Sorts Of Media Research Articles

The Crack in the Cornerstone: Victorian Identity Conflicts and the Representation of the Sepoy Mutiny in Metropolitan and Anglo-Indian Novels

In 1897, Hilda Gregg wrote from the pages of Blackwood’s Magazine that “Of all the great events of this century, as they are reflected in fiction, the Indian Mutiny has taken the firmest hold on the popular imagination.” The Mutiny was made a Victorian icon of the “British character”, conveyed by all sorts of media. The novels focusing on the event developed a specific chronotope and a subgenre—the Mutiny novel—which largely contributed to shaping national identity, confirming racial and sexual stereotypes. However, if on the one hand the Mutiny novels show how the event played a significant role in building British national identity and imperialist attitudes, they also reveal that this same notion of British identity was built on exclusions and power conflicts which divided the supporters of the imperial adventure, besides opposing them to natives. Anglo-Indians resented the ambiguity of their double status of heroes and exploiters and often tried an ante litteram “writing back”. The working class was silenced and only one novel portrays the role and point of view of simple soldiers in the Mutiny. The purpose of this article is to outline the differences of perspectives on the event and its causes, shown by novels written by “metropolitan” writers and by members of the Anglo-Indian community, officers and civil servants, who were not professional novelists, but were often eye-witnesses of the Mutiny. Attention will also be paid to class conflicts and to their representation in the Mutiny novel, as much as to other “inconsistencies” shown by narrative in the hegemony definition of roles.

The prosthodontic three-dimensional multimedia system developed for dental education and chairside communication

To develop a three-dimensional multimedia system for enhancing the efficiency of dental education and chairside communication. A set of three-dimensional digital models of normal teeth and jaws related to dental education in prosthodontics were acquired or established under Microsoft Windows. The three-dimensional models were re-edited and rendered with texture attached, producing a large number of three-dimensional pictures and short animated pictures. A software platform was established for displaying all sorts of media, including the three-dimensional models. Finally, all media files produced or gathered before were integrated into the platform, similar to the textbook in chapter adopted in dental education at university. The prosthodontic three-dimensional multimedia system was successfully developed. The system covered basic information within the current textbook of prosthodontics, three-dimensional pictures, animated pictures, and virtual three-dimensional scenes. The system might serve as an assistant tool in dental education and chairside communication. It is technically feasible to establish the prosthodontic three-dimensional multimedia system, according to experiences in this study. The success also anticipates the possibility and feasibility of developing similar systems in other disciplines of dentistry.

Editorial Volume 2 Issue 1

Editorial Volume 2 Issue 1

“To Plead Our Own Cause”

Studies have looked at the rise of alternative media in light of widespread cynicism about mainstream media. This article extends this research by examining African Americans' use of, and opinions toward, mainstream and alternative Black media. The article explores whether African Americans use Black media in place of mainstream media or consume both in a complementary fashion. It examines potential correlates of opinion toward mainstream and Black media, including trust in government. Analyzing results of a survey of 386 African Americans, the article finds a positive relationship between consumption of mainstream and Black media among African Americans, and a positive relationship between evaluations of the two sorts of media. Favorable evaluations of mainstream media are positively associated with preferring its version of a story, whereas favorable evaluations of Black media have no effect on media preferences. Distrust of government predicts preferring the Black media's version, suggesting that faith in the Black media is particularly strong among politically alienated African Americans.

"I Am Just A Plain Boy:" Leigh Botts' Changing Conception of Self in Beverly Cleary's Dear Mr. Henshaw

"I Am Just A Plain Boy:" Leigh Botts' Changing Conception of Self in Beverly Cleary's Dear Mr. Henshaw by Jean Streufert Patrick When I think about Henry Higgins, Beezus and Ramona Quimby, I still imagine them as I did as a child. Klickitat Street, where Beverly Cleary's characters lived, was somewhere in Oregon, I knew. But in my mind, Klickitat Street was my street, 4th Avenue, in Maywood, Illinois—and somehow, all of Cleary's characters lived on 4th Avenue, too. I liked Cleary's books because they were about what I considered to be "normal" everyday life, the less-than-glamorous life that I was leading in a middle-class Chicago suburb. I especially liked Cleary because she never treated her characters—who were, in some sense, myself—as average: average kids with average problems. Her characters were important, special. And, as I remembered, her characters always knew this about themselves, too. But I was disappointed when I first started to read Dear Mr. Henshaw (1983). Initially, I suppose I was disturbed because a Cleary "regular" was not receiving the Newbery Award. Not a Huggins, not a Quimby. Not even Ralph S. Mouse. Rather, some new kid—Leigh Botts—had stepped forward out of nowhere, wearing the Newbery seal. Also, I couldn't imagine this new character living on my Klickitat Street. He did not live in suburbia. His parents were divorced. And he told his own story, through a series of letters and diary entries, unlike Cleary's earlier characters. I could make room for these changes. Cleary had lots of characters besides those belonging to the Klickitat tribe. Also, "normal, everyday life" now included single parent families. But another change did disturb me, that of the protagonist's character. Unlike other Cleary characters, whom I remembered as having strong self images, Leigh saw himself as an average kid, possessing no unique attributes. Part of Leigh's response to Mr. Henshaw's first question, "Who are you" was: "I am just a plain boy." To the question "What do you look like?", Leigh droned, "I am sort of medium. I don't have red hair or anything like that. I'm not real big like my Dad. ... In first and second grades kids used to call me Leigh the Flea, but I have grown. Now when the class lines up according to height, I am in the middle. I guess you could call me the mediumest boy in the class" (DMH 15 Nov. 20). After about forty pages, I put the book down. This character, who judged himself as less than special, less than unique, was clearly un-Clearyish. Leigh did not belong with children like Beezus, whose uniqueness disturbed her or Henry, originator of creative ideas. And certainly, Leigh Botts did not belong on the same shelf with Ramona, who constantly expressed her uniqueness with her signature. Fortunately, I did finish reading Dear Mr. Henshaw. I watched Leigh struggle and grow through his interaction with his peers, through his writing, and through his relationship with his father. I watched Leigh acquire a positive self image, an assurance that he was a special individual. But more importantly, I carefully re-read the works of Cleary's canon, rather than relying on my memory to make that trip. Some differences I had noticed between Dear Mr. Henshaw and Cleary's other works were confirmed—setting, family, first person narration. However, I discovered that Leigh, as a character, is not drastically different from the Cleary characters of Klickitat Street. They, too, had struggled with their uniqueness. The self-assurance that I remembered and admired in each character was not a given. Although a journey as pronounced as Leigh's from "average" to unique had not occurred on Klickitat Street, that is not to say that Ramona's "logo" had never been threatened, or that Henry had never doubted his gifts of creativity. Leigh was not the first Cleary character who struggled to see himself as unique. For example, in Henry and the Paper Route (1957), Henry initially sees himself as an exceptional ten-year-old, exceptional enough to hold a paper route, although Scotter McCarthy and Mr. Capper...

