Sound Motion Pictures Research Articles

New Uses of Sound Motion Pictures in Medical Instruction

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The relative value of sound motion pictures and study sheets in science teaching

effective than a silent film in conveying exact information. He also found that educational films can be used effectively as a means of increasing and arousing students' interests. In this respect sound films are apparently more valuable than silent films. Einbecker's3 experiment showed that verbal accompani ments increase the comprehension over that secured from the film without caption or com ment. He also found that silent motion pic tures accompanied by the teacher's comments are superior to both the talking picture and the silent picture with respect to the learning of new technical words or unfamiliar names. Hansen4 found that verbal explanation ac companying an educational talking picture can be presented as effectively by the class room teacher as by the medium of the re corded voice from the sound motion oicture projector. Rulon5 found that film-supple mented classroom procedure resulted in an increase of pupil learning in excess of 20 per cent, when measured in terms of permanent acquisitions. In terms of retained achieve ment measured by giving the tests three months later, the film-supplemented procedure was 38.5 per cent more efficient than the un supplemented method. The findings of West fall's6 investigation showed that explanations prepared by the teacher from material fur nished with the film, a lecture furnished with the film and read by the teacher, and the usual captions were about equal as aids to understanding the contents of the film; these three forms of verbal accompaniment were superior to long captions. A study was conducted by the writer7 at Horace Mann Junior High School, Tulsa, Oklahoma, during the school year of 1937 1938, in which he found that, for immediate recall, study sheets were superior to sound films as a method of direct teaching. In the teaching of four subjects to 140 pairs of eighth grade science pupils, the data show that for each subject the study sheets were superior to a statistically significant degree. The data secured from the tests given for delayed recall did not give statistically sig nificant evidence to indicate that either method of teaching was better.

Some Production Aspects of Binaural Recording for Sound Motion Pictures&lt;!--&lt;xref ref-type="other" rid="fn1-10.5594_J14639"&gt;*&lt;/xref&gt;--&gt;

The binaural effect, while of great importance in our day-to-day life, has been an unexplored field in our conventional monaural sound motion picture which, despite our other technical advances, remains incapable of the quality called sound “perspective.” — To achieve the missing quality, it is important that controllably variable perspective effects be attainable for the release print from an original having different perspective quality. This is necessary not only to make the sound recorded on a three-walled set simulate the sound from a six-sided room, but also to make the recorded sound correspond satisfactorily with the view portrayed by the camera. — A new system is described that not only fulfills these fundamental requirements, but also is capable of controllably producing at will the various perspective and quality-change effects in a simple dubbing operation from a source having no perspective characteristics such as a conventional monaural sound-track. The new method may be introduced step by step into our present production system without material obsolescence of either films or equipment.

A Unidirectional Microphone

Directivity has been found to be desirable in sound-collecting systems to improve the ratio of direct to generally reflected sounds and otherwise to discriminate against undesirable sounds. The bidirectional ribbon microphone is a pressure-gradient instrument, in which the response corresponds to the velocity component in a sound-wave. The pressure ribbon microphone is resistance controlled, and the response is a measure of the pressure component in a sound-wave. Combination of the outputs of the pressure and velocity ribbon microphones produces a unidirectional characteristic. This microphone has been found to be useful in sound motion picture recording, radio broadcasting, and sound reinforcing systems in which the desired sounds originate in front and the undesired sounds to the rear of the microphone.

The Educational Motion Picture of Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow&lt;!--&lt;xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn110.5594_J05420"&gt;*&lt;/xref&gt;--&gt;

The evolution of mechanical aids to learning is traced briefly, and the advantages of the motion picture in overcoming limitations to learning are discussed. Experiments for testing the efficiency of silent and sound pictures as media of instruction are cited. — Reference is made to some of the problems that must be solved before educational motion pictures can be used more widely in formal public instruction. Suggestions are made for measuring objectively the effects of sound motion picture elements upon the observer by means of mechanical recordings and detailed study of the individual.

Overcoming Limitations to Learning with the Sound Motion Picture

Although many limitations to learning have been overcome by the inventions of such tools as the telescope and the microscope, education has had, to a large extent, to depend upon the printed word. The introduction of the sound motion picture, in numerous forms and combinations, makes available for education the benefits of all such tools, including the advantages of slow-motion, time-lapse, and animated cinematography, and sound recording and amplifying devices. The educator is thus enabled to transcend many obstacles in the way of presenting and clarifying abstract concepts.

