Sort Of Mechanism Research Articles

Electrostatic separation of particles used as complement to mechanical recycling plant of industrial waste

ABSTRACT This paper concerns the implementation of the electrostatic separation process as complement of the mechanical sorting separators in the recycling industry. Preliminary experiments carried out on the laboratory separator have established the limit values for the speed of the rotating electrode and the high supply voltage for the industrial prototype. Industrial tests have validated the use of electrostatic separation as a complement to the other techniques used for the treatment of waste electrical cables.

Brain-computer interface for hands-free teleoperation of construction robots

Recently, the use of collaborative robots has started to emerge at construction sites. Such incorporation into these human-dominated environments can raise safety concerns as most robots are not fully automated and require some sort of control mechanism. Conventional control systems may fall short under specific situations in which workers require robotic assistance but cannot use their hands to control the robot. Brain-computer interface (BCI) can offer such hands-free controllability, a non-muscular communicative channel that can establish an interpretive pathway between humans and robots. This paper proposes a BCI-based system to remotely control a robot by continuously capturing workers' brainwaves acquired from a wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) device and interpreting them into robotic commands with 90% accuracy. The findings revealed the proposed system holds promise for enhancing robot control in hazardous operations where the ability of the worker to physically direct the robot is limited, such as underwater and space construction.

НАКАЗЫ ИЗБИРАТЕЛЕЙ КАК РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ ПОСЛЕВОЕННЫХ ПОВСЕДНЕВНЫХ ПРОБЛЕМ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ Г. МОЗДОКА

Based on the analysis of a wide range of archival sources that are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, the article examines the everyday problems of the post-war city of Mozdok. It is noted that the election campaigns were arranged in such a way that it looked like a kind of ritual symbolizing the symbiosis of power and society. At the same time, the election campaigns were the points of contact when the authorities received an objective picture of the relations of the population of the country to the events taking place. The analysis of the instructions of the voters of 1948 and 1953 indicates that they, as a historical source, contain information that allows us to recreate the picture of the everyday life of the post-war provincial society (on the example of Mozdok). The author comes to the conclusion that the party-bureaucratic apparatus used all sorts of communication mechanisms to obtain objective data about the everyday problems of the residents of Mozdok. This information was used for the preparation and implementation of various activities.

Giza Eskubideen Europako Itunaren 16. Protokoloa: “arrakastaz ez hiltzea” helburu

Artikulu honek Giza Eskubideen Europako Itunari atxikitako 16. Protokoloa aurkeztu eta aztertzen du. Protokolo horrek sistema berri bat ireki du Europar Itunaren babes-sistemari dagokionez, epai aurreko galdeketa judiziala aurreikusten baitu Goi Itunkideetako jurisdikzio gorenei aukera berri bat emanez. Izan ere, Itunaren edo Protokoloren bateko giza eskubideren baten inguruko interpretazio-zalantza eta printzipiozko galdera sortzen zaienean, auzia eten eta Estrasburgoko Auzitegiari galdera egiteko aukera izango dute, honek aholku-irizpen batekin erantzungo dielarik. Artikuluak Itunaren beraren eskema, Estrasburgoko Auzitegiaren izaera eta Protokolo berriaren funtzionamendua azaltzen du, bai eta orain arte emandako lehenengo eta bakarra den irizpena aztertu ere.

Towards an ecology of protective coloration.

