Sound Carrier Research Articles

Sonodynamic therapy of glioblastoma mediated by platelets with ultrasound-triggered drug release

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) has aroused great interest for its potential in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). SDT relies on tumor-selective accumulation of a sonosensitizer that is activated by ultrasound irradiation (UI) to generate cytotoxic actions. The efficacy of GBM-SDT depends on sufficient sonosensitizer buildup in the tumor, which is, however, seriously hampered by the anatomical and biochemical barriers of the GBM. To overcome this difficulty, we herein propose a delivery strategy of ‘platelets with ultrasound-triggered release property’, which takes advantage of 1) the platelets’ ability to carry cargo and release cargo upon activation, and 2) the ROS-generating property of SDT. To provide proof of concept for the strategy, we first stably loaded platelets with IOPD-Ce6, a nano-formed sonosensitizer consisting of iron oxide nanoparticles coated with polyglycerol and doxorubicin and loaded with chlorine e6. UI of the IOPD-Ce6-loaded platelets (IOPD-Ce6@Plt) elicited ROS generation in the IOPD-Ce6@Plt, which were immediately activated to release IOPD-Ce6 into GBM cells in co-culture which, when subjected to a second time of UI, exhibited pronounced ROS production, DNA injury, viability loss, and cell death in the GBM cells. In the in vivo experiments, mice bearing intracranial GBM grafts exhibited substantial tumor distribution of IOPD-Ce6 following intravenous injection of IOPD-Ce6@Plt and subsequent UI at the tumor site. The GBM grafts then exhibited pronounced cell injury and death after another round of UI of the tumors. Finally, the growth of intra-cranial GBM grafts was significantly slowed when an SDT protocol consisting of an intravenous IOPD-Ce6@Plt injection followed by multiple times of tumor UI had been applied twice to the mice. Our results are strong evidence for the idea that platelets are sound and amenable carriers to deliver sonosensitizers in the GBM in an ultrasound-triggered manner and thus to produce highly targeted and effective SDT of GBM.

How does materiality ‘bite back’? Investigating cassette tapes in local, translocal and virtual music scenes

Despite its status as an analogue sound carrier, the cassette has shown remarkable resilience in the digital era. Drawing on qualitative data gathered in three significant markets for cassettes, Japan, Australia and the USA, during 2018 and 2019, this article explores how the cassette tape’s material significance in the 21st century manifests itself in a complex network of interrelated local, translocal and virtual practices of music creation, distribution and consumption. The article draws on Magaudda’s ‘circuit of practice’ concept and Peterson and Bennett’s three tier model of scenes (local, trans-local and virtual). Taking the cassette’s hybrid occurrence and usage throughout a plethora of highly distinctive music scenes in Japan, Australia and the United States as a basis, we argue that Magaudda’s ‘circuit of practice’ theory needs to be structurally extended to grasp the multifaceted circuits of music in the digital age. This requires that the occurrence of a single audio format such as the cassette is recurringly analysed within different cultural contexts in order to map and delineate the format’s overall significance for contemporary music practices.

Komposition im Medienwandel. Operationsketten als kompositorische Strategien bei Peter Ablinger, Bernd Thewes und Isabel Mundry

The article conceives of composition within the context of a cultural media history. For a better understanding of compositional processes, the media situation of the respective historical period must be considered. The text develops a media perspective of contemporary composition and explores the influence of media practice on compositional processes. This perspective is developed by introducing three compositions that are performed in a traditional concert-situation. Common to all three pieces is a concept based on multiple operational chains that describe processes of medial transfer. Peter Ablinger’s Das Orchester for CD and orchestra (2005) uses computer technology to filter sounds recorded in the city of Graz, Austria into an orchestral piece. His work is media-reflexive since it highlights the disparaties between the medial sound carrier (the sound recording) and the orchestra. Bernd Thewes also uses filtering technology in his Die siebende Gestalt. SPEECH REMIX nach Jakob Böhme for orchestra (2007). Unlike Ablinger, Thewes strives for a compositional situation in which technically supported sound generation and free compositional invention do not diverge. While he interacts with the technical media, subjective decisions within the compositional process are not excluded. Isabel Mundry’s Sandschleifen for string trio, percussion and piano (2003) is equally based on a multiple operational chain, although Mundry does not use technical equipment. The piece transfers a text into music; the text again transfers a picture into words. Mundry stresses the subjective aspects of composition. However, the discussion of her work induces the discussion to what extent her term for compositional transfer-processes “touching” [Abtasten], reminiscent of phonography, betrays a disposition informed by medial technique. The three discussed pieces are examples of the integration of medial transfer – with all its possibilities, its gaps, breaks and limits – into the compositional structure. They exploit new media techniques to create aesthetic experience. This is an important contribution by the arts to contemporary culture understood as media culture. Marshall McLuhan’s argument that the use of media is usually unconscious remains valid. The arts, with their media-reflexive potential, contribute to a better understanding of media. This suggests the necessity of a media-reflexive turn in music theory and musicology.

