, 1D DeepRespNet and 2D DeepRespNet are proposed in this work that were trained and evaluated with normalised 1-D time series and 2-D spectrograms of acoustic signals of six types of lung sounds, respectively. The models were highly optimized to yield superior performance on the considered dataset. Experimental results demonstrate that the 2D DeepRespNet model trained with spectrogram-based representations yields higher accuracy of 95.2% on the test data as compared to the 1D DeepRespNet trained on the time-series data. The proposed model may be deployed on a single board computer or integrated into a smartphone to develop a standalone diagnostic tool to accurately and objectively classify abnormal lung sounds with low time complexity.

Broad and fine acoustic categories in bod, bond, bald, and bard: A step toward acoustic phonology

Acoustics is central to the study of speech communication, but it is conspicuously under-represented in abstract representations of speech. Many flavors of phonological analysis tend toward articulatory descriptions, and transcriptions focus on strings of articulatory actions. All this is despite acoustics being easier to measure than articulation with current technology. The present study explores basic concepts for an acoustic phonology, with two types of postulated categories: broad and fine. Resonant, turbulent, transient, and occludent types of sounds comprise the broad categories, as general methods of filtering the speech source. Fine categories are conceptualized as specific types of acoustic actions within a broad category. These acoustic actions are goal-oriented, as for achieving a particular acoustic effect like the presence of antiformants or a lowered F2 or F3. However, these actions are not explicitly restricted to manipulating traditional phonetic features like formants. By default, fine categories are assumed to be produced in parallel when possible, yielding overlap effects like anticipatory nasalization, lateralization, and rhotacization. These concepts are explored in a microanalysis of bod, bond, bald, and bard from the speaker in the Massive Auditory Lexical Decision data set, with an eye to seeding the ground for a future acoustic phonology.

Comparing the Auditory Distance and Externalization of Virtual Sound Sources Simulated Using Nonindividualized Stimuli.

When reproducing sounds over headphones, the simulated source can be externalized (i.e., perceived outside the head) or internalized (i.e., perceived within the head). Is it because it is perceived as more or less distant? To investigate this question, 18 participants evaluated distance and externalization for three types of sound (speech, piano, helicopter) in 27 conditions using nonindividualized stimuli. Distance and externalization ratings were significantly correlated across conditions and listeners, and when averaged across listeners or conditions. However, they were also decoupled in some circumstances: (1) Sound type had different effects on distance and externalization: the helicopter was evaluated as more distant, while speech was judged as less externalized. (2) Distance estimations increased with simulated distances even for stimuli judged as internalized. (3) Diotic reverberation influenced distance but not externalization. Overall, a source was not rated as externalized as soon as and only if its perceived distance exceeded a threshold (e.g., the head radius). These results suggest that distance and externalization are correlated but might not be aspects of a single perceptual continuum. In particular, a virtual source might be judged as both internalized and with a distance. Hence, it could be important to avoid using a scale related to distance when evaluating externalization.

Exploratory analysis of swallowing behaviour in community-dwelling older adults using a wearable device: Differences by age and ingestant under different task loads.

To develop a new method of evaluating swallowing behaviour. Sixty-nine healthy participants were divided into a younger (16 males and 16 females, mean age 39.09 ± 12.16 years) and older (18 males and 19 females, mean age 71.43 ± 5.50 years) group. The participants ingested water and yoghurt twice (directed and free swallowing) at rest and after performing simple daily life tasks (calculation and exercise). To measure swallowing frequency, we employed a smartphone-based, portable and neck-worn swallowing-sound-monitoring device. This device monitors swallowing behaviour continuously by collecting biological sounds from the neck without imposing behavioural restrictions. A neural network model of swallowing sound identification by deep learning was used for the subsequent evaluation. This device was used to obtain two types of saliva-swallowing sounds associated with different ingestants, at rest and after performing a stimulating task. Furthermore, we assessed the associated subjective psychological states. The younger group showed a higher directed swallowing frequency (for both water and yoghurt) than the older group did. Regarding the type of ingestant, the swallowing frequency for yoghurt was higher during free swallowing in both the young and the older groups. 'Feeling calm' was reported significantly more often in the older group after swallowing yoghurt following exercise. Swallowing status in daily life was measured non-invasively using a wearable mobile device. It is important to consider the type of ingestant, daily living activities, and age when assessing swallowing.