Mental imagery and the third dimension.

What sort of medium underlies imagery for three-dimensional scenes? In the present investigation, the time subjects took to scan between objects in a mental image was used to infer the sorts of geometric information that images preserve. Subjects studied an open box in which five objects were suspended, and learned to imagine this display with their eyes closed. In the first experiment, subjects scanned by tracking an imaginary point moving in a straight line between the imagined objects. Scanning times increased linearly with increasing distance between objects in three dimensions. Therefore metric 3-D information must be preserved in images, and images cannot simply be 2-D "snapshots." In a second experiment, subjects scanned across the image by "sighting" objects through an imaginary rifle sight. Here scanning times were found to increase linearly with the two-dimensional separations between objects as they appeared from the original viewing angle. Therefore metric 2-D distance information in the original perspective view must be preserved in images, and images cannot simply be 3-D "scale-models" that are assessed from any and all directions at once. In a third experiment, subjects mentally rotated the display 90 degrees and scanned between objects as they appeared in this new perspective view by tracking an imaginary rifle signt, as before. Scanning times increased linearly with the two-dimensional separations between objects as they would appear from the new relative viewing perspective. Therefore images can display metric 2-D distance information in a perspective view never actually experiences, so mental images cannot simply be "snapshot plus scale model" pairs. These results can be explained by a model in which the three-dimensional structure of objects is encoded in long-term memory in 3-D object-centered coordinate systems. When these objects are imagined, this information is then mapped onto a single 2-D "surface display" in which the perspective properties specific to a given viewing angle can be depicted. In a set of perceptual control experiments, subjects scanned a visible display by (a) simply moving their eyes from one object to another, (b) sweeping an imaginary rifle sight over the display, or (c) tracking an imaginary point moving from one object to another. Eye-movement times varied linearly with 2-D interobject distance, as did time to scan with an imaginary rifle sight; time to tract a point varied independently with the 3-D and 2-D interobject distances. These results are compared with the analogous image scanning results to argue that imagery and perception share some representational structures but that mental image scanning is a process distinct from eye movements or eye-movement commands.

合成培地におけるVibrio El Torの溶血毒産生について

In the cultivation of El Tor vibrio Denken strain, in liquid media, the bacterial growth and hemolysin production are not parallal in various composition of culture media. In there sorts of synthetic media, Casamino acids medium, medium containing 18 amino acids, and medium containing 8 amino acids, 8 amino acids medium is best in the hemolysin production per unit amount of cells.To investigate the mechanism of this phenomenon, the Fe content of these media was measured according to the O-phenanthroline method; but, the difference of Fe content in these three media was not so definite as to explain the reason of above mentioned phenomenon. Then, after removing the total Fe in the three sortes of media, FeSO4·7H2O was added in various amount to these media, and relation between the bacterial growth and hemolysin production was investigated, but the effect of Fe on the hemolysin production was not clear; the addition of FeSO4·7H2O in 50 γ/ml to 8 amino acids medium seemed somewhat helpful for the hemolysin production.

酵母の機能に及ぼす低温の影響

Some experiments were carried out in order to investigate the resistance of yeast. cells against low temperature. Cells of Saccharcmyces cerevisiae, cultured and suspended in various sorts of media, were fro-zen and thawed, varying the conditions of cooling and warming. After thawing, the viability, fermentation and catalase activity of organisms thus treated were measured. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The greater the cooling rate was, the more severely were organisms injured. 2) At the warming rate within 3°_??_15°/min, there was no marked difference in the effect on the organisms. 3) The cells, grown in the serial successive broth cultures with hypertensional concentration of glucose, or suspended in hypertensional media, were more intensively affected by freezing and thawing than those in hypotensional conditions. 4) When the yeast suspensions were repeatedly frozen and thawed, almost all of the orga-nisms were damaged by the first or second treatment.