Sorts Of Questions Research Articles

Governing AI, governing climate change?

AbstractThose concerned with climate governance will want to keep watching what is happening in AI governance. Far from unrelated, the two parallel one another in terms of how fractions of capital—whether within fossil fuel or tech sectors—call for legislating in the face of crisis or for voluntary pledges. In truth, both may be said to be forms of self‐governance. Climate and AI intersect firstly in how they are imagined: dominant climate and AI discourses are both symptoms of Anthropocene thinking and ‘capitalist realism’. They also intersect in as much as ‘AI for Good’ initiatives propose that AI is ethical because it can help to address climate change. What seems missing, however, is any consideration of this climate AI as a procedure—is its knowledge valid, what knowledges does it displace or exclude, what biases are reproduced?—and consideration for its consequences, including harms. Does it actually result in climate mitigation and/or adaptation in a given context? What ‘maladaptive’ outcomes might it drive? What alternatives does it foreclose? These sorts of questions are ones where geographers will continue to have a lot to say.

Transitional justice for the “war on terror?”

More than 20 years after the 9/11 attacks and the ensuing “war on terror,” there is still very little comprehension of what its transitional justice implications might be. This article interrogates the transitional justice silence over the legacies of the war on terror as a way of problematizing both the war on terror and dominant liberal transitional justice paradigms. It charts how both paradigms have often failed to intersect, how some existing initiatives might nonetheless be understood as arising at their intersection, and the sort of questions that would need to be answered to frame a broad and ambitious transitional justice agenda to deal with the legacies of both terrorism and the response to it.

What Do Reference Librarians Do Now?

Objective - The primary purpose of this study was to better understand the nature of “reference” and reference transactions. Methods - This study looked at four years’ of reference transaction (RT) data recorded at a small, state-owned university. Results - The data clearly indicates that the overall number of RT continues to decline. It also reveals that, despite the use of student mentors, librarians are still involved with a majority of RT, regardless of whether or not they require the expertise of a librarian to resolve. Conclusion - Continuing to be involved with RT which do not require the knowledge or training of a librarian (e.g., directional) can have a diminutive effect on the perceived role, work, and value of librarians. As such, it is suggested that these sorts of questions be addressed by student mentors or staff members. In turn, this will allow librarians to focus on those questions and activities which do require their unique knowledge and skills. Along similar lines, it is also suggested that librarians explore and identify new, non-traditional ways of applying their expertise to student success initiatives and the overall academic life of the institution. With the merger of three libraries, data from this study has been and continues to be used to make informed decisions about the provision of reference services in a new, integrated library environment.

Of Poets and Doctors

In this personal narrative, adapted from my memoir of my years in Doha, I present a digest of the educational philosophy that informed four years of my teaching at the Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, as WCM-Q was known when first established. As an author, artist, educator and practitioner of complementary alternative medicine who has worked with international students over many years, and in my therapeutic practice treated many clients from diverse backgrounds, I had much to bring to my teaching and to my position as Coordinator of the Writing Program in the college's Premedical Studies department. The years 2005 – 2009 were crucial in Qatar's development as an “education economy” and cosmopolitan crossroads, and I was eager to work with first and second year premed students on their way to our Medical Studies program—the first to grant American medical degrees anywhere overseas. It's not really so difficult for motivated, well instructed students to learn to write college level essays, but I also wanted these science-minded future doctors to learn what sorts of questions are asked in fields of the humanities. I wanted them to have a taste of what Socrates meant when he said, “The unexamined life is not worth living.” Such inquiry goes with learning the skills of close reading, literary analysis, and research methodology, which were the bases of my writing seminars. As well, in my course on literature and psychology, I introduced future doctors to the archetype of the shaman as wounded healer. I related this concept to my own undergraduate crisis that resulted in my choosing to become a poet rather than a doctor of veterinary medicine, and eventually to becoming certified as a hypnotherapist and establishing my private practice. Things might have changed somewhat since I left Qatar, but in this presentation I hope to inform my audience of what we started with at WCM-Q and how I succeeded with my students. I invite colleagues to consider how they approach the subjects of Narrative Medicine and Medical Humanities today to teach students in the Middle East.