Numerical Modeling of A New Virtual Trajectory Password Architecture

With the development of digital technology, Computer technology, communication technology and multimedia technology gradually infiltrate into each other and become the main core of information technology. In information technology, digital, text, graphics, images, sound, video, animation and other information carriers are spread through computers and the Internet. Due to the openness, sharing, dynamic and other characteristics of the Internet, information security is threatened and interfered. Information security has become a strategic issue that people must pay attention to, which is related to social stability, economic development and national security. This paper studies a new kind of virtual track cryptography, which breaks through the traditional character memory method and transforms it into memory graphics by using mathematical modeling, and changes the surface memory method from memorizing numbers and characters to memorizing trajectory graphics, so as to make the traditional process of people memorizing passwords easier.

Speech Perception with Noise Vocoding and Background Noise: An EEG and Behavioral Study.

This study explored the physiological response of the human brain to degraded speech syllables. The degradation was introduced using noise vocoding and/or background noise. The goal was to identify physiological features of auditory-evoked potentials (AEPs) that may explain speech intelligibility. Ten human subjects with normal hearing participated in syllable-detection tasks, while their AEPs were recorded with 32-channel electroencephalography. Subjects were presented with six syllables in the form of consonant-vowel-consonant or vowel-consonant-vowel. Noise vocoding with 22 or 4 frequency channels was applied to the syllables. When examining the peak heights in the AEPs (P1, N1, and P2), vocoding alone showed no consistent effect. P1 was not consistently reduced by background noise, N1 was sometimes reduced by noise, and P2 was almost always highly reduced. Two other physiological metrics were examined: (1) classification accuracy of the syllables based on AEPs, which indicated whether AEPs were distinguishable for different syllables, and (2) cross-condition correlation of AEPs (rcc) between the clean and degraded speech, which indicated the brain's ability to extract speech-related features and suppress response to noise. Both metrics decreased with degraded speech quality. We further tested if the two metrics can explain cross-subject variations in their behavioral performance. A significant correlation existed for rcc, as well as classification based on early AEPs, in the fronto-central areas. Because rcc indicates similarities between clean and degraded speech, our finding suggests that high speech intelligibility may be a result of the brain's ability to ignore noise in the sound carrier and/or background.

Архівні фонограми на музичному радіо як вид сервісних аудійних документів

In modern high-technology conditions entire process of creating, circulation and distribution of the auditory information, accumulated in phonograms, inherits integration properties that stipulate internal unity of the structure and dynamics of the phonodocumental communication. The research, performed within the framework of Document studies, Archive studies and Musical Art, dedicated to the development of the sound recording classification problem in communication area from the position of archival phonograms selection on the musical radio as a special type of service auditory documents with specific features — types of sound carriers, specifics of the fixed sound content and specifics of the service functions. The publication develops the applying of the informational approach archival radio phonodocuments that currently stay on the periphery of the research interest even comparing to other types of the tecehnotronic documents — pictorial, audiovisual, electronic information sources, different types of the technical documentation.Phonodocumental communication has features of the complicated open area. According to the author’s idea disconnected elements from the radio sector, that were organically collected together and integrated to the balanced phonodocumental communication system. The essence and the purpose of such types of the phonoduments are clarified, also the main regularities of the formation and principles of the classification were formulated. Moreover, based on the fact that radioarchives and some other cultural institutions perform functional of the music information complex repository, this article tells about music sources preservation technologies not only in the radio copmanies archives but in libraries, museums, etc. The expansion of the research field at the expense of the advanced systematization of advantages and disadvantages of the archival radiophonogram consumer format revision was begun. The research approach that was the basis for publication helps to overcome some differences including modern science and educational literature. Keywords: Archive, Audiodocuments, Music, Radio, Service,Phonogram.

