Sound Mature Kernels Research Articles

Timing of Termination for Supplemental Replanted Peanut to Maximize Yield and Grade

When a peanut field is supplementally replanted next to the established row, it creates a conundrum of when to terminate maturity. This research was conducted to determine whether replanting poor stands of peanut at different populations would affect yield, grade (total sound mature kernels [TSMK]), and pod mass per plant compared to not replanting. The study also assessed whether the timing of termination of replanted peanuts would impact the same variables. The experiments took place in Tifton, GA in 2014, 2016, and 2017. Peanut was initially planted in late April-early May each year and thinned to populations of 13.1, 9.9, 6.6, and 3.3 plants/m of row. The 9.9, 6.6, and 3.3 plants/m populations were replicated and replanted with a supplemental seeding rate of 9.9, 13.1, or 16.4 seed/m for the respective populations. For each replanting, plant termination was made at timings coinciding with optimum maturity of the initial plants, the replanted peanuts, or averaged between those dates. Pooled over years, there was a linear correlation between plant stand and yield in non-replanted populations. Yield was 15% greater at 13.1 plants/m than at 3.3 plants/m. Stand was inversely correlated with pod mass (g pods/plant). Pod mass decreased by 45% when stand increased from 3.3 to 6.6 plants/m and was reduced another 38% when stands increased to 9.9 plants/m, then plateaued. Yield improved by delaying termination beyond the original plant maturity for the lowest initial population. There were also increases in TSMK as termination timing progressed from earliest termination (73%), to average termination (76%), to latest termination (78%). If supplemental replanting occurs, these data suggest delaying termination by digging beyond the optimum maturity of the initially planted plants until closer to the maturity of the replanted plants to allow late developing pods to progress in maturity. However, delaying too long can result in a reduction in average pod mass. Termination at the average maturity between initial and replanted plants can help maximize production and minimize the risk of loss from overmaturing pods.

Insights into the Genomic Architecture of Seed and Pod Quality Traits in the U.S. Peanut Mini-Core Diversity Panel.

Traits such as seed weight, shelling percent, percent sound mature kernels, and seed dormancy determines the quality of peanut seed. Few QTL (quantitative trait loci) studies using biparental mapping populations have identified QTL for seed dormancy and seed grade traits. Here, we report a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to detect marker–trait associations for seed germination, dormancy, and seed grading traits in peanut. A total of 120 accessions from the U.S. peanut mini-core collection were evaluated for seed quality traits and genotyped using Axiom SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array for peanut. We observed significant variation in seed quality traits in different accessions and different botanical varieties. Through GWAS, we were able to identify multiple regions associated with sound mature kernels, seed weight, shelling percent, seed germination, and dormancy. Some of the genomic regions that were SNP associated with these traits aligned with previously known QTLs. For instance, QTL for seed dormancy has been reported on chromosome A05, and we also found SNP on the same chromosome associated with seed dormancy, explaining around 20% of phenotypic variation. In addition, we found novel genomic regions associated with seed grading, seed germination, and dormancy traits. SNP markers associated with seed quality and dormancy identified here can accelerate the selection process. Further, exploring the function of candidate genes identified in the vicinity of the associated marker will assist in understanding the complex genetic network that governs seed quality.

Reevaluation of calcium source for runner-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Calcium supplementation is vital to optimal peanut production. As peanut cultivars and Ca sources change over time, Ca requirement may subsequently change, but few studies have reevaluated effectiveness of different Ca sources using currently produced peanut varieties. To address this issue, field experiments were performed in 12 environments (i.e., site-years) in the southeastern United States with the following treatments: four solid Ca sources, including mined gypsum, flue gas desulfurized (FGD) gypsum, phosphogypsum, and lime and four liquid Ca sources, including CaCl 2 solution, chelated CaCO 3 , CaS 2 O 3 solution, and CaCO 3 suspension. The effectiveness of various Ca sources was evaluated on peanut yield, total sound mature kernels (TSMK), seed Ca, germination, and soil Ca using two runner-type peanut cultivars, Georgia-06G and Georgia Greener. Results indicated that the three evaluated gypsum materials had similar effectiveness, and the mined gypsum was the most effective possibly due to its larger, more crystalline particle size. Lime remains an adequate Ca source for peanut provided that water from rainfall or irrigation does not limit its dissolution. Liquid Ca sources, as stand-alone treatments, were not as effective as solid Ca sources possibly due to their low Ca content and great leaching potential. This study provides helpful information for Ca nutrient management for peanut.

