SOS Chromotest Research Articles

Effect of electronic waste on E. coli genomic integrity: a possible role for metal induced carcinogenesis

Electronic waste (e-waste) poses a major public health threat for developing countries’ populations. The hazards of e-waste are exacerbated by crude recycling methods. In this study, the presence of metals in e-waste samples obtained from Lagos, Nigeria, was assessed using atomic absorption spectrometry. The effect of e-waste on Escherichia coli (E. coli) PQ-37 genomic integrity was evaluated using the SOS chromotest. The means of metal concentrations in the evaluated samples were 16 (cadmium), 7.3 (nickel), 11 (chromium), 20 (lead), 3100 (iron), 90 (zinc), and 2000 (copper) μg_L−1. Damage to E. coli deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) increased proportionally to the metal concentrations. Significant amounts of DNA damaging agents from inadequately processed e-waste are present in the studied environment, which will have implications for adverse effects on public and ecological health. Existing policies against dumping of toxic materials in susceptible communities should be enforced.

Mutagenicity of automobile workshop soil leachate and tobacco industry wastewater using the Ames Salmonella fluctuation and the SOS chromotests.

Environmental management of industrial solid wastes and wastewater is an important economic and environmental health problem globally. This study evaluated the mutagenic potential of automobile workshop soil-simulated leachate and tobacco wastewater using the SOS chromotest on Escherichia coli PQ37 and the Ames Salmonella fluctuation test on Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100 without metabolic activation. Physicochemical parameters of the samples were also analyzed. The result of the Ames test showed mutagenicity of the test samples. However, the TA100 was the more responsive strain for both the simulated leachate and tobacco wastewater in terms of mutagenic index in the absence of metabolic activation. The SOS chromotest results were in agreement with those of the Ames Salmonella fluctuation test. Nevertheless, the E. coli PQ37 system was slightly more sensitive than the Salmonella assay for detecting genotoxins in the tested samples. Iron, cadmium, manganese, copper, nickel, chromium, arsenic, zinc, and lead contents analyzed in the samples were believed to play significant role in the observed mutagenicity in the microbial assays. The results of this study showed that the simulated leachate and tobacco wastewater showed strong indication of a genotoxic risk. Further studies would be required in the analytical field in order to identify and quantify other compounds not analyzed for in this study, some of which could be responsible for the observed genotoxicity. This will be necessary in order to identify the sources of toxicants and thus to take preventive and/or curative measures to limit the toxicity of these types of wastes.

Comparative Assessment of the Mussel Micronucleus Test Versus Bacterial Bioassays for Genotoxicity Testing of Benzo[a]pyrene

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are hazardous compounds to the environment and human health, thus their detection is an important task. In this study the genotoxic effect of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) was examined on a freshwater mussel Unio pictorum and results were compared to bacterial tests, such as the Ames test and SOS chromotest. The aim of the study was to calibrate the sensitivity of the mussel micronucleus test to that of the two bacterial tests using B[a]P as a reference chemical. The Ames and the micronucleus tests gave similar response both in sensitivity and in concentrationresponse pattern. These two tests are proposed to be applied in a battery for genotoxicity testing.

Adherence to abiotic surface induces SOS response in Escherichia coli K-12 strains under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

During the colonization of surfaces, Escherichia coli bacteria often encounter DNA-damaging agents and these agents can induce several defence mechanisms. Base excision repair (BER) is dedicated to the repair of oxidative DNA damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by chemical and physical agents or by metabolism. In this work, we have evaluated whether the interaction with an abiotic surface by mutants derived from E. coli K-12 deficient in some enzymes that are part of BER causes DNA damage and associated filamentation. Moreover, we studied the role of endonuclease V (nfi gene; 1506 mutant strain) in biofilm formation. Endonuclease V is an enzyme that is involved in DNA repair of nitrosative lesions. We verified that endonuclease V is involved in biofilm formation. Our results showed more filamentation in the xthA mutant (BW9091) and triple xthA nfo nth mutant (BW535) than in the wild-type strain (AB1157). By contrast, the mutant nfi did not present filamentation in biofilm, although its wild-type strain (1466) showed rare filaments in biofilm. The filamentation of bacterial cells attaching to a surface was a consequence of SOS induction measured by the SOS chromotest. However, biofilm formation depended on the ability of the bacteria to induce the SOS response since the mutant lexA Ind(-) did not induce the SOS response and did not form any biofilm. Oxygen tension was an important factor for the interaction of the BER mutants, since these mutants exhibited decreased quantitative adherence under anaerobic conditions. However, our results showed that the presence or absence of oxygen did not affect the viability of BW9091 and BW535 strains. The nfi mutant and its wild-type did not exhibit decreased biofilm formation under anaerobic conditions. Scanning electron microscopy was also performed on the E. coli K-12 strains that had adhered to the glass, and we observed the presence of a structure similar to an extracellular matrix that depended on the oxygen tension. In conclusion, it was proven that bacterial interaction with abiotic surfaces can lead to SOS induction and associated filamentation. Moreover, we verified that endonuclease V is involved in biofilm formation.