Muzyka bez nośnika? Powietrze, chmury i strumienie oraz cyfry, taśmy i winyle w walce o pierwosłuch lub zapomnienie

In the article the authors try to build a research reflection by means of a logical description of the result of self and technology - sound carriers/media, up to the extreme form, that is their disappearance, or distance from the listener / user. The authors show the influence of media on the organization of musical expression in the field of semiotics, technology and aesthetics. The starting point of the article is a reflection on a fragment of the lyrics, which suggests a return of music to the air. The authors reconstruct the evolutionary path of sound carriers and reach the place where the air was the primary carrier. At the same time they analyze the contemporary face of technologically entangled air (as a carrier), which is no longer the air from the pre-industrial era, but rather a symbolic place where one can find wireless communication, the Internet or Bluetooth. The article has a philosophical and technological character and serves primarily to consider the role of carriers in the current media reality in which, on the one hand, retro resentment is revived and, on the other hand, the form of streaming services takes over the market of music distribution. The contemporary listener, producer-consumer and remixer, modifies his behaviours, rituals and habitus of listening - the perception of sound.

The effects of sound coder carrier rate and modulation bandwidth on voice pitch perception in cochlear implant users

We employed the dual filter-bank “STEP” coder to separately control the spectral and temporal modulation resolution of analysis channels. Previously we compared vowel pitch ranking and gender classification with eight subjects using enhanced modulation at F0—including across-channel synchronised modulation to the ACE coder. There was no significant improvement using modulation enhanced coding versus ACE across subjects. In a follow-up experiment we looked at the effect of stimulation rate on voice pitch perception. Since there are large inter-subject differences in overall temporal pitch acuity we hypothesised that some subjects’ performance may be more greatly influenced by carrier rate than others, or that some subjects may find sound quality satisfactory with lower carrier rates than those in their clinical processors. We used a version of STEP with a very short temporal envelope analysis window of 2 ms which allows a very low latency real-time processing implementation and large maximum modulation bandwidth. Subjects were tested using carrier rates of 1000, 500 and 250 pps/ch with modulation bandwidths controlled via low-pass filtering. Pilot data indicated that the new low-latency coder provides very good sound quality compared to ACE using 1000 pps/ch or 500 pps/ch. Also the modulation bandwidth could be tuned at different carrier rates to optimize voice pitch perception based on temporal cues. This opens the potential for lower stimulation rates to be used in CI coding while maintaining optimal temporal resolution.We employed the dual filter-bank “STEP” coder to separately control the spectral and temporal modulation resolution of analysis channels. Previously we compared vowel pitch ranking and gender classification with eight subjects using enhanced modulation at F0—including across-channel synchronised modulation to the ACE coder. There was no significant improvement using modulation enhanced coding versus ACE across subjects. In a follow-up experiment we looked at the effect of stimulation rate on voice pitch perception. Since there are large inter-subject differences in overall temporal pitch acuity we hypothesised that some subjects’ performance may be more greatly influenced by carrier rate than others, or that some subjects may find sound quality satisfactory with lower carrier rates than those in their clinical processors. We used a version of STEP with a very short temporal envelope analysis window of 2 ms which allows a very low latency real-time processing implementation and large maximum modulation ban...

On the impossibility of archiving the radio and its virtues

Abstract The article discusses the general history of the radio archive in Germany. Such archives were established since radio broadcasts were pre-produced. Firstly, this was the case in 1928 and led to the set-up of appropriate departments, deliberated to deliver the pre-recorded sound carriers right on time for the transmission. This is the beginning of the radio archive, which therefore at no time followed an archival idea. For this reason, even today, there are no radio archives that meet archival principles. In this respect, we propose to make the contents of the ­existing – so-called – radio archives available on the World Wide Web according to the model of UbuWeb that by now holds successful important artistic audio-visual documents for two decades.

SEMI–AUTOMATED ASSESSMENT OF MICROMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE METAL FOAMS ON THE CELL-WALL LEVEL

Metal foams are innovative porous material used for wide range of application such as deformation energy or sound absorption, filter material, or microbiological incubation carrier. To predict mechanical properties of the metal foam is necessary to precisely describe elasto–plastic properties of the foam on cell–wall level. Indentation with low load is suitable tool for this purpose. In this paper custom designed instrumented microindentation device was used for measurement of cell-wall characteristics of two different aluminium foams (ALPORAS and ALCORAS). To demonstrate the possibility of automated statistical estimation of measured characteristics the device had been enhanced by semi-automatic indent positioning and evaluation procedures based on user-defined grid. Vickers hardness was measured on two samples made from ALPORAS aluminium foam and one sample from ALCORAS aluminium foam. Average Vickers hardness of ALPORAS foam was 24.465HV1.019 and average Vickers hardness of ALCORAS was 36.585HV1.019.