Genetic Variability and G×E Interactions in a Diverse Set of Groundnut Accessions

Background: Knowledge of the genetic diversity for various agronomic traits and their interaction with the environment and subsequent classification of genotypes will be beneficial for identification of divergent and stable sources of agronomic traits. Methods: A set of 96 groundnut germplasm accessions belonging to four botanical groups were evaluated for three years (2017 to 2019) for pod yield and component traits using AMMI analysis and subsequently accessions were classified based Euclidean cluster analysis. Result: Among different botanical groups, Virginia genotypes matured late and possessed high SPAD chlorophyll meter readings (SCMR) and pod yield compared to Spanish types. The component traits of pod maturity like days to flowering (first and 50%) showed low heritability and high genotype × environment interaction (GEI) and significant negatively affected sound mature kernel (SMK) and shelling per centage (SP). The cumulative contribution of environment and GEI component to the total variance was the highest in the expression of SP (67%) followed by days to maturity (54%) and days to 50% flowering (52%). Euclidean distance-based cluster analysis grouped the 96 accessions into five major clusters. Cluster I had accessions with higher pod yield, whereas cluster V contained accessions with low SLA, high SCMR and moderate pod yield. High yielding as well as stable accessions identified based on AMMI stability value (ASV) are NRCG 17332, 10076, 17268, 17197, 17108, 10106, 10089 and 17165. Trait specific as well as stable accessions identified in the present study can be useful donors for groundnut breeding programme.

Sound Splits as Influenced by Seed Size for Runner and Virginia Market Type Peanut Shelled on a Reciprocating Sheller

The objective of this study was to examine peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) kernel percent sound splits as a function of sound mature kernel seed size when shelled on a reciprocating sheller. Data were compiled from a total of 139 field experiments conducted in the Virginia-Carolina region and Georgia from 2005 to 2020. Runner and Virginia peanut market types were graded according to United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) standards using standard sheller screens with upper grid sizes corresponding to the red pan from the pre-sizer of 10.3 × 19.1 mm (26/64 × 3/4 ″) and 13.5 × 25.4 mm (34/64 × 1 ″) with minimum bar grid clearances of 8.7 (11/32 ″) and 12.7 mm (1/2 ″), respectively. A subset of runner market type samples was graded using the Virginia sheller screen. Grade data per market type and sheller screen was analyzed separately. Among runner market types shelled with the standard runner-type screen, percent sound splits increased linearly with increasing seed size at the logit rate of 1.16 per sound mature kernel g (p < 0.001). Sound splits for Virginia and runner market types shelled on the standard Virginia-type screen did not significantly vary by kernel size (p = 0.939 and 0.687, respectively). Extra-large kernels (proportion) for Virginia types linearly increased with seed size at 1.91 per sound mature kernel g (logit scale) (p < 0.001). Runner market types sized 75 to 91 g/100 sound mature kernels (605 to 500 seed/lb) were estimated to have a 50% probability of a 2.3 to 4.5% or greater increase in sound splits when shelled with the standard runner-type screen compared to runner-type seed sized 55 g/100 sound mature kernels (820 seed/lb), respectively, equivalent to a potential deduction increase of 1.8 to 4.4 USD /1000 kg. For both Virginia and runner market types, seed weight linearly increased with pod weight at 0.169 and 0.195 g/g (p < 0.001), respectively. Results from this study may be used as a reference to suggest runner-type seed sizes above which larger reciprocating sheller screen utilization in line with USDA grading practices is warranted to reduce mechanically induced sound splits during grading and subsequent economic deduction penalties for corresponding farmer stock peanut.