English

The fundamental objective of water treatment is the protection of consumers from pathogenic microorganisms. Chlorination of drinking water is essential to prevent waterborne disease. However, chlorine reacts with organic matter present in surface waters to form various by-products suspected of being carcinogenic. In the last decade, several epidemiological studies have been conducted to determine the connection between exposure to these chlorination by-products and human health defects. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the genotoxicity of drinking water of Annaba city. The study have been carried out in different points of water distribution and in the station of treatment, using two tests of determination of genotoxic risk by means of SOS chromotest (using the strain Escherichia coli PQ37). SOS chromotest showed genotoxic effect of the sample collected from the exit of treatment station. Key words: Drinking water, genotoxicity, SOS chromotest, Escherichia coli PQ37.

Benzimidazole-based compounds kill Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Tuberculosis remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases, killing 1.4 million people annually and showing a rapid increase in cases resistant to multiple drugs. New antibiotics against tuberculosis are urgently needed. Here we describe the design, synthesis and structure–activity relationships of a series of benzimidazole-based compounds with activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in a replicating state, a physiologically-induced non-replicating state, or both. Compounds 49, 67, 68, 69, 70, and 72, which shared a 5-nitrofuranyl moiety, exhibited high potency and acceptable selectivity indices (SI). As illustrated by compound 70 (MIC90 < 0.049 μg/mL, SI > 512), the 5-nitrofuranyl group was compatible with minimal cytotoxicity and good intra-macrophage killing, although it lacked non-replicating activity when assessed by CFU assays. Compound 70 had low mutagenic potential by SOS Chromotest assay, making this class of compounds good candidates for further evaluation and target identification.

Identification of polyphenols in leaf extracts of Lawsonia inermis L. with antioxidant, antigenotoxic and antiproliferative potential

Background: Keeping in view the importance of natural plant products, bioactivity‑guided isolation of phytoconstituents was attempted from Lawsonia inermis L. Materials and Methods: Various polar and non‑polar extract/fractions were isolated and evaluated for the genotoxic and antigenotoxic potential against mutagens viz., 4‑nitroquinoline‑1‑oxide and nitrofurantoin in SOS chromotest using Escherichia coli PQ37 tester strain and against H2O2 in DNA protection assay. In order to decipher mode of action, antioxidant activity was evaluated using different assays. The extract/fractions were also investigated for their antiproliferative potential against PC‑3 and Colo 205 cancer cell lines. Major polyphenolic constituents were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. Results: All the extract/fractions except Hex‑Li significantly decreased the SOS‑inducing potency of both the mutagens. In various in vitro assays, the polar fractions exhibited marked antioxidant activity. HPLC analysis of the extract/fractions showed that gallic acid, catechin, chlorogenic acid, epicatechin, rutin, ellagic acid, quercetin and kaempferol are the major constituents. The marked antigenotoxic activity of extract/fractions may be attributed to the polyphenolic compounds. The fractions viz., Hex‑Li and CHCl3‑LI were found to be highly cytotoxic against Colo‑205 cancer cell line. Conclusions: This is the first report of antigenotoxic and anticancer activities of Lawsonia inermis L. phytoconstituents. The antiradical potency of these extract/fractions may be responsible for the above activities. Key words: 4‑Nitroquinoline‑1‑oxide, antioxidant activity, cancer cell lines, nitrofurantoin, SOS chromotest

Isolation of pomolic acid from Chamaenerion angustifolium and evaluation of its genotoxicity by microbiological tests

Fireweed (Chamaenerion angustifolium) lipophilic constituents were investigated by GC-MS analysis. 28 aliphatic and 6 triterpenic acids were found out at first time. Pomolic acid genotoxicity and mutagenicity were analyzed by Ames test and SOS chromotest. Genotoxic and mutagenic properties of pomolic acid were not detected.