Review of The Sound Motion Picture in Science Teaching.

Review of The Sound Motion Picture in Science Teaching.

The Sound Motion Picture in Science Teaching. Phillip Justin Rulon

Previous articleNext article No AccessEducational WritingsThe Sound Motion Picture in Science Teaching. Phillip Justin Rulon J. J. WeberJ. J. Weber Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Elementary School Journal Volume 34, Number 5Jan., 1934 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/457042 Views: 1Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Two Books on Talking Pictures in EducationThe Sound Motion Picture in Science Teaching. Phillip Justin RulonThe Educational Talking Picture. Frederick L. Devereux

Two Books on Talking Pictures in Education<i>The Sound Motion Picture in Science Teaching</i>. Phillip Justin Rulon<i>The Educational Talking Picture</i>. Frederick L. Devereux

A Uni-Directional Ribbon Microphone

Directivity has been found to be desirable in sound collecting systems to improve the ratio of direct to generally reflected sounds and to otherwise discriminate against undesirable sounds. The bi-directional ribbon microphone is a pressure gradient instrument in which the response corresponds to the velocity component in a sound wave. By using a mass controlled element the velocity of the ribbon is in phase with the velocity in a sound wave. By a suitable combination of this microphone with a pressure-operated nondirectional ribbon microphone, a uni-directional ribbon microphone is obtained. The pressure ribbon microphone is resistive controlled and the response is a measure of the pressure component in a sound wave. The velocity of the ribbon in this type of pressure microphone is in phase with the pressure. Combination of the outputs of the pressure and velocity ribbon microphones produces a uni-directional characteristic. The response as a function of the angle θ between the normal to the ribbon and the direction of propagation of the incident sound is expressed by R = R0(1 + cos θ), where R0 is the sensitivity of either the pressure or velocity microphone for θ = 0. Results with an experimental microphone utilizing these principles verify the theory with respect to the phase relations and the directional characteristics. This microphone has been found to be useful in sound motion picture recording, radio broadcasting and sound reinforcing systems where the direct sounds originate in front and undesired sounds to the rear of the microphone.

Sound motion pictures as an aid in teaching science

Sound motion pictures as an aid in teaching science

Recording Artificial Speech in Motion Pictures

For the first time motion picture recordings have been made of human speech recreated by the artificial larynx. A brief description is given of the mechanical voice box that replaces the natural larynx when that organ has to be removed by surgery. The operation of the artificial larynx is contrasted to the action of the human larynx, and the vocal organs in general are shown in combined realistic photography and animated drawings from the sound motion picture, “The Voice That Science Made,” which the paper serves to introduce. Some sidelights are thrown on the production of this novel film experiment in popular education.

Theater Noise Problems&lt;!--&lt;xref ref-type="other" rid="fn1-10.5594_J08985"&gt;*&lt;/xref&gt;--&gt;

Incident to the many advances in recording and reproducing sound motion pictures, greater attention has been drawn to the necessity of reducing the noise from various sources integral to the theater. Analysis of the various sources, the factors influencing noise transmission, and the general structural limitations indicate that no general solutions of specific noise problems may be readily expressed except that of the reduction of noise directly at its source. In existing theaters many noise problems may be overcome by employing sound insulating and vibration isolating constructions adapted to the particular circumstances. Analysis of a large number of theater noise problems has indicated that attention to detail and to the proper use of materials has resulted in satisfactory solutions where other trial or temporary expedients have failed. In contemplated theater projects all aspects of the noise problem should be carefully considered, and every effort should be made to provide minimum noise conditions. It is anticipated that future designs will incorporate not only specifications for and requirements of necessary sound insulative construction, but also the maximum permissible noise level that may be created by any part of the theater equipment.