The strategies underlying different forms of protective coloration are well understood but little attention has been paid to the ecological, life-history and behavioural circumstances under which they evolve. While some comparative studies have investigated the ecological correlates of aposematism, and background matching, the latter particularly in mammals, few have examined the ecological correlates of other types of protective coloration. Here, we first outline which types of defensive coloration strategies may be exhibited by the same individual; concluding that many protective coloration mechanisms can be employed simultaneously, particularly in conjunction with background matching. Second, we review the ecological predictions that have been made for each sort of protective coloration mechanism before systematically surveying phylogenetically controlled comparative studies linking ecological and social variables to antipredator defences that involve coloration. We find that some a priori predictions based on small-scale empirical studies and logical arguments are indeed supported by comparative data, especially in relation to how illumination affects both background matching and self-shadow concealment through countershading; how body size is associated with countershading, motion dazzle, flash coloration and aposematism, although only in selected taxa; how immobility may promote background matching in ambush predators; and how mobility may facilitate motion dazzle. Examination of nearly 120 comparative tests reveals that many focus on ecological variables that have little to do with predictions derived from antipredator defence theory, and that broad-scale ecological studies of defence strategies that incorporate phylogenetics are still very much in their infancy. We close by making recommendations for future evolutionary ecological research.

PENERAPAN REKAYASA MESIN SORTIR SEBAGAI PENENTU KEMATANGAN BUAH JERUK DAN TOMAT MERAH BERBASIS IMAGE PROCESSING

The embedded systems in the industrial, especially image processing, is increasingly leading to the study of production automation systems such as fruit sorting. Post-harvest sorting system implemented by the industry is manual, so it’s not effective. The solution was to conduct research aimed at modifying post-harvest sorting tools by engineering tomato and orange sorting machines based on their color. The method uses image processing. It’s the most efficient alternative in terms of cost and complexity of hardware design, does not require many sensors, but produces an accurate output. The camera is placed on the mechanical sorting machine system, taking images to determine the sorting execution after the fruit color type are recognized. The results of the research were carried out through several tests, namely: light intensity, color image data, and organoleptics. Light intensity test showed that the position of the tool had a value of 0.78% of the outside light disturbance. Color image shows the range of ripeness values (R/G) for raw tomatoes 0<=1.04; half ripe tomatoes 1.04<=1.39; ripe tomatoes 1.39<=3.59; raw orange 0<=0.92; undercooked oranges 0.92<=0.98; and ripe oranges 0.98<=1.66. Organoleptic test from five observers had the same results as the reading on the fruit sorting tool. Keywords : engineering, fruit maturity, oranges, sorting machines, tomatoes

Different miRNA contents between mammary epithelial cells and milk fat globules: a random or a targeted process?

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs present in milk-derived extracellular vesicles and milk fat globules (MFG). Nucleic acid content between the lactating mammary tissue (MT) and MFG are quite similar but discrepancies exist in their miRNA content. Our objective was to identify the origin of these discrepancies, and to evaluate the existence of a possible mechanism sorting miRNAs that will or will not be exported from the mammary epithelial cells (MECs) in bovine MFG. miR-125b-5p, miR-126-3p, miR-141-3p, and miR-204-5p, chosen on the basis of their abundance in the MT, were quantified using RT-qPCR in lactating cow MT, MFG, and laser capture-microdissected MECs. Two miRNAs (miR-125b-5p and miR-141-3p) were detected in the MT as well as in MFG and MECs. miR-204-5p was detected only in the MT, suggesting that it is very likely expressed in a cell type other than MECs. miR-126-3p was detected both in the MT and in MECs but not in MFG, suggesting a targeting mechanism for miRNAs in MECs. These results highlights differences in miRNA content between MECs and MFG may be due to a possibly not random mechanism for loading MFG with miRNA cargos that could involve a variable distribution in MECs or a sorting mechanism.

Lorentzian quintessential inflation

From the assumption that the slow-roll parameter [Formula: see text] has a Lorentzian form as a function of the e-folds number [Formula: see text], a successful model of a quintessential inflation is obtained. The form corresponds to the vacuum energy both in the inflationary and in the dark energy epochs. The form satisfies the condition to climb from small values of [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] at the end of the inflationary epoch. At the late universe, [Formula: see text] becomes small again and this leads to the dark energy epoch. The observables that the models predict fits with the latest Planck data: [Formula: see text]. Naturally, a large dimensionless factor that exponentially amplifies the inflationary scale and exponentially suppresses the dark energy scale appearance, producing a sort of cosmological seesaw mechanism. We find the corresponding scalar Quintessential Inflationary potential with two flat regions — one inflationary and one as a dark energy with slow-roll behavior.