Registration of ‘AG18’ peanut

Abstract‘AG18’ (Reg. no. CV‐147, PI 698186) is a high‐yielding, high‐grading, high‐oleic fatty acid, runner‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar with good resistance to Sclerotinia blight (caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger). The cultivar was developed by the Texas A&M AgriLife Research peanut breeding program to provide growers with a higher‐yielding option when compared to the previously released ‘Tamrun OL11’ cultivar. AG18 was tested under the experimental designation of Tx121082 and was released in 2020. It maintains the high percentage of total sound mature kernels that Tamrun OL11 had, as well as the resistance to S. minor. However, it proved to have higher yield potential across environments and years than did Tamrun OL11. Additionally, the seed size of AG18 is smaller than that of Tamrun OL11 and closer to the past industry standard, ‘Florunner’, making it more attractive to manufacturers.

Evaluation and identification of promising advanced breeding lines for quality and yield traits in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Kernel size coupled with the nutritional quality will determine the worth of groundnut for direct consumption or export. Focusing on this objective one hundred and fifty advanced breeding lines (ABLs) in both Spanish and Virginia botanical varieties were evaluated with four checks under Augmented Design during Kharif, 2018 at ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh, Gujarat. Significant difference was observed for days to 50% flowering, hundred pod weight (g), hundred kernel weight (g), sound mature kernel (%), shelling percent, pod weight per plant (g), and protein percent. Pod yield per plant (g) registered highest estimates of GCV and PCV. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was recorded for 100 pod weight (g), 100 kernel weight (g), sound mature kernel percentage and pod yield per plant (g) traits which indicates a significant role of additive gene action for inheritance of these traits which may be exploited through simple selection methods. Eleven genotypes viz., PBS 19013, PBS 19015, PBS 19018, PBS 29079 B, PBS 29082, PBS 29124, PBS 29167, PBS 29196, PBS 29197, PBS 29212 and PBS 29219 had good confectionery quality traits viz., large seed size (HKW: >55 g; KL: >1.5cm and KW: >0.7cm), high protein (>30%), high total soluble sugar (>5 %), moderate oil (42- 48%), uniform pod size and shape, high pod yield per plant (> 10g) and good shelling percentage (>60%). These promising genotypes can directly be released as a variety after testing in multi-location AICRP-G trials or can be used in hybridization programmes as donor parents for improving confectionery qualities in groundnut.

Registration of ‘FloRun ‘331’ ’ peanut

Abstract‘FloRun ‘331’ ’ (Reg. no. CV‐144, PI 680624) is a high‐oleic, runner market‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar with medium runner seed size developed by the University of Florida, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, North Florida Research and Education Center, near Marianna, FL. It was tested under the experimental designation UF15302 and was approved for release in 2016. FloRun ‘331’ has a semi‐prostrate growth habit, with a tall and prominent center stem and dark green leaves. The seed testa is tan and the seeds are smaller than seeds of ‘Georgia‐06G’ (68.8 g vs. 76.9 g per 100 seeds, P < .001). FloRun ‘331’ was released based on its pod yield and grading potential, disease resistance, and high oleic oil content. During the 3‐yr period from 2013 to 2015, at three locations, FloRun ‘331’ had higher pod yield (8,101 vs. 7,533 kg ha–1; P = .0088) than ‘Georgia‐06G’, the dominant cultivar in the southeastern United States. The total sound mature kernels grade of FloRun ‘331’ was slightly less than that of Georgia‐06G (77.1 vs. 79.9%, P < .0032. It also has the benefit of high oleic oil chemistry. with oil composed of 79.3% oleic fatty acid versus 61.3% for Georgia‐06G (P < .01). In addition, FloRun ‘331’ has very good tolerance to two major fungal diseases: late leaf spot and white mold. Therefore, it combines excellent agronomic, grade, disease, and oil chemistry traits and should be beneficial to farmers and manufacturers of peanut foods.

