Sort Of People Research Articles

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Being att Whitehall from whence one sence my coming thither I have troubled you, and this is like to prove another, I professe the only reason why I am not this way more often vissetting you. And peradventure my cautiousnesse may be accounted neglect, but having a clear mark of affection to you, I can by that give my selfe a great deale of quiett. I desire to abandon all thought of unkindnesse and I am certaine it must be high provocation that shall raise such a spiritt in me. As nature hath linked us soe near, soe shall the grace of God tye our affections with cords of true love that cannot be broken. I ought not to robb you of your pretious time, nor should I have gone any further, much lesse troubled you with any new matter, but that I am through the exceeding civility of my countryman, Mr Reynolds,1 prest in my disposition to answer the obligation of his kindnesse by recommending to your intrested power in the councell of Ireland the consideration of his bussinesse that it may have a speedy dispatch and effectually to answer the expectations which are very much raised even to confidence, for that his Highness hath written on his behalfe. That which is aimed att is that his lands may be sett oute. I need not ofer many arguments, there being a justnesse in it that it should be done and a just disposition in you to see those juste rights speedily and rightly placed; it being a carrecter upon you, hath prouved great reputation; never did private spiritt doe anything that was worthy of living praisse. I desire God to continew such a spiritt to you as may be publique, it being comprehensive you are certaine by its learge cercumference to take in all sorts of people, and soe consequently the people of God; you making noe difference but when the seale is upon a saint and the marke of the beaste upon an enimy to Jesus Christ, yet it preserving property to all sorts and ranks of men. I am ashamed of my tediousnesse to you, and therefore I shall desire your excuse and the presenting my unfeined respects and service to my dear sister and your self, I take leave and rest, deare brother,

Seeking an International Dialogue on Research Integrity

Scientific misconduct is a global problem, yet protocols for addressing it remain highly fragmented and uneven. A conference held last month in Lisbon aimed to encourage international efforts to promote research integrity and to prevent misconduct.

대학생들의 반복독서 경험에 관한 연구

The goal of this study is to examine what sort of books people read repeatedly, what are the different preferences between men and women, how much the repeatedly-read books are related to the most memorable books and how the repeatedly-read books are connected to reading habits. A questionnaire was provided to college students and their repeated reading experiences were searched. The results of the statistical analysis are summarized : 1) Most college students have experienced repeated reading more than twice. 2) The number of college students who have experienced repeated reading twice is the highest and next, those who have read repeatedly 3 times. Also, the number of times of repeated reading tends to be similar between male and female students. 3) The books which many students read repeatedly more than twice are : a) Romance of 3 Kingdoms b) Little Prince c) Da Vinci Code d) Alchemist e) Chinese nine spine stickle back f) Meu Pe do Larania Lima g) Harry potter. 4) About half of the students have read the most memorable books many times. 5) The importance of books was evaluated on the basis of the number of repeated readers and the number of readings. The order of the important books is Three Romans of 3 kingdoms, Little Prince, Da Vinci Code, Meu Pe do Larania Lima, Tuesdays with Mollie, Harry Potter, and The Myth of Greece and Rome. 6) The preferred books by male college students are mostly the stories of fighters while female likes books that contain deep emotion and morality. More than half of the males` repeated reading was Romance of 3 Kingdoms while the preferred books of females are distributed widely.

Geographies of generosity: Beyond the ‘moral turn’

This paper questions Geographers debates about ‘caring at a distance’ and the ‘geographies of responsibility’, focussing on the treatment of the theme of partiality in ethics and justice. Debates in Geography often present partial commitments as morally or politically problematic on the grounds that they prioritize self-interest, exclusionary, and geographically restricted ways of relating to others. We outline how debates about caring at a distance and the geographies of responsibility frame partiality as a problem to be overcome. We argue that Geography’s engagements with moral philosophy are premised on faulty assumptions about the sorts of influences people are liable to act upon (one’s that privilege causal knowledge as the primary motivating force), and also flawed assumptions about the sorts of problems that academic reasoning about normative issues is meant to address (the assumption that people are too egoistical and not altruistic enough). We use the theme of generosity as an entry point to argue that partiality and finitude might be the conditions for any ethical–political project that de-centres the motivation of practical action away from the sovereign self towards responsive and attentive relations of encounter with the needs of others. Understanding generosity as a modality of power suggests a revised programme for geographical investigations of the intersection between ethics, morality and politics: one which looks at how opportunities to address normative demands in multiple registers are organized and transformed; at the ways in which dispositions to respond and to be receptive to others are worked up; and how opportunities for acting responsively on these dispositions are organized.