Tau is not necessary for amyloid-β-induced synaptic and memory impairments.

The amyloid hypothesis posits that the amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein precedes and requires microtubule-associated protein tau in a sort of trigger-bullet mechanism leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. This sequence of events has become dogmatic in the AD field and is used to explain clinical trial failures due to a late start of the intervention when Aβ already activated tau. Here, using a multidisciplinary approach combining molecular biological, biochemical, histopathological, electrophysiological, and behavioral methods, we demonstrated that tau suppression did not protect against Aβ-induced damage of long-term synaptic plasticity and memory, or from amyloid deposition. Tau suppression could even unravel a defect in basal synaptic transmission in a mouse model of amyloid deposition. Similarly, tau suppression did not protect against exogenous oligomeric tau-induced impairment of long-term synaptic plasticity and memory. The protective effect of tau suppression was, in turn, confined to short-term plasticity and memory. Taken together, our data suggest that therapies downstream of Aβ and tau together are more suitable to combat AD than therapies against one or the other alone.

Changes In Peak Accelerations And Shock Attenuation Over The Course Of A Marathon

Peak tibial and peak sacral accelerations have been shown to increase during a fatiguing run. Peak accelerations are often used as a surrogate for impacts on the body during running. High tibial impacts have been linked to development of tibial stress fractures. To understand how impacts are related to injury development, we need more insight in how shocks propagate through the body, especially under the influence of fatigue. PURPOSE: To investigate bilateral peak accelerations and shock attenuation over the course of a Marathon. METHODS: 5 trained athletes (2M 3F, 33.8±11.8 years, 182.3±5.8 cm, 73.9±9.1 kg years) ran a Marathon during competition. Inertial measurement units (240Hz) were placed on the sternum, pelvis, and bilaterally on the tibia and foot. Mean peak accelerations around initial contact and shock attenuation (% decrease of peak acceleration) were calculated over 25 strides during the 2nd and 42nd km of the Marathon. Paired sample t-tests were used to test for statistical differences between the 2nd and 42nd km and between the dominant and non-dominant side. RESULTS: See Table 1. Mean finish time was 4:07:40±0:19:07. CONCLUSION: Impacts and shock attenuation changed asymmetrically during a Marathon. Both side dominance and fatigue significantly influenced shock attenuation. However, on sternum level, only fatigue influenced impacts and shock attenuation, implying some sort of protective mechanism to keep proximal impacts low. The non-dominant side showed larger impacts during the whole Marathon, possibly because this side is less strong and therefore less able to actively (i.e. muscle contractions) absorb shocks. Overall, impacts increased and shock attenuation decreased towards the end of the Marathon, possibly increasing the risk of overuse injuries.

How to Eliminate Slums in Pakistan

Pakistan is faced with the challenge of population increase and uncontrolled urbanization. Government failure to properly manage and accommodate the increased population in cities has been the major cause for slum formation. The government attempted various techniques to overcome the slum condition in cities. However, these initiatives were never chosen through a research process, nor were these evidence based. This research advocates that slums are formed through various means and that each requires different techniques, rather than upgrading infrastructure only. The reason for the existence of these slums is that public sector housing is not in range of the needy class nor is there some sort of mechanism for them to meet their housing demand in a proper manner. Therefore, the market forces are free to carve alternate ways for the shelter needs of the poor. This is how slums formed and progressed in Pakistan. The government spent millions every year but failed to stop slum formation. This research is to understand the slum formation process and suggests the choice of a feasible option among preventive or curative measures for its clearance.