The Power of Questioning Strategy on Students Learning English in the Classroom

The goals of this study were to determine the types of questioning strategies used in the classroom and the impact such strategies have on students' acquisition of English. The kids of senior high school participated in this study as the topic. A qualitative methodology was used for the study that was carried out here. The research included in this study collects data via observation, questionnaires, and interviews. The data that were acquired were then examined by first lowering the amount of data, then displaying the data, and finally deriving conclusions from the data. The results of the investigation revealed that the instructor had used several techniques and methods while questioning the students. These included putting more emphasis on the questions, translating the questions into Bahasa Indonesia, repeating the questions, and moving closer to the students. in addition, the sorts of questions that were used were open/close questions, recall questions, rhetorical questions, and yes/no questions. The instructor was responsible for using these types of questions throughout each individual teaching session. It is dependent on the content that the instructor conveyed to the students as to whether open-ended or closed-ended questions or display questions were the most common. Aside from that, the instructor will only utilize the recall and referential questions a limited number of times. The findings of the study demonstrated that there were positive benefits from using the method and the sorts of questions, namely, favourable answers from students and excellent relationships between the instructor and the students.

Introduction: philosophy of memory

Philosophical theorizing about the nature of memory is becoming increasingly prominent in the recent literature, with the philosophy of memory now being recognized as a distinct field of research (Michaelian & Sutton, 2017; Bernecker & Michaelian, 2017). As Michaelian et al. (2018) note in their introduction to a recent edited collection, this is attested by the large number of articles, journal special issues, books, and edited collections published recently, as well as the various conferences that have been organized in different parts of the world in the past few years. There is, to put it differently, a growing sense of community among philosophers of memory. But what is the philosophy of memory? What sort of questions are philosophers of memory concerned with?

Four Big Questions for Radiologists in the Making

One of my mentors at the University of Chicago, James Gustafson, held that there are four questions that we should be asking ourselves about our own lives and the lives of those we work and live with. While not necessarily the sorts of topics someone would address if they were pursuing success in the usual sense – how to build wealth, acquire power, or accumulate honors – they are just the sorts of questions we need to ponder if we want to live authentically and make meaningful contributions to the lives of others.