Open for Business: The Persistent Entrepreneurial Class in Poland by Elizabeth Osborn Kazimierz Slomczynski (review)

REVIEWS 38I Osborn, Elizabethand Slomczynski,Kazimierz. Open for Business: ThePersistent Entrepreneurial Classin Poland.IFiS Publishers, Warsaw, 2005. 280 pp. Tables. Notes. Appendices. Bibliography.Index. $28.50 (paperback). IT is arguable that entrepreneurs have been the lifeblood of the Polish economy over the last century. During the German occupation and the period of Soviet control, they exploited such niches as were permitted, and many that were not, to supply ordinaryPoles with things that the state could or would not give them. Offeredthe opportunityto thrive, especiallybetween the wars and since I989, they have blossomed in both number and variety, and their businesses now contribute about two-fifthsof the country's GDP. The reader will not, however, get much of an impression of the enormous enterprise,energyand innovationinvolvedin this achievementfromElizabeth Osborn and Kazimierz Slomczynski'sdry tome. Open for Business examines people who own small or medium-sized enterprises , other than in agriculture, which employ others besides themselves or their families, but who are actively involved in the operation of their businesses. The authors claim that the relationship between this class and Poland'spost-Communistreformsis not well understood, suggestingthat the entrepreneurialclassis both the resultof reformand the cause of the country's economic transformation.However, the book tells us almost nothing about the second of these. Rather, it examines the backgroundsof people who have become entrepreneurs, and their attitudes towards business and politics. It does so by using the resultsof a series of surveysfrom between I978 and I998, some conducted by Slomczynski,of severalthousandpeople. It also uses interviewsconducted by both authorsbetween I996 and 2002 with sixty-five entrepreneursand representativesof fifteen business organizations. Chapter two provides a brief historicalsketch of the role of entrepreneurs in Poland during the twentieth century, while chapter four compares the backgroundsof those who started businesses at various times between I949 and I993. Over that period, the likelihood that an entrepreneurwould come from a family of an urban owner or farmer,would be male and would have had only a basic level of education, all declined. However, chapter three concludes that, although Polish entrepreneurs now generally enjoy higher incomes than managers or experts the classes that were particularly favoured under Communism they are still likely to have had an inferior education. Chaptersfive and six consider the motivationsof Poland'scurrent entrepreneurs. Chapter seven examines their psychological characteristics. Chapter eight looks at entrepreneurs'attitudestowardsprivatization,and asks what sort of people are likelyto become entrepreneursin future;and chapter nine explorestheirpoliticalleanings.Entrepreneurswho have failedand those who have succeeded are examined in chapter ten, and the professionalization of the entrepreneurial class through the establishment of chambers of commerce, trade associationsand similarorganisationsis discussedin chapter eleven. A concluding chapter summarizes the findings. These are, in short, that a wide variety of personal attitudes, as well as the particular circumstances associatedwith Poland'spost-Communisttransformation,encouraged the rapid increase in entrepreneurialactivityfrom the late I980s onward. As 382 SEER, 85, 2, 2007 one might expect, Poland's newest entrepreneurs tend to be people with strongpersonalmotivation or some historyof family initiativeand prosperity. They also tend to support capitalism,privatization,democracy and Poland's entryto the EuropeanUnion. Some entrepreneurshave yet to grow out of the practices that were necessary for survivalduring Communist times, namely, informalityof contracts and corruption, but ethical standardsare rising, in part as a result of the work of the professionalbodies that have developed since I989. The authors make substantialuse of factor analysis and regression, and relatetheir findingsto wider sociologicaldebates. To this extent, Open for Businessprobably makes a contribution to the sociology of the post-Communist transformationof Centraland EasternEurope. However, the readeris offered little information about the scale, nature and structure of the enterprises whose founders were interviewed, or about the extent to which they are typical of Poland's entrepreneurialclass as a whole. Chapter six's regional analysis of factors likely to affect the emergence of entrepreneurshipis too limited to add significantlyto our understandingof the topic;and only a small proportionof the informationcollected in the interviewsappearsto have been presented.To this extent, the book will be of much less interestto economists and political scientists,let alone politicians and journalists, for all of whom relevance is claimed in the Preface, than it might otherwisehave been. Arbroath ANDREwH. DAwsON Pop, Liliana. Democratising Capitalism...