Ecotoxicological evaluation of caffeine and its derivatives from a simulated chlorination step

Caffeine is ubiquitous in surface and ground waters and it has been proposed as a marker of the anthropogenic pressure on the environment. Sewage treatment plants based on active sludges seem to be not very efficient in its complete removal from effluents while additional disinfection treatments by chlorination are able to do it. In a simulation of the chlorination step herein we report that caffeine is transformed in six by-products: 8-chlorocaffeine, 1,3-dimethyl-5-azabarbituric acid, N,N′-dimethylparabanic acid, N,N′-dimethyloxalamide, N-methylurea and N,N′-dimethylurea. The ecotoxicity of caffeine and identified compounds was evaluated on the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while SOS Chromotest and Ames Test were used to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated compounds. Moreover, we assessed the possible antigenotoxic effect of the selected compounds using SOS Chromotest after co-incubation with the standard genotoxin, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Chronic exposure to these compounds caused inhibition of growth population on the rotifer while the algae seemed to be unaffected. Results indicated that caffeine (1), N,N′-dimethyloxamide (4) and N,N′-dimethylparabanic acid (5) reduced β-galactosidase activity in comparison with positive control, both at 1 and 5mg/L of 4-NQNO with a good dose–response.

Genotoxicity risk assessment of diversely substituted quinolines using the SOS chromotest

Quinolines are aromatic nitrogen compounds with wide therapeutic potential to treat parasitic and microbial diseases. In this study, the genotoxicity of quinoline, 4-methylquinoline, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO), and diversely functionalized quinoline derivatives and the influence of the substituents (functional groups and/or atoms) on their genotoxicity were tested using the SOS chromotest. Quinoline derivatives that induce genotoxicity by the formation of an enamine epoxide structure did not induce the SOS response in Escherichia coli PQ37 cells, with the exception of 4-methylquinoline that was weakly genotoxic. The chemical nature of the substitution (C-5 to C-8: hydroxyl, nitro, methyl, isopropyl, chlorine, fluorine, and iodine atoms; C-2: phenyl and 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl rings) of quinoline skeleton did not significantly modify compound genotoxicities; however, C-2 substitution with α-, β-, or γ-pyridinyl groups removed 4-methylquinoline genotoxicity. On the other hand, 4-NQO derivatives whose genotoxic mechanism involves reduction of the C-4 nitro group were strong inducers of the SOS response. Methyl and nitrophenyl substituents at C-2 of 4-NQO core affected the genotoxic potency of this molecule. The relevance of these results is discussed in relation to the potential use of the substituted quinolines. The work showed the sensitivity of SOS chromotest for studying structure-genotoxicity relationships and bioassay-guided quinoline synthesis.

The evaluation of mutagenic potential of some dental cements in used dentistry with salmonella Ames Microsome test and SOS chromotest

mediate some of the genetic influence on normal skeletal growth and thus influence osteoporosis risk. The aim of the present study was to examine possible associations of T34C polymorphism in the CYP17 gene with femoral (F-BMD), spinal BMD (S-BMD), as well as circulating alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC; formation markers), beta-CrossLaps (CTx; resorption marker) in 350 Slovak postmenopausal women (62.26±0.44 years).Womenwere selected according to strict inclusion criteria. Genetic polymorphism was detected by PCR-RFLP method. Genotype frequencies and frequencies of fractures were tested using the chi-square test. The differences of quantitative variables between the genotypes were analyzed by covariance analysis (GLM procedure) after correction of the measurements for age and BMI. The prevalence of each genotypewas 30.9%, 49.0%, and 19.7% for TT, TC, and CC genotypes, respectively. No significant effect of the T34C polymorphism was recorded on femoral and spinal BMD, as well as on biochemical bone turnover markers in the tested population. However; heterozygous TC individuals had tendency to insignificantly lower F-BMD and S-BMD values with increasing OC and CTx concentrations which could indicate increased bone remodeling rate in this genotype group. The results can contribute tomore detailed insight into the genetics of osteoporosis with respect to a population of Slovak postmenopausal women. Acknowledgement: The study was supported by the grant KEGA 035UKF-4/2013.