Age-Related Changes in Processing Simultaneous Amplitude Modulated Sounds Assessed Using Envelope Following Responses.

Listening conditions in the real world involve segregating the stimuli of interest from competing auditory stimuli that differ in their sound level and spectral content. It is in these conditions of complex spectro-temporal processing that listeners with age-related hearing loss experience the most difficulties. Envelope following responses (EFRs) provide objective neurophysiological measures of auditory processing. EFRs were obtained to two simultaneous sinusoidally amplitude modulated (sAM) tones from young and aged Fischer-344 rats. One was held at a fixed suprathreshold sound level (sAM1FL) while the second varied in sound level (sAM2VL) and carrier frequency. EFR amplitudes to sAM1FL in the young decreased with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and this reduction was more pronounced when the sAM2VL carrier frequency was spectrally separated from sAM1FL. Aged animals showed similar trends, while having decreased overall response amplitudes compared to the young. These results were replicated using an established computational model of the auditory nerve. The trends observed in the EFRs were shown to be due to the contributions of the low-frequency tails of high-frequency neurons, rather than neurons tuned to the sAM1FL carrier frequency. Modeling changes in threshold and neural loss reproduced some of the changes seen with age, but accuracy improved when combined with an additional decrease representing synaptic loss of auditory nerve neurons. Sound segregation in this case derives primarily from peripheral processing, regardless of age. Contributions by more central neural mechanisms are likely to occur only at low SNRs.

More sound of church bells: Authors' correction

In the recently published article “The Sound of Church Bells: Tracking Down the Secret of a Traditional Arts and Crafts Trade,” the bell frequencies have been erroneously oversimplified. The problem affects Eqs. (2) and (3), which were derived from the elementary “coffee mug model” and in which we used the speed of sound in air. However, this does not make sense from a physical point of view, since air only acts as a sound carrier, not as a sound source in the case of bells. Due to the excellent fit of the theoretical model with the empirical data, we unfortunately failed to notice this error before publication. However, all other equations, e.g., the introduction of the correction factor in Eq. (4) and the estimation of the mass in Eqs. (5) and (6) are not affected by this error, since they represent empirical models. However, it is unfortunate to introduce the speed of sound in air as a constant in Eqs. (4) and (6). Instead, we suggest the following simple rule of thumb for relating the radius of a church bell R to its humming frequency fhum: R≈100 ms−1fhum.(1)