Celebrity in antiquity: from media tarts to tabloid queens

What sort of people were able to grab the attention of the public in the ancient world? How was celebrity achieved? What methods did people use to achieve it? Robert Garland turns the spotlight on the careers of some of the most successful and colourful self-promoters ever to have lived, including Alcibiades, Socrates, Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Augustus, Jesus, Nero and Theodosia, and investigates the secrets of their success. He also looks at ways in which other highly talented individuals turned themselves into celebrities, including sports personalities, entertainers, philosophers, founders of new religions, and internationally renowned prostitutes. The reader may be forgiven for supposing that celebrity is a phenomenon that has no equivalent in antiquity. This book proves that it did!

THE ILLIBERALITY OF ‘LIBERAL EUGENICS’

AbstractThis essay evaluates the moral logic of ‘liberal eugenics’: the ideal of genetic control which leaves decisions about what sort of people to produce in the hands of individual parents, absent government intervention. I argue that liberal eugenics cannot be justified on the basis of the underlying liberal theory which inspires it. I introduce an alternative to Rawls's social primary goods that might be called natural primary goods: hereditable mental and physical capacities and dispositions that are valued across a range of projects and pursuits. I suggest that reproductive genetic biotechnologies like embryo selection, cellular surgery, and genetic engineering, which aim to enhance ‘general purpose’ traits in offspring are less like childrearing practices a liberal government leaves to the discretion of parents than like practices the state makes compulsory. I argue that if the liberal commitment to autonomy is important enough for the state to mandate childrearing practices such as health care and basic education, that very same interest is important enough for the state to mandate safe, effective, and functionally integrated genetic practices that act on analogous all‐purpose traits such as resistance to disease and general cognitive functioning. I conclude that the liberal case for compulsory eugenics is a reductio against liberal theory.

Introduction to the special issue on android science

Android science is a new interdisciplinary framework for studying human cognition and interaction based on the premise that a very humanlike robot can elicit the sort of responses people typically ...

Stories as Evidence

Tilly begins and ends his book, Why, by reviewing the gripping accounts of ordinary people and experts as they tried to make sense of the events of September 11, 2001. Differences in explanations for the same event make it possible to explore how people sort out cause and effect. No one would disagree with Tilly’s observation that stories are important for human interaction or that they are a social invention sculpted after the fact. Seventy years ago, Paul Lazarfeld alerted us that, “Asking for reasons and giving answers are common place habits of everyday life.”1 Stories are part of a dialogue, an essential part of social interaction, whose participants might be individuals of equal or different social statuses (or possessing different kinds of knowledge about the storyline). Tilly redefines that assertion by claiming that stories share three main characteristics: (1) storytellers rework their stories to make their social processes more available to their audience. (2) stories include strong insinuation of responsibility (e.g., a moral evaluation); (3) and different people (even with equal social status) who experience a story bring a different viewpoint to the telling. But most important, stories, Tilly argues, truncate cause-effect connections. Causes and effects, according to Tilly, are joined in complicated ways (p. 65). When asked for a reason as to why something happened, people give or receive four types of accounts: conventions, stories, codes and technical accounts. Each type differs in its emphasis. For instance, technical accounts have a more complex cause-effect model than conventions (or logics of appropriateness) and codes are interpreted through available formulas (which include limited cause-effect reasoning). Yet, as much as Tilly acknowledges that these reasons are not mutually exclusive stories are critical to each type—whether they are gathered to reform or translate codes or used by experts to explain to ordinary people the epistemology of their expertise. In fairness Tilly does not claim to have discovered the use of stories in everyday life or in professional arenas: still, Why captured my interest because it made me think hard about

Filth, Incontinence and Border Protection

Filth, Incontinence and Border Protection

The origins of monetary income inequality: Patience, human capital, and division of labor