Mutagenicity, Genotoxicity, and Estrogenic Activity of River Porewaters

We investigated mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and estrogenic activity in the porewaters of two river basins in southern Italy that had different features. Three samples from each site were collected in different seasons from 7 sites for a total of 21 samples. Mutagenicity was measured with the Ames test with and without metabolic activation (S9) using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains. Genotoxicity was measured with two tests: one involved a chromophore that detected DNA damage in Escherichia coli PQ37 (SOS chromotest), and the other measured micronuclei formation in the root cells of Vicia faba. Estrogenic activity was measured with a yeast-based estrogen receptor assay and an MCF-7 cell-based, estrogen-sensitive proliferation assay. We also applied chemical analyses to detect alkylphenols, pesticides, natural and synthetic hormones, and heavy metals. The porewaters of both river sediments showed mutagenic/genotoxic activity on V. faba test and Ames test, the latter both with and without S9 liver fraction. The SOS chromotest without metabolic activation was not sufficiently sensitive to detect genotoxicity of the porewaters, but the SOS DNA repair system in E. coli PQ37 was activated in the presence of S9 mix. Good correlations were found between mutagenicity/genotoxicity and the concentration of cadmium and between estrogenic activity and the presence of copper. This study assessed the chemical concentrations of some bioavailable pollutants in porewater and detected the overall effects of multiple pollutants that contributed to mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and estrogenic activity of these two basin porewaters, thus increasing our understanding of the environmental consequences of polluted aquatic ecosystems.

Protective effects of prebiotics inulin and lactulose from cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human colon adenocarcinoma cells

The accepted role of dietary prebiotics is to improve probiotic survival and growth in the lower intestine, yet few studies have investigated the possibility that prebiotics may offer benefits beyond their role with probiotics. This study investigates the protective effects of the prebiotics inulin and lactulose against cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in HT-29 human adenocarcinoma colon cells caused by human faecal water, bile acids and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO). Using the MTT assay, deoxycholic acid, lithocholic acid and faecal water 50% v/v reduced cell viability by 75, 74 and 50% respectively. In the presence of inulin and lactulose (0.5–2.0%) cell survival increased by 100% for deoxycholic acid, by 30% for lithocholic acid and by 40% for faecal water. Both faecal water (50% v/v) and 4-NQO (1–2g/ml) were found to be highly genotoxic using the SOS chromotest, however incubation with inulin and lactulose (2%) significantly reduced the bacterial assay SOS inducing potency (SOSIP) by 70% and 57% respectively for faecal water and by up to 29 and 74% for 4-NQO. Similar protection against genotoxicity was observed with 4-NQO using the Ames fluctuation test. These tests show that prebiotics, in the absence of probiotics, were able to protect mammalian cells (HT-29 cells) against cytotoxicity and reduce the genotoxicity of known mutagens in bacterial mutation assays. Reproduction of these results in vivo would suggest that the inclusion of prebiotics in diet may directly confer health benefits beyond those associated with probiotic survival and growth.

Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of Hong Kong soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins/furans

The aim of this study was to evaluate mutagenicity and genotoxicity of soils from 12 different land use types such as electronic waste dismantling workshop, open burning site and car dismantling workshop (CDW), based on soil concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Soils of CDW contained the sum of 10 PAHs level (94392μg/kg) exceeded The New Dutch List (Dutch Intervention Value (40000μg/kg)), dominated by high molecular PAHs (99.6%) and benzo(a)pyrene (82.6%), indicating its potential carcinogenic risks. In addition, Ames test and SOS Chromotest further manifested that soil of CDW had a significantly higher mutagenic potency (MP) of 13.8 and 7.43 on both strains of TA98 and TA100 with S9 mix, respectively, and a relatively higher genotoxicity with S9 mix (SOS inducing potency=1.16), amongst the 12 different soil types. BaP TEQ PAHs in soils were significantly correlated with MP of TA98, with and without S9 mix (r=0.858 and r=0.976 at p<0.01); MP of TA100 with and without S9 mix (r=0.666 at p<0.05 and r=0.819 at p<0.01); and SOSIP of Escherichia coli PQ 37 with S9 mix (r=0.693 at p<0.05), accordingly. Soils of CDW possessed a higher carcinogenic risk (mutagenicity and genotoxicity), based on PAHs concentrations. Bioremediation is recommended to treat the contaminated soils.