Briefs / Feuilletons

Briefs / Feuilletons Natalie Lorch, Pauline Sjöberg, and Ricardo Tacuchian The Music Department of the German Historical Institute in Rome (Italy), with a project funded by the German Research Council DFG, has completely digitised two of the most important collections of Italian opera manuscripts. The work was completed by a team under the scientific supervision of musicologist, Dr. Roland Pfeiffer. Aspects of this project were presented at the IAML annual congresses in Moscow (2010) and Dublin (2011). The original manuscripts are in the possession of aristocratic families in Rome. Their digitisation consists of more than 110,000 single images and includes copies of around 143 full opera scores from the Roman and Neapolitan region, datable from 1770 to 1815, and held by the private library located in the palace of the Principi Massimo family. These manuscripts had first been recognized within a list published by Friedrich Lippmann in 1976 (“Musikhandschriften und –Drucke in der Bibliothek des Fürstenhauses Massimo, Rom. Katalog“, in Studien zur italienisch-deutschen Musikgeschichte XI, ed. by Friedrich Lippmann. Analecta musicologica, 17. [Köln, 1976], 254–295). The originals of the second opera collection now digitised are held by the Archivio Doria Pamphilj, situated in the palace of this well-known aristocratic family, where also can be found one of the most important private art museums of the city. The thirty-six complete scores are mostly Roman comic and serious operas datable around 1760–1770, but there are also some earlier and later datable oratorios. To these scores must be added twenty-eight volumes of aria collections (often titled with “Arie di diversi autori”, among these also music by less known composers), and around 125 single pieces in loose quires (mostly arias and some ensembles), which have also been included in the digitisation project. At present, all digital copies can be consulted by researchers within the library of the Music Department of the German Historical Institute in Rome (contact: pfeiffer@dhiroma.it). Detailed schedules of the opera scores from the Massimo collection (library siglum: I-Rmassimo), created by the team of the project, can be found in the RISM database https://opac.rism.info. Authority control for historic recordings and METS/MODS exchange format for digitised historic sound carriers at the Saxon State and University Library, Dresden (SLUB). Since July 2015, it is possible to generate data records for historic sound recordings in the German Integrated Authority File (Gemeinsame Normdatei – GND). A set of categories for this purpose was prepared at the Saxon State and University Library, Dresden (SLUB) in cooperation with the project partners from the German National Library (Deutsche Nationalbibliothek – DNB), and the Gesellschaft für Historische Tonträger, Vienna. Information on historic recordings of the shellac era (ca. 1890–1960), such as recording date or place is very rare. Consequently, the project aims to provide a cataloguing tool and obtaining a data pool for research on early recordings. Within this project, SLUB will prepare 5,000 data records as a basic set for this discographic authority file. The fundamental metadata will be supplied by the recently completed 78 rpm record project “Archiv der Stimmen”, in which SLUB catalogued and digitised about 16,000 sound recordings (see mediathek.slub-dresden.de). [End Page 45] The discographic authority file is part of the project “Standardisation of Metadata for Audiofiles” (Standardisierung von Erschließungsdaten digitalisierter Tonträger in wiss-enschaftlichen Sammlungen), funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). Another part of this project consists of modeling a METS/MODS profile for digitised sound carriers. The ARChive of Contemporary Music (ARC) in New York City has recently partnered with the Internet Archive in San Francisco. They have afforded us the space and capabilities to process and handle a great many new projects and donations. Here are a few developments that may be of interest to readers: • Gracenote (who supply metadata to a great many commercial entities, including iTunes) donated 13,074 DVDs. There are also a few thousand compact discs, music books, and music periodicals. The good news is that everything is expertly, electronically, catalogued. While there are a great many music videos in this collection, there are also a substantial amount of Hollywood releases, foreign films, TV...

Percival Kirby’s wax cylinders: elegy on archiving a deaf spot

This study intends to trace and think through a particular sequence of loss involved in creating and keeping phonographic historical records. As a piece of writing, it attempts to “uncontain” the waxen Ediphone and Dictaphone cylinders that form part of the Kirby Collection at the University of Cape Town. In this process of scratching for the sounds on these shells, and sounding out some of the vicarious and ulterior meanings invested in appraising ethnographic sound recordings in the archive, even the activity of listening will sometimes stand in the way of seeing sense here: while the cylinders are indeed tangible in the archive, they are and do no longer sound as they were intended to. They might be deemed technically unworthy of archiving, but the legacy of colonial and apartheid state power echoing through archives of institutional and national heritage in South Africa can complicate making judgements on cassation to a point of indefinitely suspended indecision. Non-sounding or excessively noisy sound carriers comprise archival items that are almost mysteriously tangible and can be read as a powerful metaphor for a postcolonial condition in which an ideological apparatus pursuing information retrieval threatens to mechanically and institutionally perpetuate itself. Might these cylinders’ very lack of usefulness in this regard serve to memorise those subaltern, sounding bodies that were sacrificed in the project of modernising Africa?

Sound radiation and wing mechanics in stridulating field crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

Male field crickets emit pure-tone mating calls by rubbing their wings together. Acoustic radiation is produced by rapid oscillations of the wings, as the right wing (RW), bearing a file, is swept across the plectrum borne on the left wing (LW). Earlier work found the natural resonant frequency (f(o)) of individual wings to be different, but there is no consensus on the origin of these differences. Previous studies suggested that the frequency along the song pulse is controlled independently by each wing. It has also been argued that the stridulatory file has a variable f(o) and that the frequency modulation observed in most species is associated with this variability. To test these two hypotheses, a method was developed for the non-contact measurement of wing vibrations during singing in actively stridulating Gryllus bimaculatus. Using focal microinjection of the neuroactivator eserine into the cricket's brain to elicit stridulation and micro-scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, we monitored wing vibration in actively singing insects. The results show significantly lower f(o) in LWs compared with RWs, with the LW f(o) being identical to the sound carrier frequency (N=44). But during stridulation, the two wings resonate at one identical frequency, the song carrier frequency, with the LW dominating in amplitude response. These measurements also demonstrate that the stridulatory file is a constant resonator, as no variation was observed in f(o) along the file during sound radiation. Our findings show that, as they engage in stridulation, cricket wings work as coupled oscillators that together control the mechanical oscillations generating the remarkably pure species-specific song.