We present an explanation about the origins of monetary income inequality when an economically self-sufficient society opens to a market economy. The chain of associations runs from patience, to the accumulation of different forms of human capital, to self-selection into different occupations, and to the division of labor, which contributes to monetary income inequality. In a self-sufficient society, patience is exogenously determined and people rely on folk knowledge as the only form of human capital. With the establishment of schools, patient and impatient people sort themselves out by the type of human capital they begin to accumulate. Impatient people do not acquire folk knowledge because return to schooling takes many years to bear fruit. Schooling opens opportunities in occupations outside the village, whereas folk knowledge enhances employment opportunities that draw on farming or foraging. Self-selection into different occupations with different earnings potential spawns monetary income inequality. To test the explanation, we draw on data from a foraging–farming society in the Bolivian Amazon, the Tsimane'. We collected data during four consecutive quarters in 1999–2000 and a follow-up interview (2004). Data came from 151 adults (age, 16 years or more) from all households ( n=48) in two villages with different levels of market exposure. During 1999–2000, impatience was associated with (a) greater folk knowledge and fewer years of schooling, (b) lower likelihood of working in wage labor, and (c) greater likelihood of working in rural subsistence occupations. People who had been patient in 1999–2000 had greater wage earnings and more modern physical assets in 2004.

Multiple Experiments for the Causal Link between the Quantity and Quality of Children

This article presents evidence on the child-quantity/child-quality trade-off using quasi-experimental variation due to twin births and preferences for a mixed sibling sex composition, as well as ethnic differences in the effects of these variables. Our sample includes groups with very high fertility. An innovation in our econometric approach is the juxtaposition of results from multiple instrumental variables strategies, capturing the effects of fertility over different ranges for different sorts of people. To increase precision, we develop an estimator that combines different instrument sets across partially overlapping parity-specific subsamples. Our results are remarkably consistent in showing no evidence of a quantity-quality trade-off.

The Pedigrees of Post-Colonial Governors 1966–2003

In 1966 the Colonial Office (CO) closed. Thereafter the administration of Britain's dependent (now overseas) territories fell to the combined Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO). The CO had established a highly efficient system for the appointment of colonial governors. The FCO now had to concern itself with governors’ appointments, a very different post. How appropriate has the experience been of governors appointed to the existing overseas territories in the period 1966 to 2003? How far has the FCO come to terms with the difference in the nature of appointments and what sort of people have they appointed? There is a description of the factors involved in the selection process and a discussion of the policy background.

Characteristics and Risks of Drivers with Low Annual Distance Driven

Objectives. It has been noted by several authors that risk (defined only in terms of total expected numbers of crash involvements per total distance driven) paints a misleading picture of crash liability, particularly for the young and the old, as their high risk is associated with risky driving patterns typical of people who drive low annual kms. This article sets out to analyze these driving patterns of low-km drivers and to evaluate the risk of these patterns. As licensing programs tend to focus on young and old drivers, who tend to drive lower annual distances, income and employment data are also analyzed for low-km drivers. This is to provide a better picture for policy makers of the sort of people and the sorts of transportation requirements that their policies may affect. Methods. Crash data and travel data were disaggregated by driver characteristics and by driving conditions (road type, day and night, weekend and weekday) and combined to form estimates of risk for typical driving patterns of driver groups. Characteristics of driving patterns and of the drivers themselves were derived for groups defined by age and by the amount of annual driving undertaken. Results. Older drivers who drive less tend to have higher risk per km mainly due to their predominantly urban trips. Nevertheless, because older drivers on average manage to reduce their risk per distance driven by choosing driving patterns that are safer than the driving patterns of other age groups, the risk of older drivers as a group is not overestimated. Conclusion. Despite being quite different from one another, the low- and high-km driving patterns of younger drivers were found to impose identical risks.

Vale DRS Banks and Copeman

The two papers on echinococcosis in this issue describe part of the work of Dr David Banks during his PhD at James Cook University from 1981 to 1984, under the supervision of Associate Professor Bruce Copeman. Both men died recently, David in a plane crash at Lockhart River in 2005 and Bruce from multiple myeloma in 2006. David's early death led Bruce to finalise and submit their draft manuscripts for publication. Their work together during David's PhD along with the work of Dr Chris Baldock was instrumental in determining the epidemiology of echinococcosis in cattle in Australia. Researchers in this field have known of their work and have referred to it in their publications (see Jenkins et al. 2005, International Journal of Parasitology, volume 35, pages 1205–1219). David and Bruce were prevented from publishing these papers earlier due to the enormous workloads in their careers, which they appeared to accept with good humour. They were talented individuals whose skills and expertise were always in demand. David became the principal scientist of Biosecurity Australia and devoted much of his life to eradicating and preventing the spread of important animal diseases. Bruce was one of the key teaching and research parasitologists in the tropics for over 30 years. He supervised 52 postgraduate students including David, many of whom became senior scientists within their respective countries. Both David and Bruce were blessed with immense enthusiasm for their work, a quality they imparted to others. They were kind, considerate and thoughtful, the very best sort of people to be around. Between them they achieved a great deal and have been honoured with a number of awards such as the Kesteven Medal and the Order of Australia. Both men are already commemorated by their peers in two public lectures; the David Banks Memorial Lecture sponsored by the Australian Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, which is given each year in memory of David's contribution to the control of emerging infectious diseases, and the annual Bruce Copeman Oration sponsored by the Australasian College of Tropical Medicine (ACTM). The latter helps illustrate the breadth of Bruce's interests and enthusiasm. Bruce was one of a small group of 10 that founded the ACTM in Townsville in 1991. The fact that these two papers are now published also illustrates Bruce's amazing approach to life and death. When he realised that the myeloma would win in the end, Bruce retired from the School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, but used the ‘free’ time to come in to work almost on a daily basis to finalise a lifetime of doctoral student publications. Bruce's last years have been some of his most productive, submitting 21 manuscripts for publication. Both scientists will be sadly missed.