Improving Police Accountabilty in Kenya: Curing the Shortcomings of the IPOA in Bringing an End to Police Brutality in the Country

Police brutality in Kenya is as old as the country itself. From the time the country acquired independence, police reforms continues to be among the agendas of every regime that has ruled over Kenya. A trip down the memory lane reveals the colossus wreckage the Kenyan police have left behind and continue to leave behind in the ‘line of duty’. Whether it is suppressing lawful demonstrations or strikes with brute force or killing innocent persons or even suspected criminals in the course of their work, the Kenyan police continue to outdo themselves with each passing year. Sometimes trying to understand the mindset of these police officers in the line of duty may only be possible if one was to engage in explication or something close to that because what they do and are capable of doing defies human logic. In a bid to curb the aforementioned brutality, the governments down the years have purported to come up with some sort of police accountability mechanisms, mainly in the form of creating oversight authorities to maintain an eagle’s eye over the actions of the officers and ensure they are brought to justice when they slip. One such agency is the Independent Policing Oversight Authority (IPOA) which has been in existence for the last 9 Years. Despite all the fanfare and hope surrounding its formation, IPOA remains unsurprisingly unsuccessful in its bid to ensure police accountability in Kenya. Since its inception and despite the thousands of cases and complaints of police brutality in the country, the agency has barely secured double digit convictions. Meanwhile, cases of police brutality continue to pile up. It is because of the existence of the facts above that this paper seeks to take a comparative look at some of the more successful mechanisms of ensuring police accountability around the world. In doing so, the paper shall be making a case for the adoption of the same in Kenya in a bid to ensure that for once since independence, we can stand back as a country and make a collective proclamation that indeed, we are on the road to redemption with regards to the issue of police brutality.

Economic and environmental feasibility of hydrometallurgical process for recycling waste mobile phones

Waste mobile phones contain significant amounts of valuable metals and non-metallic materials. Consequently, the extraction of valuable materials from discarded phones, which is a more cost-effective method compared with primary mining, is an essential step for maximizing the recovery of secondary resources and minimizing e-waste pollution. We designed a green and efficient path for recovering valuable metals from waste mobile phones and explored its technical feasibility from both environmental and economic perspectives through life cycle assessment and revenue expenditure model.The results showed that the hydrometallurgical process had three characteristics of high recovery efficiency, significant environmental friendliness and economic feasibility. The recovery efficiencies of valuable metals were higher than 90%. Simultaneously, the return on investment was 29%, indicating that the recycling enterprises can achieve self-sufficiency. Thirdly, the environmental benefits were more significant compared to environmental damage released by hydrometallurgical process, representing a significant environmental friendliness. Within the overall recycling process, the core process made the greatest contribution to the environmental burden (45.38–65.68%), followed by manual disassembly process. A comparison of sub-processes in core process revealed that the mechanical crushing and sorting phase had the greatest environmental impacts that were primarily attributed to power consumption. Consequently, future research should focus on the development of energy-efficient pretreatment techniques and energy-saving equipment. The industrial practice of recycling waste mobile phones is still in its infancy in China. Future studies should also focus on the comparing different treatment processes, with the aim of providing technical support for the advancement of industry.

Sorting efficiency in mechanical sorting of construction and demolition waste.

The requirements for the recycling of construction and demolition waste are tightening, and companies in the waste business have improved their performance to comply with new legislation. Construction and demolition waste includes various recyclable materials, such as metals, plastics and wood. However, effective material recovery requires functional and reliable technology for sorting in order to separate waste fractions into useful secondary materials or applications. This paper concerns the mechanical sorting efficiency of construction and demolition waste with a commercial mechanical sorting equipment consisting of a roller screening and an air separation unit. Sorting ability is studied with pre-sorted and crushed test material. Sieve analysis of pre-sorted test material is used to define particle size distribution before sorting. The quality criteria of construction and demolition waste vary greatly, depending on a number of factors which pose a challenge to the operation of the sorting system. The studied sorting equipment was found to be reliable for producing nine different fractions from pre-sorted and crushed material mixtures. The requirements for the purity level of the fractions and the profitability of utilization define the number of fractions to be sorted cost-efficiently. Typically, a compromise between cost and purity level has to be found.

