Sorts Of Constraints Research Articles

Key Constraint in Construction Industry: A Review

Constraint is a limitation of a situation, agency, or force that obstructs movement toward a goal or purpose. There are several sorts of constraints that might impact building projects. During the early phases of a project, constraints should be recognized and explained in as much detail as possible, so that knowledge of them and their potential impact can be handled. The aim of this study is to identify types of constraints that might occur in the construction industry which may affect the time, cost and scope of the project. The study was carried out on the basis of a literature review with the result and findings of previous researchers. The result and findings from the previous researcher have been analysing in the table together with the method of analysis that being used by them in order to carry out the study. From the review, it can be summarized that the key of constraints can be divided into five major elements. There are Environmental constraints, Legal Constraints, Environmental Constraints, Technical Constraints and Social Constraints. Therefore, by doing this investigation, it will help to give a better solution and performance in term of time, cost and scope of the project by classifying and limiting the constraints in the construction industry especially at an early stage in the project planning and schedule.

Sparse coupling and Markov blankets: A comment on "How particular is the physics of the Free Energy Principle?" by Aguilera, Millidge, Tschantz and Buckley.

In this commentary, we respond to a technical analysis of the Free Energy Principle (hereafter: FEP) presented in "How particular is the physics of the Free Energy Principle" by Aguilera et al. In the target article, the authors analyzed certain sparsely coupled stochastic differential equations whose non-equilibrium steady-state densities are claimed--in previous FEP literature--to have a Markov blanket. The authors demonstrate that in general, Markov blankets are not guaranteed to follow from sparse coupling. The current commentary explains the relationship between sparse coupling and Markov blankets in the case of Gaussian steady-state densities. We precisely derive conditions under which causal coupling leads--or does not lead--to Markov blankets. Importantly, our derivations hold for both linear and non-linear stochastic differential equations. This result may shed light on the sorts of systems which we expect to have Markov blankets. Future work should focus on verifying whether these sorts of constraints are satisfied in realistic models of sparsely coupled systems.

Reasoning about Qualitative Direction and Distance between Extended Objects using Answer Set Programming

In this thesis, we introduce a novel formal framework to represent and reason about qualitative direction and distance relations between extended objects using Answer Set Programming (ASP). We take Cardinal Directional Calculus (CDC) as a starting point and extend CDC with new sorts of constraints which involve defaults, preferences and negation. We call this extended version as nCDC. Then we further extend nCDC by augmenting qualitative distance relation and name this extension as nCDC+. For CDC, nCDC, nCDC+, we introduce an ASP-based general framework to solve consistency checking problems, address composition and inversion of qualitative spatial relations, infer unknown or missing relations between objects, and find a suitable configuration of objects which fulfills a given inquiry.

Nonlinear Control of Turbofan Engines: An Active Set-Based Method for Performance Optimization

The inherent nonlinear nature of engine dynamics necessitates advanced design techniques for transient control. Conventional design methodologies are either not ready to apply to large flight envelope control or failing to provide protection over a variety of physical limits. This paper proposes an active set-based method for performance optimization over large envelope while providing limit protection over all sorts of constraints. Detailed design procedures are provided, and extensive numerical investigations are presented with both robustness and implantation issues discussed. Comparisons with both conventional schedule-based control and an advanced nonlinear generalized minimum variance-based (NGMV) control are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Hedonistic Responsibility: Pain, Pleasure, Experiment, and Empathy in Lily Hoang's Parabola