I Am Not All the Way Here

I Am Not All the Way Here

The Fairy Tale World ed. by Andrew Teverson

Reviewed by: The Fairy Tale World ed. by Andrew Teverson Mary Sellers (bio) The Fairy Tale World. Edited by Andrew Teverson, Routledge, 2019, 484 pp. Drawing on the work of established and emerging scholars, this collection of essays—as the title suggests—negotiates fairy tales around the world but also the world of the fairy tale itself. It begins with a definition of the term and a discussion of Andrew Lang’s work, but it quickly gets to the first of many conflicts in the field. The titular term “fairy tale” is fraught with “Eurocentric and Western associations that threaten to obscure the specificity, variety, and function of oral storytelling genres” (Lewis Seifert 159). In an effort to overcome this limiting terminology “that entail[s] homogenizing the world’s wonder tales according to a Euro-American model” (12), Andrew Teverson set out to reclaim the term and “extend and elaborate the emerging critique of the Euro-American focus of fairy-tale studies” (10). This aim is achieved through exposing the international influence of familiar texts, exploring how Märchen evolved differently across the world, expanding the canon to include marginalized works and analyses, and examining how contemporary writers and artists blend older forms and modern interpretations to create a novel pastiche. [End Page 388] The book is divided into five sections with seven or eight chapters in each. The sections—“The Formation of the Canon,” “Africa and the Caribbean,” “The Americas, Asia and Australia,” and “Europe”—provide an excellent overview of both the specific topic and current scholarship in the area. However, there are threads that weave through all the chapters—particularly the ideas of colonialism, imperialism, and fairy-tale origins—that create a global tapestry of ideas. Other cross-chapter motifs are art, contemporary literature, and a definition of fairy tale. However, for those who wish to focus on a specific geographical area, the book offers a sample of approaches to scholarship to highlight the trends in research. Additionally, the geographical focus enables a study of a wider region, as stories travel heedless of political borders. It also allows cross-cultural comparison. For example, how do contemporary retellings in Australia differ from those in Japan or America? Yet, each section can be used as a stand-alone unit for a class or to delve into a geographical exploration of fairy tales in that region. The first section, “The Formation of the Canon,” opens by posing the question “Where do fairy tales belong?” Donald Haase answers the query and “confirms the resistance of folktales and fairy tales to the constraint of a one-dimensional belonging” (30). These tales exist in their own realm, and those who hear them often do not grapple with paratextual meanings and do not place the tales in their specific geographical and cultural setting. This enables fairy tales to be read through multiple lenses. Questions of interpretation and origin continue in the rest of the section through discussions of the origin of the fairy tale in the Middle East, Italy, France, Germany, and the problems inherent in translation. Nancy L. Canepa discusses the works of Giovan Francesco Straparola and Giambattista Basile in her chapter, “The Formation of the Literary Fairy Tale in Early Modern Italy 1550–1636,” commenting on the “murky moral world of the tales” where “violence and deception may or may not prove to be winning strategies” (65). This chapter contrasts well with the “stylish atmosphere of the court” (68) found in the French tales Christine A. Jones uses as her texts in “Social Change and the Development of the Fairy Tale in France 1690–1799.” Overall, this first section lays the groundwork for continuing themes in the rest of the volume. Although the remaining sections are geographically focused, many of the entries grapple with the same sort of question that Ruth Finnegan posed, “Are there fairy tales in Africa?” (105), which introduces her chapter, “Fairy Tale in Africa: A Contrast of Centuries.” Discussions of wonder tales or tales of magic occur in almost every section, expanding the fixed notion of a “fairy tale” to encompass a wider range of narratives. Emily Zoebel Marshall’s study of Anansi tales in “This Is Not a...

The logical perception of the pure consciousness

Does pure consciousness exist without being hooked to a physical mechanism (e.g. human body)? Can such claim be proven logically? The magnitude of asking this sort of question is similar to asking: Is it logical that matter exists out of the total void? The answer to both questions is yes. The aim of this paper is to show that, the existence of pure consciousness is a logical state, it is not energy, and it exists timelessly and can be experienced beyond the physical body. Furthermore, we show that pure consciousness (the soul) is a virtual junction on the metaphysical virtual net where each junction incorporates a set of cords of consciousness. The set can be limited, unlimited or uncountable. Cords of consciousness is treated as brain neural patterns and as such the brain can easily be manipulated by an external device which may transmit neural patterns in order to generate artificial scenes. A computation example was provided to elaborate the neural patterns and cords of consciousness. Finally, we discuss the opportunity rather than the possibility to visit the metaphysical virtual space. In that sense, if it is possible, should we grab the opportunity and expend our science beyond physics, into the metaphysics?

CONSTRUCTING THE ‘URBAN PROFILE’ OF AN ANCIENT GREEK CITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE OLYNTHOS PROJECT

This article argues that a holistic approach to documenting and understanding the physical evidence for individual cities would enhance our ability to address major questions about urbanisation, urbanism, cultural identities and economic processes. At the same time we suggest that providing more comprehensive data-sets concerning Greek cities would represent an important contribution to cross-cultural studies of urban development and urbanism, which have often overlooked relevant evidence from Classical Greece. As an example of the approach we are advocating, we offer detailed discussion of data from the Archaic and Classical city of Olynthos, in the Halkidiki. Six seasons of fieldwork here by the Olynthos Project, together with legacy data from earlier projects by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens and by the Greek Archaeological Service, combine to make this one of the best-documented urban centres surviving from the Greek world. We suggest that the material from the site offers the potential to build up a detailed ‘urban profile’, consisting of an overview of the early development of the community as well as an in-depth picture of the organisation of the Classical settlement. Some aspects of the urban infrastructure can also be quantified, allowing a new assessment of (for example) its demography. This article offers a sample of the kinds of data available and the sorts of questions that can be addressed in constructing such a profile, based on a brief summary of the interim results of fieldwork and data analysis carried out by the Olynthos Project, with a focus on research undertaken during the 2017, 2018 and 2019 seasons.