First assessment of passive acoustics as a tool to monitor the endangered Mediterranean monk seal in the Madeira Archipelago (Portugal)

Abstract The rarest seal and the world's most endangered pinniped species, the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus), has a small and isolated population in the Madeira Archipelago (Portugal). This species tends to be extremely wary of humans and, therefore, very difficult to approach and study. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) is a non‐invasive, cost‐effective tool that can be a valuable complement for the traditional monitoring methods, providing insight for effective conservation of the seal in the Madeira Archipelago. In this pilot study, custom‐designed autonomous underwater recorders were deployed in two marine protected areas (Garajau Partial Nature Reserve and the Desertas Islands Nature Reserve) to assess the potential of PAM to detect and monitor this elusive and endangered species in the Madeira Archipelago. Two call types putatively produced by M. monachus were detected in a subsample of audio files recorded over a 3‐month acoustic deployment; these call types share similarities with the /growl/ and /hiccup/ recently described for M. monachus in a Mediterranean population. The most common sound type detected was the low‐frequency growl. No obvious pattern was found in the abundance of sounds according to sampling date, and no significant difference was found in the abundance of sounds in different periods of the day. The ability to detect the species' underwater vocalizations with PAM opens the possibility of future monitoring plans based on data obtained from audio recordings. These data can provide relevant information for conservation, namely, on the presence and abundance of the seals.

Dissociable Roles of the Auditory Midbrain and Cortex in Processing the Statistical Features of Natural Sound Textures.

Sound texture perception takes advantage of a hierarchy of time-averaged statistical features of acoustic stimuli, but much remains unclear about how these statistical features are processed along the auditory pathway. Here, we compared the neural representation of sound textures in the inferior colliculus (IC) and auditory cortex (AC) of anesthetized female rats. We recorded responses to texture morph stimuli that gradually add statistical features of increasingly higher complexity. For each texture, several different exemplars were synthesized using different random seeds. An analysis of transient and ongoing multiunit responses showed that the IC units were sensitive to every type of statistical feature, albeit to a varying extent. In contrast, only a small proportion of AC units were overtly sensitive to any statistical features. Differences in texture types explained more of the variance of IC neural responses than did differences in exemplars, indicating a degree of "texture type tuning" in the IC, but the same was, perhaps surprisingly, not the case for AC responses. We also evaluated the accuracy of texture type classification from single-trial population activity and found that IC responses became more informative as more summary statistics were included in the texture morphs, while for AC population responses, classification performance remained consistently very low. These results argue against the idea that AC neurons encode sound type via an overt sensitivity in neural firing rate to fine-grain spectral and temporal statistical features.

Exploring the Impact of Ambient and Character Sounds on Player Experience in Video Games

Elaborate sound design, including background music, ambient sounds (sounds describing the game world), and character sounds (sounds generated by the character’s actions), plays a pivotal role in modern video games. However, the influence of these different types of sound on the player’s experience has not been extensively researched. This study examines the influence of these sound types on immersion, avatar identification, fun, and perceived competence. In two experiments, participants played League of Legends under four different sound conditions. The first experiment (N1 = 32) revealed a non-significant trend in the effect of character sounds on avatar identification. Ambient sounds, however, were limited because the task restricted participants’ movement across the game map. Consequently, we adapted the task to allow for a wider variety of ambient sounds in the second experiment (N2 = 32). Here, a significant impact of character sounds on immersion, avatar identification, and fun was observed, as well as an interaction effect of character sounds and ambient sounds on fun. Furthermore, we observed a trend, though not statistically significant, suggesting that ambient sounds may influence the player’s sense of flow. These findings underline the distinct effects of different sound types, and we discuss implications for the design of sound in video games.