Sound Motion Pictures as an Aid in Classroom Teaching

Previous articleNext article No AccessSound Motion Pictures as an Aid in Classroom TeachingClarence C. ClarkClarence C. Clark Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 40, Number 9Nov., 1932 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/439398 Views: 10Total views on this site Citations: 8Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in The School Review (1893-1979), which is continued by the American Journal of Education (1979-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Karen Collins, Bill Kapralos Pseudo-haptics: leveraging cross-modal perception in virtual environments, The Senses and Society 14, no.33 (Oct 2019): 313–329.https://doi.org/10.1080/17458927.2019.1619318John Y. Myers, Fouad Abd-El-Khalick “A ton of faith in science!” Nature and role of assumptions in, and ideas about, science and epistemology generated upon watching a sci-fi film, Journal of Research in Science Teaching 53, no.88 (Apr 2016): 1143–1171.https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21324M. J. Bishop, Ward Mitchell Cates Theoretical foundations for sound's use in multimedia instruction to enhance learning, Educational Technology Research and Development 49, no.33 (Sep 2001): 5–22.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02504912Marjorie A. Cambre Historical overview of formative evaluation of instructional media products, ECTJ 29, no.11 (Mar 1981): 3–25.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02765189John Moldstad Doctoral dissertations in audio-visual education, Educational Technology Research and Development 4, no.44 (Sep 1956): 291–333.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02717021Edgar Dale, James D. Finn, Charles F. Hoban Research on Audio-Visual Materials, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 50, no.99 (Apr 2022): 253–293.https://doi.org/10.1177/016146814905000912Arthur T. Jersild Radio and Motion Pictures, Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 40, no.99 (Apr 2022): 153–173.https://doi.org/10.1177/016146813904000907 Chapter II: Methods of Teaching, Review of Educational Research 3, no.44 (Jun 2016): 316–337.https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543003004316

Sound Motion Picture Equipment for the U. S. Navy

A brief account of the origin of sound motion pictures in the U. S. Navy; treats of the problems involved in designing equipments satisfactorily for naval service, and describes in detail an RCA Photophone Type PG34B1 equipment, the largest of three types of equipment being supplied to the U. S. Navy. The equipment described herein is designed for service on the largest type of fighting ship. It is devoid of batteries, performs in accordance with naval specifications, is easily serviced, and is provided with a remote volume control.

The Ribbon Microphone&lt;!--&lt;xref ref-type="other" rid="fn1-10.5594_J08043"&gt;*&lt;/xref&gt;--&gt;

The ribbon microphone consists of a light metallic ribbon suspended in a magnetic field and freely accessible to air vibrations from both sides. The vibration of the ribbon due to an impressed sound wave leads to the induction of an emf. corresponding to the undulations of the incident sound wave. The ribbon is caused to move from its position of equilibrium by the difference in pressure existing between the two sides. In general, the ribbon is made light so that its motion corresponds to the motion of the air particles at very high frequencies. One of the important advantages of this type of microphone as compared with a pressure-operated microphone is that it possesses marked directional properties. This has decided advantages in sound motion picture work.

SOUND MOTION PICTURE EQUIPMENT FOR THE NAVY

Journal of the American Society for Naval EngineersVolume 43, Issue 1 p. 105-111 SOUND MOTION PICTURE EQUIPMENT FOR THE NAVY Lieut. H. C. Rule, U.S.Navy, Member.Search for more papers by this author Lieut. H. C. Rule, U.S.Navy, Member.Search for more papers by this author First published: February 1931 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-3584.1931.tb03737.xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume43, Issue1February 1931Pages 105-111 RelatedInformation

The RCA Photophone System of Sound Recording and Reproduction for Sound Motion Pictures

The general considerations governing the selection of a sound-on-film recording and reproducing system are analyzed, and the variable width track for recording and the dynamic cone with directional baffle for reproduction are described as best suited for studio and theater applications. The recorders, sound heads for projectors, amplifiers, switching and control devices, power supply, and loud-speaker systems of various types of RCA Photo-phone equipment, are described in detail.

A Microphone Boom

When sound motion pictures were first produced in the Hollywood studios, the sets were small, and no great difficulties were encountered in concealing microphones within the set, so that sound could be satisfactorily picked up.

A Year of Sound

In the operation of a vast chain of theaters catering to almost seven hundred thousand patrons daily, with over ninety per cent of our theaters equipped with sound installations, our organization is in a position to study the requirements and reaction of the general public in the acceptance of the sound motion picture. I am glad to have this opportunity to make a few observations on this absorbing subject.