Do fictions explain?

I argue that fictional models, construed as models that misrepresent certain ontological aspects of their target systems, can nevertheless explain why the latter exhibit certain behaviour. They can do this by accurately representing whatever it is that that behaviour counterfactually depends on. However, we should be sufficiently sensitive to different explanatory questions, i.e., ‘why does certain behaviour occur?’ versus ‘why does the counterfactual dependency invoked to answer that question actually hold?’. With this distinction in mind, I argue that whilst fictional models can answer the first sort of question, they do so in an unmysterious way (contra to what one might initially think about such models). Moreover, I claim that the second question poses a dilemma for the defender of the idea that fictions can explain: either these models cannot answer these sorts of explanatory questions, precisely because they are fictional; or they can, but in a way that requires reinterpreting them such that they end up accurately representing the ontological basis of the counterfactual dependency, i.e., reinterpreting them so as to rob them of their fictional status. Thus, the existence of explanatory fictions does not put pressure on the idea that accurate representation of some aspect of a target system is a necessary condition on explaining that aspect.

Review: Radio Revolten: 30 Days of Radio Art, edited by Knut Aufermann, Helen Hahmann, Sarah Washington, Ralf Wendt

Review: <i>Radio Revolten: 30 Days of Radio Art</i>, edited by Knut Aufermann, Helen Hahmann, Sarah Washington, Ralf Wendt

Stuart Egginton joins the JEB editorial team

![Graphic][1] When Stuart Egginton picked up the phone in early June 2020 and heard the voice of his old friend Hans Hoppeler, he had no idea why his colleague of four decades was calling. ‘Hans was very chatty and said how he was retiring from Journal of Experimental Biology’, recalls

The past and future role of conservation science in saving biodiversity

AbstractGlobal biodiversity losses continue despite tremendous growth in the volume of conservation science and many local successes. Research that can achieve conservation science's aims—arresting declines in biodiversity and preventing extinctions—is therefore of ever greater importance. Here, we ask whether conservation science, as currently performed, is progressing in such a way as to maximize its impact. We present a simple framework for how effective conservation research could progress, from identifying problems to diagnosing their proximate and ultimate causes, and from proposing, to designing, implementing, and testing responses. We then demonstrate that for three well‐known examples—South Asian vultures, whooping cranes, and bycatch of procellariform seabirds—published studies appear to follow this sequence, with considerable benefits. However, for a representative sample of the wider conservation literature, we find no evidence of such a progression. Instead, the vast majority of papers remain focused on describing the state of nature or on mechanisms directly causing changes, with very little research on designing or implementing conservation responses. This lack of research on the sorts of questions that might most help conservation science deliver its stated mission strongly suggests we will struggle to translate the huge increase in research activity into real‐world benefits.