Hedonistic Responsibility:Pain, Pleasure, Experiment, and Empathy in Lily Hoang's Parabola Michele Janette (bio) "it is again a scary sort of fun to be led and led astray by Lily Hoang." —Anna Joy Springer When Anna Joy Springer says that there is a "scary sort of fun" to be found in turning oneself over to the authorial guidance of Lily Hoang, she captures two emotional poles that operate through Hoang's work: the scary and the fun. This essay traces from those poles two arcs through Hoang's first novel, Parabola. One arc explores the affectively difficult terrain of racial exoticization and sexual assault, and the other reconceives the affective pleasures of the practice of reading. Intervening in a social order that consumes narratives of difference as commodities and in a literary critical culture that separates aesthetic experimentalism from sociopolitical critique, Hoang writes an Asian American experimental novel that resists racialized consumption and mimetic coercion. In a society where representations of rape serve as entertaining spectacles and plot engines for hypermasculinity, Hoang writes sexual assault in ways that not only center the survivor's point of view but allow that survivor her own complicated, even voyeuristic and invasive, acts. Hoang breaks the safety of the fourth wall between reader and story, preempting exploitative consumption of exoticized identity or spectacularized sexual violence to engage more responsibly with such representations. Through aesthetic forms that instead prompt direct affective and intellectual interaction [End Page 75] with her audience, she draws readers into pain and makes them endure hostility, not vicariously through a protagonist avatar but actively through the practice of interactive reading. Yet just as the novel's chapter structure is parabolically balanced, so too is it affectively double, offering innovative, interactive pleasures as well. It is a fun book, but not in an easy way. Its pleasures are intellectually demanding, procedurally unfamiliar, formally experimental. I argue that it configures pleasure as rigorous intellectualism and interactive discovery. Parabola exceeds its own geometric frame, producing not just arcing symmetry but rhyzomatic wandering and palimpsestic rediscovery. Not just leading us, Hoang pushes us toward a reading practice that rewires the circuitry of pleasure, adjusting our habitus from escape, exploitation, and teleology to dwelling, connection, and flanerie—toward hedonistic responsibility. Hoang's is a deliberately radical reinhabiting of form and revolution of ideology. Replacing teleological reading conventions with invitations to wander and dally, Parabola includes interactive quizzes and games. "[I]f you're bored by my writing [and] the book in general," says Hoang, "you can take a break [and] do a word search" (Hoang, "Interview"). The text meanders through astronomical and mathematical history; mythologies of the Bible, Kabbalah, Greek pantheon, I Ching, and palmistry; and invocations of dozens of historical figures, from Carl Jung to Hbranus Maurus to August Kekulé. It shifts narrative voice among its characters and occasionally directly addresses its readers. It sketches characters through the medications they take. It produces one chapter by blacking out 95 percent of the text of a prior chapter. Other chapters include botanical classifications, equations, modular narratives, graphs, and collages. In choosing to explode paradigms by embracing constraints and rendering them newly generative, Hoang claims to have been influenced most heavily by the French OuLiPo (Hoang, "Re: Parabola and Dictee?" 2015). In a typically interactive and invitational explanation, Hoang delineates OuLiPo as follows: [H]ere's the simple version of OuLiPo: The OuLiPo is a group of writers and mathematicians who believe that writing reaches its truest potential when constraints are put on the writer during the process of writing. A few obvious examples: Perec wrote a novel without using the [End Page 76] letter e. In French. The OuLiPo came up with all sorts of constraints, whether lipograms, palindromes, N+7, or so on. You can look these up, if you want. ("Constrain me") Click for larger view View full resolution Images from Parabola. 1. Ironically, Hoang's embrace of avant-garde experimentalism and a French lineage for her work reflects in part the pressures she experiences particularly as an Asian American woman writer. Tokenism and thematic prescription are pressures and fears she has faced. In her latest (nonfiction) work, she chronicles her former husband...

Extreme Modification of the Tetrapod Forelimb in a Triassic Diapsid Reptile

The tetrapod forelimb is one of the most versatile structures in vertebrate evolution, having been co-opted for an enormous array of functions. However, the structural relationships between the bones of the forelimb have remained largely unchanged throughout the 375 million year history of Tetrapoda, with a radius and ulna made up of elongate, paralleling shafts contacting a series of shorter carpal bones. These features are consistent across nearly all known tetrapods, suggesting that the morphospace encompassed by these taxa is limited by some sort of constraint(s). Here, we report on a series of three-dimensionally preserved fossils of the small-bodied (<1 m) Late Triassic diapsid reptile Drepanosaurus, from the Chinle Formation of New Mexico, USA, which dramatically diverge from this pattern. Along with the crushed type specimen from Italy, these specimens have a flattened, crescent-shaped ulna with a long axis perpendicular to that of the radius and hyperelongate, shaft-like carpal bones contacting the ulna that are proximodistally longer than the radius. The second digit supports a massive, hooked claw. This condition has similarities to living "hook-and-pull" digging mammals and demonstrates that specialized, modern ecological roles had developed during the Triassic Period, over 200 million years ago. The forelimb bones in Drepanosaurus represent previously unknown morphologies for a tetrapod and, thus, a dramatic expansion of known tetrapod forelimb morphospace.