What sort of people can look at a chicken and think dofednod?: Language, ideology and nationalism in public discourse

Article What sort of people can look at a chicken and think dofednod?: Language, ideology and nationalism in public discourse was published on August 28, 2002 in the journal Multilingua (volume 21, issue 2-3).

Free Legal Advice on the Internet

On numerous online discussion forums in various countries, ordinary people pose specific legal questions and both ordinary people and lawyers answer them. This article considers this new and rapidly growing method of providing legal advice. It emphasizes qualitative over quantitative issues. It seeks to answer questions such as “What kind of questions are being asked?”; “What sort of people are giving legal advice?”, “What sort of people are getting legal advice?”. For those few legal systems that I know something about, I also have considered the question, “How good is the advice?” This is a comparative study, involving discussion forums for Armenian, Australian, Austrian, Brazilian, Canadian, Croatian, English, French, German, Italian, Moldovan, Portuguese, Russian, Scots, Spanish, Swiss, Ukrainian, United Kingdom, and United States law.

Multiple Experiments for the Causal Link between the Quantity and Quality of Children

A longstanding question in the economics of the family is the relationship between sibship size and subsequent human capital formation and welfare. If there is a causal trade-off, then policies that discourage large families should lead to increased human capital, higher earnings, and, at the macro level, promote economic development. Ordinary least squares regression estimates and a large theoretical literature suggests that this is indeed the case. This paper presents new evidence on the child-quantity/child-quality trade-off using quasi-experimental variation due to twin births and preferences for a mixed sibling-sex composition, as well as ethnic differences in the effects of these variables and preferences for male births in some ethnic groups. For the purposes of this analysis, we constructed a unique matched data set linking Israeli Census data on human capital, earnings, and other outcomes with information on the structure of families drawn from a population registry. Our sample includes groups with very high fertility. An innovation in our econometric approach is the juxtaposition of results from multiple instrumental variables (IV) strategies, capturing the effects of fertility over different ranges for different sorts of people. To increase precision, we also develop an estimator that combines different instrument sets across partially-overlapping parity-specific sub-samples. The resulting variety of evidence addresses the question of the external validity of a given set of IV estimates. Our results are remarkably consistent in showing no evidence of a quantity-quality trade-off across samples and experiments. We do find, however, that girls from larger families marry sooner.

The Happiness Gains from Sorting and Matching in the Labor Market

Sorting of people on the labor market not only assures the most productive use of valuable skills but also generates individual utility gains if people experience an optimal match between job characteristics and their preferences. Based on individual data on reported satisfaction with life it is possible to assess these latter gains from matching. We introduce a two-equation ordered probit model with endogenous switching and study self-selection into government and private sector jobs. We find considerable gains from matching amounting to an increase in the fraction of very satisfied workers from 53.8 to 58.8 percent relative to a hypothetical random allocation of workers to the two sectors.

Boycott, resistance and the role of the deviant voice

I recently logged onto the Home Office Research Development and Statistics (RDS) website and was greeted with a large flashing announcement that read; “economists we want you”. This appeal echoed the views of a senior RDS person I recently interviewed who stated; “We recruit quite a lot of people and it's very rare that we employ people who have degrees in criminology because they don't have any skills… We're employing all sorts of people and the most obvious are those with psychology, economics and physics because they have more skills” (Walters, 2003) – great news for all those criminology students! But what can be said about the trajectory of Home Office criminology and the construction of criminological knowldege?