Research on the Multi-non-artistic presentation Form of Western Music History based on Weighted Function Algorithm

Abstract Western music has an important influence on the development of modern music, and in the digital era, the artistic presentation form of Western music history needs to be processed and analyzed more intelligently. The study constructs a data mining model based on Western music history using hierarchical clustering and Quality Phrase mining to quantitatively and statistically analyze relevant studies of Western music history. The development of each music genre is explored by utilizing statistics on the number of musicians per genre and geographical distribution. Western music’s presentation can be explored by analyzing the number of sounds, types of sounds, and frequency of occurrence. During the 30 years from 1991 to 2020, the top three research volumes of Western music history in descending order are classical music history (259), music aesthetics (109), and modern music studies (100). The music genres with more than 300 musicians include Baroque, Classical, and Romantic, all of which have been developing for more than 200 years. From the 1600s to the 1960s, there was first an increase in the number of musicians in each genre and then a subsequent decrease in geographical distribution, with Classical being the most typical genre.

Evaluating the mitigating effects of water sounds on multi-dimensional negative reactions due to secondary radiation noise

People exhibit a range of negative reactions to noise. However, previous study on masking secondary radiation noise focused on its impact on a single negative reaction, namely dissatisfaction. This is a gap in understanding the mechanisms that mitigate multi-dimensional negative reactions (MNR), which encompass various emotional responses to noise, including annoyance, dissatisfaction, and others. Therefore, this study selected four mutually independent critical reactions (subjective loudness, depression, discomfort, and dissatisfaction) and analyzed the masking effects of adding four types of water sounds (fountain, stream, water-drop, and waterfall sounds) on MNR caused by secondary radiation noise. Seventy-nine participants were presented with a series of combined sound samples before casting their votes of MNR in an auditory test booth. The results revealed that adding the four types of water sounds mitigated the MNR induced by secondary radiation noise. Among them, the water-drop sound was the most effective, while the waterfall sound was the least capable. The fountain sound was preferred over the stream sound for optimizing the MNR, focusing on subjective loudness, discomfort and dissatisfaction, which were caused by higher level of combined sound. Furthermore, as global A-weighted sound level (LAeq) increased from 55 to 65 dBA, the mean subjective loudness levels generally remained the highest. Beyond the subjective loudness, when global LAeq increased to 65 dBA, the mean depression level exceeded the mean discomfort level and mean dissatisfaction level when the fountain or water-drop sound was added, whereas the three mean levels remained approximately equal when the stream or waterfall sound was added.

How the eyes respond to sounds.

Eye movements have been extensively studied with respect to visual stimulation. However, we live in a multisensory world, and how the eyes are driven by other senses has been explored much less. Here, we review the evidence on how audition can trigger and drive different eye responses and which cortical and subcortical neural correlates are involved. We provide an overview on how different types of sounds, from simple tones and noise bursts to spatially localized sounds and complex linguistic stimuli, influence saccades, microsaccades, smooth pursuit, pupil dilation, and eye blinks. The reviewed evidence reveals how the auditory system interacts with the oculomotor system, both behaviorally and neurally, and how this differs from visually driven eye responses. Some evidence points to multisensory interaction, and potential multisensory integration, but the underlying computational and neural mechanisms are still unclear. While there are marked differences in how the eyes respond to auditory compared to visual stimuli, many aspects of auditory-evoked eye responses remain underexplored, and we summarize the key open questions for future research.

The Art of Diagnosis from Breath Sound: A Literature Review

Breath sounds provide relevant information related to lung abnormalities. It is often difficult to differentiate between breath sounds, this is due to the different characteristics of each breath sound. Differentiating the types of breath sounds is crucial in making an accurate diagnosis. Breath sounds are divided into normal breath sounds and abnormal (additional) breath sounds. Normal breath sounds are sounds that originate from the chest wall, such as tracheal, bronchial, bronchovesicular and vesicular breath sounds. Meanwhile, abnormal (additional) breath sounds are breath sounds that indicate an abnormal condition in the respiratory system. Normal and abnormal breath sounds have different characteristics such as intensity, duration, frequency, quality of air flow, air flow pattern, air distribution, body position, location of sound production, changes in pressure and vibration of dense tissue in the lungs.