Registration of ‘Georgia‐Val/HO’ peanut

Abstract‘Georgia‐Val/HO’ (Reg. no. CV‐143, PI 695316) is a new high‐yielding, high‐oleic, large‐podded, large‐seeded, valencia‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. fastigiata var. fastigiata) cultivar. Georgia‐Val/HO has an atypical semi‐prostrate growth habit and medium maturity, but typical valencia three seed per pod and red testa color. It also has moderate resistance to tomato spotted wilt disease. Georgia‐Val/HO was released by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station in 2020 and was developed at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. It was developed from an intersubspecific cross made in 2010 between two Georgia cultivars, ‘Georgia‐11J’ (ssp. hypogaea) and ‘Georgia Valencia’ (ssp. fastigiata). During 4 yr (2016–2019) averaged across two planting dates (April and May), Georgia‐Val/HO had significantly less total disease incidence and higher pod yield, total sound mature kernel (TSMK) grade, and dollar values compared with six other valencia cultivars in Georgia. Georgia‐Val/HO had significantly higher overall performance at both early April and optimum May planting dates. Georgia‐Val/HO combines high yield, TSMK grade, and dollar value with large pods and seed and the high O/L ratio trait for longer shelf life of peanut and peanut products.

Registration of ‘Georgia‐20VHO’ Peanut

Abstract‘Georgia‐20VHO’ (Reg. no. CV‐145, PI 695315) is a new high‐yielding, high‐grading, very high‐oleic (O) to linoleic (L) fatty acid ratio, runner‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar. It also has disease resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Georgia‐20VHO was released by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station in 2020 and was developed at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. Georgia‐20VHO was developed from a cross made in 2009 between two runner‐type parental lines, GA 072515 and ‘Tifguard’. During 5 yr (2015–2019) and 3 yr (2017–2019) averaged across multilocation tests in Georgia, Georgia‐20VHO had significantly higher percentages of total sound mature kernel grade than ‘Georgia‐09B’ and six other high‐oleic runner cultivars. It also was among the lowest in TSWV and total disease incidence and among the highest in pod yield and dollar values compared with the other high‐oleic runner cultivars in Georgia. Georgia‐20VHO combines high yield, grade, and dollar values with TSWV resistance and very high O/L ratio for longer shelf life of peanut and peanut products.

Effect of inorganic and bio-fertilizers on yield attributes, yield and economic of summer groundnut Arachis hypogaea L.

A field experiment entitled, “Effect of inorganic and bio-fertilizers on yield attributes, yield and economic of summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)” was conducted at PG Research Farm, Agronomy Section, R.C.S.M. College of Agriculture, Kolhapur during summer, 2019. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design (FRBD) with three replications and nine treatment combinations of three inorganic fertilizer levels viz., F1-75% RDF (18.75:37.5:0 kg ha-1), F2-100% RDF (25:50:0 kg ha-1), F3-125% RDF (31.25:62.5:0 kg ha-1) and three bio-fertilizers levels viz., B1- Control, B2- Rhizobium spp. + PSB (Lignite based), B3- Rhizobium spp. + PSB (Liquid based). The application of 100% of RDF ha-1 was at par with 125% of RDF ha-1 significantly over 75% RDF ha-1 in respect of recording higher value of yield attributes and yield viz., number of pods plant-1, weight of pods plant-1 (g), dry pod yield (q ha-1), dry haulm yield (q ha-1), biological yield (q ha-1), shelling (%), weight of 100 kernels (g), sound mature kernel (%) and harvest index (%). The dual seed inoculation of Rhizobium spp. + PSB (Lignite based) as well as Rhizobium spp. + PSB (Liquid based) in respect of recording higher value of yield attributes and yield viz., number of pods plant-1, weight of pods plant-1 (g), pod yield (q ha-1), dry haulm yield (q ha-1), biological yield (q ha-1), shelling (%), weight of 100 kernels (g), sound mature kernel (%) and harvest index (%). The gross monetary returns and net monetary returns were higher due to application of 125% of RDF ha-1 which was at par with 100% of RDF ha-1 and dual seed inoculation of Rhizobium spp. + PSB (Lignite based) significantly higher over control and at par with dual seed inoculation of Rhizobium spp. + PSB (Liquid based).