Detection of genotoxicity in hospital wastewater of a developing country using SOS chromotest and Ames fluctuation test

Introduction Genotoxicity describes a deleterious action on a cell's genetic material affecting its integrity. Genotoxic and mutagenic effects are varied and often severe [1]. These effects may be related to mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, cell death, inhibition of cell division, DNA adducts, and chromosomal breakage [2]. Genotoxins can be mutagens, carcinogens and teratogens

No evidence of the genotoxic potential of gold, silver, zinc oxide and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in the SOS chromotest

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs), silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are widely used in cosmetic products such as preservatives, colorants and sunscreens. This study investigated the genotoxicity of Au NPs, Ag NPs, ZnO NPs and TiO2 NPs using the SOS chromotest with Escherichia coli PQ37. The maximum exposure concentrations for each nanoparticle were 3.23 mg l(-1) for Au NPs, 32.3 mg l(-1) for Ag NPs and 100 mg l(-1) for ZnO NPs and TiO2 NPs. Additionally, in order to compare the genotoxicity of nanoparticles and corresponding dissolved ions, the ions were assessed in the same way as nanoparticles. The genotoxicity of the titanium ion was not assessed because of the extremely low solubility of TiO2 NPs. Au NPs, Ag NPs, ZnO NPs, TiO2 NPs and ions of Au, Ag and Zn, in a range of tested concentrations, exerted no effects in the SOS chromotest, evidenced by maximum IF (IFmax) values of below 1.5 for all chemicals. Owing to the results, nanosized Au NPs, Ag NPs, ZnO NPs, TiO2 NPs and ions of Au, Ag and Zn are classified as non-genotoxic on the basis of the SOS chromotest used in this study. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the genotoxicity of Au NPs, Ag NPs, ZnO NPs and TiO2 NPs using the SOS chromotest.

Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet on Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes, Quality, and Genotoxicity of Cooked Egg White and Yolk

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an atmospheric pressure plasma (APP) jet on L. monocytogenes inactivation, quality characteristics, and genotoxicological safety of cooked egg white and yolk. APP treatment using He gas resulted in a 5 decimal reduction in the number of L. monocytogenes in cooked egg white, whereas that using <TEX>$He+O_2$</TEX>, <TEX>$N_2$</TEX>, and <TEX>$N_2+O_2$</TEX> decreased the number further, and to undetectable levels. All treatments of cooked egg yolk resulted in undetectable levels of inoculated L. monocytogenes. There were no viable cells of total aerobic bacteria after APP treatment on day 0 while the control showed approximately 3-4 Log CFU/g. On day 7, the numbers of total aerobic bacteria had increased by approximately 3 log cycles in cooked egg white, but there were no viable cells in cooked egg yolk after 2 min of APP jet. APP treatment decreased the <TEX>$L^*$</TEX>-values of cooked egg white and yolk significantly on day 0. No significant sensory differences were found among the cooked egg white samples, whereas significant reductions in flavor, taste, and overall acceptability were found in cooked egg yolks treated with APP jets. SOS chromotest did not reveal the presence of genotoxic products following APP treatments of cooked egg white and yolk. Therefore, it can be concluded that APP jets can be used as a non-thermal means to enhance the safety and extend the shelf-life of cooked egg white and yolk.

Antioxidant, genotoxic and antigenotoxic activities of daphne gnidium leaf extracts

BackgroundPlants play a significant role in maintaining human health and improving the quality of human life. They serve humans well as valuable components of food, as well as in cosmetics, dyes, and medicines. In fact, many plant extracts prepared from plants have been shown to exert biological activity in vitro and in vivo. The present study explored antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects of Daphne gnidium leaf extracts.MethodsThe genotoxic potential of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and total oligomer flavonoid (TOF) enriched extracts from leaves of Daphne gnidium, was assessed using Escherichia coli PQ37. Likewise, the antigenotoxicity of the same extracts was tested using the “SOS chromotest test”. Antioxidant activities were studied using non enzymatic and enzymatic method: NBT/Riboflavine and xantine oxidase.ResultsNone of the different extracts produced a genotoxic effect, except TOF extract at the lowest tested dose. Our results showed that D. gnidium leaf extracts possess an antigenotoxic effect against the nitrofurantoin a mutagen of reference. Ethyl acetate and TOF extracts were the most effective in inhibiting xanthine oxidase activity. While, methanol extract was the most potent superoxide scavenger when tested with the NBT/Riboflavine assay.ConclusionsThe present study has demonstrated that D. gnidium leaf extract possess antioxidant and antigenotoxic effects. These activities could be ascribed to compounds like polyphenols and flavonoid. Further studies are required to isolate the active molecules.