Diel cycle of two recurrent fish sounds from mesophotic coral reefs

Mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs) are the deepest part of tropical coral reefs, ranging from depths of 30 to over 170 m. Despite their significance, MCEs remain largely unexplored due to the challenges associated with accessing these depths. However, the application of passive acoustic monitoring methods (PAM) is a suitable approach for studying fish communities within these unique habitats. In French Polynesia, recent PAM studies have unveiled a higher occurrence of frequency-modulated fish sounds in MCEs than in shallower reef environments. This study aims to further enhance our understanding of fish sounds in MCEs by examining their diel patterns, focusing specifically on the two most abundant frequency-modulated fish sounds that were recorded at depths of 60 and 120 m at six Polynesian islands. Both sound types occurred predominantly during the beginning and the end of nocturnal periods. The presence and abundance of these sounds exhibited variation between the islands, highlighting potential regional disparities in vocal activity or the bathymetric distribution of the sound-producing species. By characterizing the diel cycles and bathymetric differences in relation to their geographical distribution, this study offers preliminary insights into identifying the potential sound-producing species.

Relationship between reproductive indicators and sound structure in broiler breeder roosters

Domestic chickens commonly have two types of calls: loud calls (e.g., crowing) for attracting attention effectively over a long distance, and soft or light calls (e.g., squawking) for communication over a short distance. The emergence of secondary sexual characteristics, such as vocalization at the time of sexual maturation, is due to testicular hormone (i.e., testosterone) secretion. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone are gonadotropins. These hormones along with semen parameters are essential reproductive indicators of reproductive health and performance of broiler breeder roosters. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the reproductive indicators and sound structure for broiler breeder roosters. Seventy Ross 308 broiler breeder roosters at 50 weeks of age were divided into two groups (high or low), based on the performance of two sexual hormones of testosterone and LH and four semen parameters of semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm viability, and sperm total motility. Two types of rooster sounds (crowing and squawking) were recorded separately from the two groups. Acoustic signals were decomposed by wavelet transformation and correlated with the reproductive indicators. The results indicate that certain features (e.g., entropy and standard deviation) of crowing and squawking sounds from the roosters were significantly correlated with the testosterone and LH concentrations (P<0.05). Crowing roosters had significantly lower values of sperm viability (P<0.01) and sperm total motility (P<0.05) compared with non-crowing ones. Therefore, sound signals can be direct and noninvasive indicators of the reproductive performance of individual broiler breeder roosters.

Rancangan Instrumen Virtual Kendang Sunda Menggunakan Kontakt Sebagai Media Kreativitas Musik Digital

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to reveal the process of designing a virtual instrument for Sundanese drumming, starting from practical studies to its realization as a market-ready design. The influence of the development of digital music technology has led to various inventions in the form of virtual instruments. As part of the preservation and development of local culture-based music, it is necessary to create virtual musical instruments, including Sundanese drums. The problem that occurs today is, that virtual instrument media for Sundanese drums that facilitate learning Sundanese drums is still very rare. Method: The method is practice-led research or practice-based study by playing real drumming instruments recorded using sampling media in the form of virtual instruments in the KONTAKT Library. Result and Discussion: The design process is carried out in three stages, namely. pre-production, production, and post-production. The results showed that the pre-production analysis of tepak kendang sunda highlighted four drum sounds, namely keplak, kentrung, kemprang, and gedug. The production stage shows that the results of the tepak kendang analysis were recorded and produced a variety of different selected drum sounds. Conclusion: The sound samples were arranged in a keymap system on the KONTAKT keyboard, based on a velocity range system, so that each sound type expression can function as a virtual instrument in a DAW (digital audio workstation) application via midi. Pre-production alpha testing results with two phases state that the virtual instrument of the Sundanese drum can run well. The implication of the product design of the virtual instrument of Sundanese drums is adequate and ready to be used as a means of creativity in digital music.