Audio collection in the SASA Institute of Musicology

The paper is relating to audio collection of the Institute of Musicology SASA as extremely important part of this institution?s fund. The collection comprises of valuable sound materials, especially significant collections of fieldwork recordings of traditional folk and church music, as also recordings of pieces of the 19th and 20th century Serbian composers. Information on sound carriers, methodologies and circumstances in which the recordings have been made, their preservation and further treatment with modern technologies, are a part of ethnomusicological and musicological histories in Serbia. According to number of sound recordings, diachronical dimensions that encompass, geographical areas and genre diversity, this collection is one of the most important sound collections of scientific profile in Serbia.

A Novel Type of Auditory Responses: Temporal Dynamics of 40-Hz Steady-State Responses Induced by Changes in Sound Localization

Magnetoencephalographic responses to 40-Hz amplitude-modulated tones of 4-s duration were recorded in young, middle-aged, and older healthy participants. Interaural phase difference (IPD) in the sound carrier was changed during stimulus presentation from 0 to 180 degrees , resulting in perceptual change from focal to spacious sound. The stimulus modulation elicited synchronized gamma-band oscillations, the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR). Equivalent current dipoles were localized in primary auditory cortices. Waveforms of cortical activity showed a decrement in ASSR amplitude 100 ms after stimulus IPD change and modification of ASSR phase, which was maximally 90 degrees , corresponding to 6-ms delay. Time courses of ASSR phase deviation constituted a novel auditory response. The amount of ASSR phase change decreased with increasing stimulus frequency and revealed upper limits for physiological IPD detection. Thresholds for IPD detection were found close to 1,500 Hz in the young, around 1,250 Hz in the middle-aged group, and around 1,000 Hz in the older group. Whereas the ASSR change response revealed aging-related decline of binaural hearing, the amplitude of 40-Hz response and the size of the ASSR change response were not affected by aging. Additional ASSR change responses were recorded at a high rate of stimulus changes every 400 ms. ASSR response detection at this rate was superior to response detection based on the auditory-evoked P1-N1-P2 response. Responses to changes from focal to spacious sound were larger than those in the reverse direction. The ASSRs were interpreted in relation to oscillatory gamma-band activity representing auditory object representation.

Ultrasound Mediates the Release of Curcumin from Microemulsions

Ultrasound is a powerful noninvasive modality for biomedical imaging, and holds much promise for noninvasive drug delivery enhancement and targeting. However, the optimal design of sound sensitive carriers is still poorly understood. In this study, curcumin, an important natural antioxidant and anticancer compound, was stably entrapped into microemulsion droplets with average size 20-35 nm. To release curcumin, low frequency (40 kHz) ultrasound at an intensity of 3.8 or 9.8 W/cm2 was applied to the microemulsions, using a probe sonicator. On insonation, much of the curcumin was released from the microemulsions and formed insoluble aggregates, as evidenced by decreased UV-vis absorption at 420 nm. The initial release rate (assayed by the rate of change of absorption) was as high as 0.11 microg/s (1.87%/sec) in phosphate buffered saline solution at neutral pH, but decreased at acidic pH. Interestingly, lower curcumin loading led to a more rapid release under insonation. Measurements of emulsion droplet size implicate droplet reorganization (fusion or fission) as an important contributing mechanism for the ultrasonic release of this compound. Although cargo in microemulsions is partitioned, rather than encapsulated (as in, for example, liposomes), these new results demonstrate that microemulsion carriers are feasible for some ultrasonic drug delivery applications.

Scan and Deliver

Scan and Deliver

Sound carrier for a sound illustrated book

A sound carrier for a sound illustrated book having a spiral shaped sound groove and adjustment perforations arranged outside of the same and symmetrical with its center axis. At least one, but preferably two, of the adjustment perforations are designed in a circular form such that they surround with small clearance aligning feet of a sound reproducing device placed upon the sound carrier which has a rotating sound pickup, whereas other adjacent and opposite adjustment perforations in an upper side of the sound carrier are each surrounded by an upwardly protruding annular bead. This allows at first one or two aligning feet to be inserted into the adjustment perforations, whereupon the sound reproducing device is pivoted so that the two other aligning feet engage the two round adjustment perforations. As a result, it is necessary to monitor one or two adjustment perforations only when placing the sound reproducing device on the sound carrier. The view of adjustment perforations is not impeded by the front side of the sound reproducing device with the arrangement facing the user.