Yield and Economic Response of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars to Prohexadione Calcium in Large-Plot Trials in Georgia

ABSTRACT Prohexadione calcium, a plant growth regulator, has been used on virginia market type peanut cultivars for many years to manage excessive vine growth and improve digging efficiency. Prohexadione calcium has not been widely used on runner market type cultivars due to their slower growth habit and sporadic yield response at the labeled rate until recent research showed lower use rates of prohexadione calcium provided similar vine control and enhanced yield response. Large plot experiments were conducted in Colquitt county at the Darrell Williams Research Farm on the Sun Belt Ag Expo to quantify yield and market grade quality and economics of using prohexadione calcium at 105 g a.i./ha on six runner type cultivars. Prohexadione calcium was applied twice during the growing season. The first application was made when 50% or greater of lateral vines from adjacent rows were touching. A second application of each treatment was applied 14d after the first application. The runner type cultivars were Georgia-06G, Georgia-12Y, Georgia-13M, Georgia-14N, TUFRunnerTM-297, and TUFRunnerTM-511. Similar large-plot experiments were conducted on farms in Baker and Early counties evaluating yield and economic response of prohexadione calcium on Georgia-06G. A non-treated control was used in all experiments. Prohexadione calcium increased pod yield in all experiments ranging from 450 to 650 kg/ha compared to the non-treated control with response similar across cultivars. Prohexadione calcium reduced the dollar value per metric ton (DVMT) as a result of lowering total sound mature kernel (%TSMK) percentages up to 3 points. The higher yields obtained for the prohexadione calcium-treated peanut provided higher gross dollar value return/ha (GDR) in all experiments and higher gross dollar value return/ha above treatment cost (GDRAT) in the on-farm trials. Therefore, prohexadione calcium at 105 g/ha applied twice on runner market type peanut is warranted to improve yield and financial return when excessive vine growth is a concern.

Influence of Prohexadione Calcium Rate on Growth and Yield of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

ABSTRACT Prohexadione calcium, a plant growth regulator, is commonly used on virginia market type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars to manage excessive vine growth and improve digging efficiency. However, use of prohexadione calcium on runner market type cultivars has been minimal. The objective of this research was to evaluate prohexadione calcium on virginia and runner market type peanut cultivars at multiple rates in small-plot (17 site years) and on-farm (5 site years) experiments. Applications of prohexadione calcium were at the manufacturer's recommended use rate of 140 g a.i./ha (1x), 105 g a.i /ha (0.75x), and 70 g a.i /ha (0.5x) rates. A non-treated control was also included in all experiments. Cultivar and treatment responses were evaluated based on mainstem height, yield, total sound mature kernels, and return on investment. Plants treated with prohexadione calcium had greater row definition based on a 1-10 row visibility rating scale. Plant main stem heights were often shortened when prohexadione calcium was applied compared to the control, although response varied by location and by year. Average mainstem heights were 26 cm for non-treated plots and 23 cm for prohexadione calcium treated plots across all virginia market type small plot experiments. Prohexadione calcium did not significantly increase yield at any rate in any small plot experiments regardless of rate. Reduced rates of prohexadione calcium significantly increased yield in all the large on-farm experiments compared to the control. Yield increases ranged from 453 to 731 kg/ha for all prohexadione calcium treatments compared to the control across all large plot on-farm experiments. The greatest return on investment was the 0.75x rate resulting in an increase in revenue of $210 ha−1. With an increase in yield and return on investment in all large plot on-farm experiments and not in small plot experiments no matter the market type, it is assumed that the growth and yield response to prohexadione calcium may be more pronounced where soil variability is greater, affecting growth, digging, and yield potential. Prohexadione calcium can be beneficial in virginia market type and runner market type peanut cultivars to decrease vine growth and increase yield.