Due casi limite dell’autotraduzione: ‘Il castello dei destini incrociati’ di Calvino e ‘Il Capitale’ di Marx

This essay deals with self-translation or auto-translation, considered as an activity at the interface between the creative act of writing and the “imitative” act of translating. The definition of the expression and its differentiation from translation on the one hand and from autonomous writing on the other is yet to establish, and so is the status of the target text as a translation or as an “original”. The essay proposes to examine two special cases of self-translation into French, in which the author is not the only editor of the translated text, but revises and authorizes the work of a translator. The first one regards Italo Calvino as a self-translator of his novel Il castello dei destini incrociati, the second one Karl Marx, revising the translation of the first volume of Das Kapital. It will be shown that for both of them, the French language functions as a sort of constraint in the process of translation. In both cases, it stimulates invention, leading to a kind of réécriture, that is to say a continuation of the original.

About the Impossibility of Absolute State Sovereignty - The Modern Era (The Latter Days)

State sovereignty is often thought to be and seen as absolute, unlimited. However, there is no such a thing as absolute State sovereignty. Indeed, absolute or unlimited sovereignty is impossible because all sovereignty is necessarily underpinned by its conditions of possibility. The present article consists of two main parts. Firstly, and in order to show more clearly how sovereignty is limited, two kinds of agents are introduced: a) individuals; and b) States. The aim is to demonstrate how different sorts of constraints or limitations operate in relation to individuals and States without diminishing their respective sovereignties. Secondly, the article identifies specific theorists or bodies of literature that take sovereignty to be absolute and provides a brief overview of a few major thinkers who consider sovereignty to be limited in the Modern era that followed the theories of Bodin and Hobbes. The implications of understanding State sovereignty as limited rather than absolute are several, both directly and indirectly. A main immediate consequence is that sovereign States can cooperate together, limit their sovereignty and still be considered sovereign.

Les soins pénalement ordonnés (I). Cadre légal et revue de la littérature

ObjectivesThe aim of this article is to present the links between criminal justice and psychiatry in the precise context of the care ordered by justice. It is also to expose the numerous reactions of the jurists and the psychiatrists about the laws that impose care to delinquants or criminals. MethodFirstly, we present the three laws that define this sort of care in France. The first is called “injonction thérapeutique” and was established by the 31th December of 1970s law. This law relates specifically to people who use drugs or having an excessive and habitual consumption of alcoholic drinks. In this context, only the “médecin relais” designed by the regional agency of care is authorised to practice with people condemned. Today, this law is not really used, but is included in a larger device called “obligation de soin”. This sort of constraint by the judge can be pronounced both before and after the judgment. The psychiatric expertise is not necessary, the judge can alone decide to impose the psychiatric care to the person. In this context, there is no “médecin relais” like in the “injonction thérapeutique” or “médecin coordonnateur” like in the “injonction de soin”. People who are condemned can choose the psychiatrist or the psychologist they want. All offenses and crimes are concerned by this law and depend on the judge's estimation. Psychiatrists and psychologists who accept to work with those patients must give an attestation about the care to the patient. In fact, the risk for the patient who does not follow the obligation is to go back to jail. The “injonction de soin” is born with the law of the 17th June of 1998. At start, this law was only created for the sexual perpetrators. It provides to the practitioners called “médecin coordonnateur” the role of interface between the judge and the therapist. The latter can be a psychiatrist or a psychologist. The judge needs a psychiatric expertise to pronounce the care. This care only starts after the incarceration period. If the condemned person refuses the care, it is possible for the judge to decide that he returns to jail. Secondly, this article comes back on the debates between jurists and psychiatrists about those laws and their consequences on the therapy and on the work of the therapist. ResultsThis reaction concerned both the device of these laws and its consequences about the actors concerned (judges, doctor, therapists, condemned person). We will show that four points of debate emerge: The medical secret, the consent, the real or pure task of the patient and the belief that all criminals are crazy.