Industrial Waste Management;Case Study, Shams Abad Industrial Park

Introduction: Increasing hazardous industrial waste and lack of necessary regulations for management of them have led to serious problems in some parts of Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate the situation of collection, transportation, recycling, and disposal of hazardous industrial wastes in the Shams Abad Industrial Park of Tehran, Iran. Method: The research was descipttive, cross sectional one. The data was gathered by first referring to industrial units and completion of Iranian Environmental Organization Questionnaire and then analyzing the gathered data. Findings: In the Shams Abad Industrial Park, 532224 ton/year or 1478ton/day of different industrial waste is produced. The biggest proportion of waste includes mineral wastes which are about 426048 ton/year or 805%. The smallest proportion in Cellulose waste is produced at a rate of 30.36 ton/year or 0.005%. 90 percent of the active industries at this park produce solid industrial waste. Results and Discussion: The result of this study showed that disposal of these wastes is mainly done by recycling and re-usage in other industries is about 85%. The best , most economic, and most environment-friendly waste management activity of the Shams Abad Industrial Park is prevention of production, increasing the potential recycling, and reuse of material with emphasis on sorting at the production site, increasing mechanical sorting, and decreasing production of disposable waste.

H3-hybrid multilayered hyper chaotic hyper elliptic curve based image encryption system

Excessive need for digitized images in all domains have necessitated the need for protecting the images against adversaries for secured transmission in the network. Sensitive images processed in medical, crime investigations are presumed to be highly due its sensitive nature. As per the state of art encryption methodologies are not exclusively designed for color images and simply extended from the one established for gray images. A multilayered hybrid model has been proposed and named as Hybrid multilayered Hyper-chaotic Hyper-elliptic curve based image encryption (HHH) scheme to handle color images used in medical and forensic domains. In the first layer, hyper chaotic based DNA encoding is implemented to generate chaotic sequences. Substitution permutation increases confusion diffusion level to increase the security strength of crypto system. In the second layer, Genus-2 Hyper Elliptic Curve Cryptography over GF(p) that emphasis spatial domain for encryption has been employed for its mathematical strength. The proposed HHH system is hybrid in nature as it combines symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystem. All sort of signal processing mechanisms that include susceptible colored images can be benefited with this approach as the experimental results endorse ideal measure for PSNR, entropy, NPCR, UACI and MSE values tested with standard bench mark images.

Characterization of Excavated Waste of Different Ages in View of Multiple Resource Recovery in Landfill Mining

With the aim of examining the forcing factors in postmanagement landfills, in this study, excavation waste from nonhazardous municipal waste landfill in Tuscany was characterized for the first time. The specific objective was to estimate the feasibility of sampling and analyzing the excavated waste in order to define its properties and provide information about possible landfill mining projects. Based on the biochemical methane potential assays, it was shown that the excavated waste had not yet been stabilized (i.e., with a production of 52.2 ± 28.7 NlCH4/kgTS) in the landfill, probably due to the low excavated waste moisture content (36% ± 6% w/w). Furthermore, excavated waste has a high calorific value, i.e., 15.2 ± 4.1 MJ/kg; the quantity of combustibles in the industrial shredder waste (16 MJ/kg) was rather modest compared to that of municipal solid waste (20.8 MJ/Kg). In conclusion, during large scale excavation of the landfill, it was possible to evaluate how a dedicated treatment plant could be designed to treat and select waste which might appear in a different category. For excavated industrial waste, detailed mechanical sorting may be convenient for end-of-waste recovery to improve calorific value.