Protective effect of cactus cladode extract against cisplatin induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity and apoptosis in balb/c mice: combination with phytochemical composition.

BackgroundCis-Platinum (II) (cis-diammine dichloroplatinum; CDDP) is a potent antitumor compound widely used for the treatment of many malignancies. An important side-effect of CDDP is nephrotoxicity. The cytotoxic action of this drug is often thought to induce oxidative stress and be associated with its ability to bind DNA to form CDDP–DNA adducts and apoptosis in kidney cells. In this study, the protective effect of cactus cladode extract (CCE) against CDDP-induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity were investigated in mice. We also looked for levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, chromosome aberrations (CA) test, SOS Chromotest, expressions of p53, bax and bcl2 in kidney and we also analyzed several parameters of renal function markers toxicity such as serum biochemical analysis.MethodsAdult, healthy balb/c (20–25 g) male mice aged of 4–5 weeks were pre-treated by intraperitonial administration of CCE (50 mg/Kg.b.w) for 2 weeks. Control animals were treated 3 days a week for 4 weeks by intraperitonial administration of 100 μg/Kg.b.w CDDP. Animals which treated by CDDP and CCE were divided into two groups: the first group was administrated CCE 2 hours before each treatment with CDDP 3 days a week for 4 weeks. The second group was administrated without pre-treatment with CCE but this extract was administrated 24 hours after each treatment with CDDP 3 days a week for 4 weeks.ResultsOur results showed that CDDP induced significant alterations in all tested oxidative stress markers. In addition it induced CA in bone morrow cells, increased the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins p53 and bax and decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein bcl2 in kidney. On the other hand, CDDP significantly increased the levels of urea and creatinine and decreased the levels of albumin and total protein.The treatment of CCE before or after treatment with CDDP showed, (i) a total reduction of CDDP induced oxidative damage for all tested markers, (ii) an anti-genotoxic effect resulting in an efficient prevention of chromosomal aberrations compared to the group treated with CDDP alone (iii) restriction of the effect of CDDP by differential modulation of the expression of p53 which is decreased as well as its associated genes such as bax and bcl2, (iiii) restriction of serums levels of creatinine, urea, albumin and total protein resuming its values towards near normal levels of control.ConclusionWe concluded that CCE is beneficial in CDDP-induced kidney dysfunction in mice via its anti-oxidant anti-genotoxic and anti-apoptotic properties against CDDP.

Evaluation of genotoxicity and DNA protective effects of mangiferin, a glucosylxanthone isolated from Mangifera indica L. stem bark extract

Mangiferin is a glucosylxantone isolated from Mangifera indica L. stem bark. Several studies have shown its pharmacological properties which make it a promising candidate for putative therapeutic use. This study was focused to investigate the in vitro genotoxic effects of mangiferin in the Ames test, SOS Chromotest and Comet assay. The genotoxic effects in bone marrow erythrocytes from NMRI mice orally treated with mangiferin (2000mg/kg) were also evaluated. Additionally, its potential antimutagenic activity against several mutagens in the Ames test and its effects on CYP1A1 activity were assessed. Mangiferin (50–5000μg/plate) did not increased the frequency of reverse mutations in the Ames test, nor induced primary DNA damage (5–1000μg/mL) to Escherichia coli PQ37 cells under the SOS Chromotest. It was observed neither single strand breaks nor alkali-labile sites in blood peripheral lymphocytes or hepatocytes after 1h exposition to 10–500μg/mL of mangiferin under the Comet assay. Furthermore, micronucleus studies showed mangiferin neither induced cytotoxic activity nor increased the frequency of micronucleated/binucleated cells in mice bone marrow. In short, mangiferin did not induce cytotoxic or genotoxic effects but it protect against DNA damage which would be associated with its antioxidant properties and its capacity to inhibit CYP enzymes.