In-car speech enhancement based on source separation technique

This work addresses the solution of localizing and enhancing hands-free speech inside the car environment. Cars have different types of sounds from outside, co-passengers dialogue and noise. To provide better-quality speech, a microphone array-based beamforming technique is used. This research work proposes the method for selected source localization, source separation, and enhancement. An estimation of the direction of arrival (DOA) to localize the signal direction and preferred direction is selected for speech enhancement. The spiral and sine-cosine algorithm (SSCA) algorithm is combined with an adaptive least mean square to adapt the system for different environments. The algorithm is implemented in hardware and tested in a real-time car environment. The results showed significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 5.2 dB and perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) of 2.3. Finally, the model is fine-tuned for the car to get better quality. The proposed technique is efficient, and results are compared with existing methods.

Musical horns in traditional musical culture of Western Polissia

The function, and methods of producing signal horns in Western Ukrainian Polis- sia are characterized in this article for the first time. The research is based mainly on author’s own expedition records, as well as rare documents from the archive of Olek- sa Oshurkevich and other published sources. In traditional Western Polissian culture, the horn as a musical instrument was an integral attribute of the shepherds’ musical traditions, the same as hunters’ use. The following types of horns were developed according to their purpose: signal or entertainment (game). The first were used as signal music, which arose from the needs of communica- tion between shepherds in livestock managing; the second - mainly for esthetic plea- sure and entertainment. The horns are categorized into mouthpiece-less, mouthpiece and reed horns, as well as by the absence or presence of playing holes. The instrument had a hollow form of the natural horn of an ox, bull, ram, or oc- casionally a cow, into which shepherds could insert a wooden mouthpiece or a reed whistle. Usually, it was possible to produce only one sound on a shepherd’s horn, which determined the main tone of the instrument, and the types of sounds were played differently from each other in rhythm A single rare sample of the horn, which played a purely entertaining function in Polissian life, had a more complex design and, unlike the signal horns, it had a wide range of sounds which allowed performing various songs to accompany dances. In Polissian everyday life, the horn was used to perform dance music, mainly in solo, less often accompanied by song lyrics. Only with the development of performing art, this instrument became actively used in instrumental ensembles to make a variety of sounds and performers. It is difficult to prove how autochthonal is this musical instrument due to the nar- row area of using, the same as to describe the tradition of the playing. therefore, this topic needs further detailed study, as well as the research of other musical instruments function, in particular the trumpets, which were also an integral part not only of the shepherd’s life, but also other farmers’ musical traditions.

Sonorism in Compositions by Soviet Composers for Non-Register Button Accordion

The object of the research is the works of Soviet composers for the non-register bayan (non-register accordion). The subject of the research is the sonorous technique. The aim of the study is to examine the specific application of sonorism in the works of Soviet composers for the non-register bayan. The author identifies the types of sonorous soundings and the ways they are formed; considering their textural, dramatic, and depictive significance. The materials of the article can be used for the professional activities of bayanists and composers, and can be included in the courses. The methodological basis of the research includes a comprehensive approach, which incorporates scientific methods of induction and deduction, typology, comparative, structural, systemic, and historical approaches. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the sonorism in compositions for the non-register bayan is specifically explored for the first time. As a result of analyzing works of Soviet composers for the non-register bayan (original compositions, arrangements of folk melodies, adaptations), the author of the article concludes that sonorous technique is not frequently used in them, and the sonorous soundings employed (lines, spots, and stripes) are generally consist of a small number of sounds and brief. Nevertheless, by selecting the representative examples from the works of the renowned Soviet composers to illustrate, the author of the article demonstrates that sonorous soundings are employed in crucial dramatic moments, serve various depictive functions, and provide a background for the melodically leading voices. Identified applications of sonorous technique in works of Soviet composers for the non-register bayan represent a preparatory evolutionary stage leading to the "flourishing" of sonorism in music for the cassotto-сonverter instrument in the second half of the 20th century and the first half of the 21st century.