Registration of GP‐VT NC 01 peanut germplasm

AbstractGP‐VT NC 01 (Reg. no. GP‐238, PI 691613) is a virginia‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) with good agronomic characteristics and improved drought tolerance. GP‐VT NC 01 was tested under the experimental designation N05006. Replicated yield tests started in the F6 generation in North Carolina in 2005. From 2008 through 2010, GP‐VT NC 01 was tested in replicated trials in the Peanut Variety and Quality Evaluation, multistate project S1038, in Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. In 2013 and 2014, GP‐VT NC 01 was tested in the field at the Tidewater Agricultural Research and Experiment Station in Suffolk, VA, under rain exclusion shelters with controlled water regimes ranging from optimum soil moisture to severe drought. In these tests, GP‐VT NC 01 was compared with the current cultivars grown in Virginia and the Carolinas—‘Bailey’, ‘Sugg’, ‘Sullivan’, and ‘Wynne’—and a drought‐tolerant species derived germplasm line (GP‐NC WS17). Under “normal” weather, in rainfed production, GP‐VT NC 01 had similar yield to Bailey and Sugg and significantly better yield than Sullivan or Wynne. Extra‐large kernels content was least, although not significantly smaller than Sullivan and Wynne. No significant differences in sound mature kernels were noted among the cultivars tested. However, during dry and hot years, and under drought‐controlled conditions, the yield of GP‐VT NC 01 was significantly higher than that of the other cultivars tested. Thus, the release of GP‐VT NC 01 provides producers with a profitable option that will perform well under drought stress.

Transgressive segregation for high shelling percentage in summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

The present investigation on transgressive segregation for high shelling percentage in summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) was undertaken to study eight characters. The crosses were evaluated during summer, 2017, in a randomized block design with three replications. Observations were recorded on number of mature pods/plant, dry pod yield/plant (g), dry haulm yield/plant (g), 100- kernel weight (g), shelling outturn (%), oil (%) and protein (%) contents, sound mature kernel (%). On the basis of performance of transgressive segregants, it was concluded that, transgressive breeding can be successfully used to extend the limit of expression of traits. This could be possible by accumulation of favourable genes in hybrid derivatives from both parents involved in hybridization. The superior segregants may be identified as improved varieties after adequate evaluation or used in future breeding programme for amalgamation of desired genetic constellations.

Registration of ‘Georgia‐18RU’ Peanut

‘Georgia‐18RU’ (Reg. no. CV‐140, PI 690012) is a high‐yielding, normal‐oleic, medium‐large seeded, runner‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar resistant to Tomato spotted wilt virus and leaf scorch and released by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations in 2018. It was developed at the University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. Georgia‐18RU originated from a cross made between two sister lines of ‘Georgia‐10T’ and ‘Georgia‐09B’. Pedigree selection was practiced within the early‐segregating generations. Performance testing began in the F4:6 generation with the advanced pure‐line selection GA 122540, which was the experimental designation of Georgia‐18RU. During 5 yr (2013–2017) averaged over 34 multilocation tests in Georgia, Georgia‐18RU had significantly higher total sound mature kernel (TSMK) grade and lower seed weight compared with ‘Georgia‐06G’. Georgia‐18RU is most similar to Georgia‐06G and should be considered another excellent normal‐oleic cultivar option in the US peanut production area.

Effects of Planting Date and Irrigation on Yield and Grade in Runner-type Peanut Cultivars in North Florida

ABSTRACT Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) have been one of the most profitable crops in the southeastern coastal plains but with increasing cost of production, growers continually seek to lower inputs and enhance overall profitability of their farms. Peanut cultivars with high yield potential and disease resistance along with drought tolerance are therefore obvious choices for sustainable production. Runner-type peanut cultivars were evaluated for pod yield and grade for three yr. Five peanut cultivars were evaluated in 2014 and 2015 and six cultivars in 2016 at the North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Quincy, FL. Cultivar performance was observed at different planting dates, four in 2014 and three in 2015 and 2016, to evaluate impacts of early, mid, and late planting with and without irrigation. Georgia cultivar GA-12Y consistently yielded greater than the other varieties in all yr of the study. Average pod yield for GA-12Y was 5980 kg/ha for three yr compared to 5140 kg/ha, 4730 kg/ha, 4890 kg/ha for GA-06G, FloRun 107, and TUFRunner 511, respectively. Florida cultivar TUFRunner 297 yielded greater (5300 kg/ha) than the rest of Florida cultivars irrespective of the planting date and had higher proportion of total sound mature kernels (TSMK) compared to GA-12Y in two of the three yr. Planting date had no impact on peanut pod yield in 2014 and 2015. However, peanut yield for all the cultivars was higher at later planting dates in 2016. The advantage of irrigation was not always consistent in all the yr, likely due to high rainfall during the study yr, removing that advantage.