Richard WagameseFor Joshua: An Ojibwe Father Teaches His Son

grandmother and aunts. His was an obsessive love for his invalid mother, Marine, whom he cares for until she dies. Left to his own devices, he works as a gardener for the rich fifty-year-old Creole, Loraine, and alternately nurses her through her alcoholinduced comas and her need for sexual gratification. The setting is turn-of-the-twenty-firstcentury Guadeloupe, amidst municipal strikes, power outages, 35 percent unemployment , and violence. The country is split into two factions: “The fortunate, who possessed generators, and the unfortunate, who did not.” Dieudonné has no interest in politics, history, or religion, yet he maintains a curious friendship with a homeless poet, Boris, and Rodrigue, a young criminal friend who introduces him to crack. He finds solace aboard the decaying thirtyfive -foot sailboat The Belle Créole, owned by the Cohen family, who left the country for better opportunities. Dieudonné invites comparison with Richard Wright’s Bigger Thomas. Condé’s descriptions of the country also bring to mind Jamaica Kincaid’s A Small Place. The narrator is vintage Condé, both philosophically engaging and derisive. Of Dieudonné’s friend Boris, the narrator queries: “Did Boris have talent? This sort of question shouldn’t be asked, because it has no answer. For some, he was an unsung national bard, the only true champion of popular culture. For others, a weak rhymester and a first-class bore.” The genius of the novel rests with its characterizations. There is no one character type, and characters’ actions escape predictability. From Arabella (described as “no doting grandma”) to Matthias Serbulon , Esq. (Dieudonné’s defense attorney), to Luc (a charming mixed-blood painter and also Loraine’s lover), there are no stock characters or easy pronouncements to be made about their actions. The novel is a satisfying adventure. Adele Newson-Horst Morgan State University Richard Wagamese For Joshua: An Ojibwe Father Teaches His Son Minneapolis, Minnesota. Milkweeed Editions. 2020. 205 pages. FIRST PUBLISHED by Doubleday Canada in 2002, For Joshua’s posthumous release as the first US edition of the late, renowned Ojibwe author Richard Wagamese’s (1955–2017) memoir is timely. Winner of numerous awards and best known for his novel Indian Horse, which won the 2013 People’s Choice award for Canada Reads, Wagamese wrote this text as a letter to his then-estranged six-year-old son. For Joshua not only powerfully describes Wagamese’s individual journey in life as an Ojibwe man, it also conveys universal truths about First Nations/American Indian traditional ways to which most readers have no access. What Wagamese says of traditional stories is also true of his own, which “act as guides to our selves.” While some traditional Native readers might take exception to Wagamese using his vision quest, a traditional four-day fasting Books in Review Fatima Bhutto The Runaways New York. Verso. 2020. 432 pages. OSAMA, THE BROKEN BUT learned Marxist in Fatima Bhutto’s The Runaways, delineates a way of looking at societies that provides a much-needed critical approach to race, class, gender, religion, and sexuality: “The only way to look at powerful societies was through the people they excluded. The blacks encapsulated all the sorrow of their history in art—in music, in literature, in dance. The way the Sindhis or Baloch did here. Even as they suffered, the blacks sang to the world of beauty and terror.” Fatima Bhutto’s The Runaways, with its complex fusion of ideas—personal, national, and transnational identity; the relationship between fervor and selfdestruction ; and the nature of the matrix within which we live—generates a complex fictional topography. The sensibilities of the novel’s protagonists suggest a new dynamic of power relations in which politics and selfhood, empire and psychology prove to be profoundly interrelated . Migration, in the form of new social formations that transgress national borders , provides a key context to exploring this work of fiction. It is no secret that in this day and age, several new and transnational social formations have reverted to fundamentalist, exclusionary, and antiinternationalist interests. Also, transnational politics in the twenty-first century often lead to cultural and religious fanaticism by emphasizing a conception of identity between the “authentic” and the “demonic.” I would...

Is Nicene Trinitarianism "In" the Scriptures?