INFLUENCE OF THROUGHPUT RATE AND INPUT COMPOSITION ON SENSOR-BASED SORTING EFFICIENCY

According to Directive (EU) 2018/851 of the European Union, higher recycling rates for municipal waste have to be met in the near future. Besides improvements in the collection systems, the mechanical processing and sorting efficiencies need to be increased to reach the EU´s targets. Sensor-based sorting (SBS) plants constitute an integral part of today's sorting processes. Two main factors influence the sorting performance, namely the throughput rate and the input composition. To improve recycling efficiencies, especially SBS machines must be adjusted accordingly to guarantee the highest possible machine efficiency. Three evaluation criteria, yield/product quantity, product yield, and product purity, are used to describe the performance of these processes. Therefore in this study, 160 sorting trials with 1,000 red and white low-density polyethylene (LDPE) chips were conducted to investigate the influence of the throughput rate and input composition on the sorting processes. For each evaluation criteria, the testing results are plotted in graphs enabling the possibility for process optimization. With increasing throughput rates, the product quantity rises (despite an exponential decrease in yield) in the form of a saturation curve. A higher throughput rate also results in an exponential decrease of the product yield, while a change in the input composition has no effect on the product yield. The third evaluation criteria, the product purity, decreases linearly with an increasing occupation density. The slope of this function depends on the input composition.

A broad view on the complexity involved in water oxidation catalysis based on Ru-bpn complexes.

A new Ru complex with the formula [Ru(bpn)(pic)2]Cl2 (where bpn is 2,2'-bi(1,10-phenanthroline) and pic stands for 4-picoline) (1Cl2) is synthesized to investigate the true nature of active species involved in the electrochemical and chemical water oxidation mediated by a class of N4 tetradentate equatorial ligands. Comprehensive electrochemical (by using cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, and controlled potential electrolysis), structural (X-ray diffraction analysis), spectroscopic (UV-vis, NMR, and resonance Raman), and kinetic studies are performed. 12+ undergoes a substitution reaction when it is chemically (by using NaIO4) or electrochemically oxidized to RuIII, in which picoline is replaced by an hydroxido ligand to produce [Ru(bpn)(pic)(OH)]2+ (22+). The former complex is in equilibrium with an oxo-bridged species {[Ru(bpn)(pic)]2(μ-O)}4+ (34+) which is the major form of the complex in the RuIII oxidation state. The dimer formation is the rate determining step of the overall oxidation process (kdimer = 1.35 M-1 s-1), which is in line with the electrochemical data at pH = 7 (kdimer = 1.4 M-1 s-1). 34+ can be reduced to [Ru(bpn)(pic)(OH2)]2+ (42+), showing a sort of square mechanism. All species generated in situ at pH 7 have been thoroughly characterized by NMR, mass spectrometry, UV-Vis and electrochemical techniques. 12+ and 42+ are also characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Chemical oxidation of 12+ triggered by CeIV shows its capability to oxidize water to dioxygen.

Design and Implementation of a CANBus-Based Eco-Driving System for Public Transport Bus Services

Driving vehicles according to eco-driving principles and techniques have significant impact on decreasing both fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. In addition to some kind of technical and/or mechanical features brought by today's new generation vehicles, driver behavior is also one of the greatest factors affecting the fuel consumption. Many studies show that the effect of eco-driving education on the drivers loses its impact in long term and there needs some sort of continuous monitoring and/or feedback mechanisms. This kind of driver monitoring becomes very critical especially in fleets composed of heavy-duty vehicles, such as municipality buses, truck fleets, etc. Moreover, in order to adapt behavior to drive more economically, information about instant fuel consumption has to be provided to the driver. Hence, in this paper, we introduce an eco-driving system in which data gathered from the controller area network (CANBus) of public transport vehicles are processed for both comparative and fair evaluation of bus drivers' eco-driving performance. Moreover, in-vehicle components of the system guide the drivers during their trips; provide feedbacks and real-time warnings considering the fuel consumption. Developed system was successfully deployed and evaluated in one of the public metrobus systems used by approximately 250000 passengers every day. Based on the 15-months evaluation period, the results are very promising in the sense that both drivers and operators found the system useful and the system provided fuel saving up to approximately 5% even in the short term of monthly comparisons.