Effect of Calcium Source and Irrigation on Soil and Plant Cation Concentrations in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

ABSTRACT Calcium improves seed formation and development of peanut kernels. Two primary sources of Ca fertilization in peanut are gypsum (CaSO4) and dolomitic lime (CaMg[CO3]2+CaCO3). Objectives of this research are to determine whether gypsum, lime, or application of both influences pH, extractable [Ca], [Mg], and [K] in the soil along with nutrient absorption, yield, and total sound mature kernels (TSMK) in peanut pods in irrigated compared to non-irrigated conditions. Experiments conducted in Tifton, GA in 2016 and 2017 evaluated Ca treatments with no supplemental Ca fertilizer, gypsum (330 kg Ca/ha) applied at first bloom, lime (897 kg Ca/ha) applied at planting, and lime (897 kg Ca/ha) applied at planting followed by gypsum (330 kg Ca/ha) applied at first bloom. Irrigating increased soil pH, [Ca] and [Mg] in pods, plus yield and TSMK of peanut. Irrigation also decreased [K] in pods, which was correlated with increased pod [Ca]. Soil pH and soil [Ca], [Mg], and [K] were influenced by fertilizer treatment, along with [Ca] and [Mg] in pods. Applications of lime increased pH and soil [Ca]. Lime also increased soil [Mg] when applied alone, but not when gypsum was also included. Application of gypsum reduced soil [Mg] when applied alone, but not when lime was included. The inclusion of both lime and gypsum reduced soil [K] compared to no application. These results display the competition of cations in soil. In peanut pods, using lime and gypsum increased [Ca] compared to no application, or only lime. However, when only gypsum was used, it reduced [Mg] in pods compared to a lime application or no fertilization. Although Ca fertilization did not affect yield, TSMK was greater when lime followed by gypsum were applied in sequence than where neither were applied in 2016. It is important to realize that applications of Ca can also influence concentrations of other cations important for growth. Peanut growers are encouraged to conduct soil tests to ensure soil [Mg] is not deficient or borderline before choosing to apply gypsum, and may require a supplemental Mg fertilizer if dolomitic lime was not applied.

Registration of ‘TAMVal OL14’ Peanut

‘tamval ol14’ (Reg. No. CV‐138, PI 689039) is a high‐yielding, high‐oleic, early‐maturing valencia‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. fastigiata var. fastigiata) cultivar with reduced susceptibility to Sclerotinia blight. TAMVal OL14 was tested under the experimental designation TxL054529‐33. Replicated line yield tests began in the F8 generation in 2007 and ran through 2010. TAMVal OL14 is the first high‐oleic valencia peanut released by Texas A&M AgriLife Research and had a maturity (approximately 135 d after planting) similar to ‘New Mexico Valencia C’. Yield in breeding trials averaged 706 kg ha−1 higher than for New Mexico Valencia C; in extension trials, the yield advantage ranged from 19 to 33%. Shellout was not statistically different from New Mexico Valencia C, but seed size was larger, 53.7 g 100 sound mature kernels−1 compared with 49.9 g 100 sound mature kernels−1 for New Mexico Valencia C. The frequency of pods with three to five seeds was 37%, not significantly different than the 43% for New Mexico Valencia C. Susceptibility to Sclerotinia minor Jagger was significantly less than New Mexico Valencia C, with a disease incidence of 5.0 to 6.7 for TAMVal OL14 compared with 7.7 to 8.3 for New Mexico Valencia C, on a scale from 0 to 10. The objectives of releasing this line are to provide growers with a higher‐yielding and high‐oleic cultivar for the valencia market, as well as to reduce the susceptibility of valencia peanut to Sclerotinia blight.

Registration of ‘Contender’ Peanut

Registration of ‘Contender’ Peanut