Is Nicene Trinitarianism "In" the Scriptures? Lewis Ayres Tout ce qui demeure cache dans le Nouveau Testament fait encore partie du Nouveau Testament1 My title poses a blunt question, one that is full of ambiguity. But this is just the sort of question that my students are apt to pose when they study the emergence of classic doctrinal formulae, and I emphasize that the controversies that gave them birth are deeply exegetical. The crux of any plausible answer to the question is the bridge that one must construct between the language of the New Testament—where a clear statement of the nature of the godhead is absent—and the language of later Nicene Trinitarian formulation.2 My own attempt at spanning what to modern eyes easily seems a significant gap will begin by critiquing another attempt, [End Page 1285] one that might initially seem to offer all that we need. As I do so it will be clear that I am focused on the texts of the New Testament, but as I begin to set out my answer I will at least hint at how we might also extend this argument to cover Israel's Scriptures. I In the first few years of my teaching career, David Yeago's short essay "The New Testament and the Nicene Dogma" was frequently referenced as an answer to the question of how one might understand the classical formulae of the Christian faith to be fundamentally in accord with that which is revealed in Scripture.3 The essay offers an approach to the question of my title that appeals to any scholar taken by the post-liberal vision of doctrine as fundamentally regulative, or taken by the concept of the "plain sense" of Scripture as it was articulated by a number of those who were associated with Yale during the 1970s and 1980s. At the heart of Yeago's argument lies a fairly simple principle: in order to understand the relationship between the Church's Trinitarian teaching and the text of the New Testament we need to look to the judgments that the text renders. Yeago writes: The New Testament does not contain a formally articulated "doctrine of God" of the same kind as the later Nicene dogma. What it does contain is a pattern of implicit and explicit judgements concerning the God of Israel and his relationship to the crucified and risen Jesus of Nazareth.4 Thus, Philippians 2:9 tells us that God has bestowed on Christ "the name which is above every name," and this must be the name of Yhwh. We read this text in the light of the Philippians 1:10–11 insistence that "every knee should bend," and we know the latter to be alluding to Isaiah 45:21–24, which insists that in Yhwh are "saving justice and strength." Hence the judgment of the text is that "within the thought-world of Israel's Scriptures, no stronger affirmation of the bond between the risen Jesus and the God of Israel is possible."5 Yeago goes on to write: It is perfectly consistent with this that the early communities came [End Page 1286] to speak by preference of the God of Israel as Jesus' Father and of Jesus as God's unique Son, in a relationship definitive for the identity of each.6 Yeago's understanding of the judgments that Scripture delivers is quite expansive and yet precise: The affirmation that this God has so radically identified himself with Jesus can rhyme with Israel's confession of the singularity and incom-parability of God if and only if their relationship is eternal. There is only one God, Yhwh, and relationship to Jesus of Nazareth is somehow intrinsic to this God's identity from everlasting. There is only one God, but the one God is never without his only-begotten Son.7 In this quotation Yeago seems to be arguing that the judgments we can attribute to the text include some second-order logical consequences. Thus, he doesn't point to other key texts that one might use to argue for the Son's eternity, but presents belief in the Son's co-eternity as a necessary...

Legislating for Referendums in the United Kingdom

This paper argues that new primary legislation is required to clarify the role of referendums in the UK. My argument falls into three parts. The first outlines what the law is concerning the use of referendums in the UK. The second explains what changes are necessary, and why those changes should be made in law. I will argue that there are three types of guidance that the law should offer about referendums: guidance about their outcomes, procedural guidance about how referendums should be conducted, and content guidance about what sorts of questions should be put to a referendum in the first place. The third part of the paper concedes that new legislation will not address all of the problems with the uses of referendums in the UK. Nevertheless, changes in the law are necessary given the capacity of referendums to undermine representative democracy.

Foreword: The Moment of Discovery: How Do You Know When You Hit a Question That's Pure Gold?

Foreword: The Moment of Discovery: How Do You Know When You Hit a Question That's Pure Gold?

Wittgenstein’s Language-Games and Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems As the Foundation of Law

Incompleteness specifically refers to the fact that given any system of symbols, there will always be questions that can be formulated in that system that cannot be answered using just the symbols of that system. An example would be that if a person had a box of objects that person was holding, and an interrogator asked to show the objects in the box which cannot be shown. That would be a paradoxical question with no possible answer. Those sorts of questions can always be formulated, and this shows that there are some propositions that will be unresolvable no matter what the premises are of a system. So, if one wanted to judge an axiomatic system — as David Hilbert did at the turn of the last century — by whether it could have an answer for any question one could ask of it, then one will not be able to make that judgement of some system being more thoroughly 'complete' (able to answer questions asked of it) relative to another. Can, this, then can be applied to law and moral judgements? If one perceives law or morality as a propositional system then, yes, it would be applicable to moral judgements. Many pragmatists do not perceive law as such a propositional system, though. Some of the quotes I have collected refer to such pragmatists with that different approach. Morality cannot be approved and everything is subjective intent including law. So, in the same way that in the early 1900s Bertrand Russell’s attempts with mathematics were approved futile in Principia Mathematica. Are the philosophical foundations of law proved futile? How is Godel's incompleteness theorem as being a problem for morals? Nobody has true premises to go from? Therefore — it can be said — all our conclusions are subjective. Is this accurate?