Taking context seriously: towards explaining policy enactments in the secondary school

This first paper in the series concentrates on school context and outlines a framework which identifies and relates a variety of factors that influence differences in policy enactments between similar schools. In taking context seriously in our four case-study schools we argue that policies are intimately shaped and influenced by school-specific factors, even though in much central policy making, these sorts of constraints, pressures and enablers of policy enactments tend to be neglected. This paper considers aspects such as school intake, history, staffing, school ethos and culture, ‘material’ elements like buildings, resources and budgets, as well as external environments. These factors are conceptualised as situated, material, professional and external dimensions and we aim to present a grounded exploration of the localised nature of policy actions that is more ‘real’ and realistic than that often assumed by policy making.

Deference to the Executive in the United States after 9/11: Congress, the Courts, and the Office of Legal Counsel

The deference thesis is that Congress and the judiciary should defer to the executive’s policy judgments during national emergencies. A recent criticism of the deference theory draws on the analogy of the emergency room medical protocol to argue that emergencies call for rule-bound constraint of the executive rather than deference to it. However, this criticism rests on a misunderstanding of the tradeoff between rules and standards. Some scholars who have despaired of congressional or judicial constraint of the executive, but believe that some sort of constraint is desirable, have suggested that the executive’s own legal adviser, the Office of Legal Counsel, could provide such a constraint. In fact, OLC cannot plausibly be considered a constraint on the executive; its function is the opposite – to expand rather than to contract executive power.

Iran’s Quest for Nuclear Weapon Status

In recent times, US policy towards Iran’s nuclear ambition has become one of the most contested and hotly debated issues in the US and elsewhere. As the Bush administration ended with little tangible success in addressing the proliferation concerns involving Iran, the issue has come to hunt the Obama administration as well. The American strategic community largely agrees that Iran has the ambition to acquire nuclear weapon status and thus the debate revolves around how best to respond to it. Vigorous arguments have been paraded to assess the cost and benefits of a US pre-emptive strike against Iran’s nuclear installations. Similar and equally vital deliberations abound in the strategic circles with respect to the option of an Israeli strike and its implication for US foreign policy. The article attempts to analyse this dynamic American debate at a critical juncture as President Obama, previously seen as the anti-thesis of the Bush era, seems to be facing the same sort of constraints that his predecessor was up against, while searching for a sound policy to deal with the Iranian conundrum.

A Mathematical Logic Approach for the Transformation of the Linear Conditional Piecewise Functions of Dispersion-and-Store and Cell Transmission Traffic Flow Models into Linear Mixed-Integer Form

The modeling of traffic control systems for solving such problems as surface street signalization, dynamic traffic assignment, etc., typically results in the appearance of a conditional function. For example, the consistent representation of the outflow discharge at an approach of a signalized intersection implies a function that is conditional on the signal indication and the prevailing traffic conditions. Representing such functions by some sort of constraint(s), ideally linear, so as to be considered in the context of a mathematical programming problem, is a nontrivial task, most often resolved by adopting restrictive assumptions regarding real-life process behavior. To address this general problem, we develop two methodologies that are largely based on analogies from mathematical logic that provide a practical device for the transformation of a specific form of a linear conditional piecewise function into a mixed integer model (MIM), i.e., a set of mixed-integer linear inequality constraints. We show the applicability of these methodologies to transforming into a MIM virtually every possible conditional piecewise function that can be found when one is modeling transportation systems based on the widely adopted dispersion-and-store and cell transmission traffic flow models, as well as to analyzing existing MIMs for identifying and eliminating redundancies.

Adaptive preference, justice and identity in the context of widening participation in higher education

Cultures of low aspirations, and more particularly young people's adaptation to them, are often presented as the major obstacle to an economic development agenda which requires more higher-level skills and a social agenda which is about enabling people from ‘non-traditional’ backgrounds to go to university. The article analyses and discusses some of the different sorts of constraints on the choices which we make and which may become unconsciously internalised and so constitute our adaptive preference. It argues, however, that all choice is significantly adaptive and has its roots in a self which neither in its development nor in its current agency is detached from the social context in which it has been constructed, with which it identifies and from which that identity itself derives many of its features. Finally the article discusses briefly the grounds on which intervention in the life of such a chooser might be justified and some implications for interventionist strategies which are sensitive to such a socially embedded view of the self.

Feasibility of reforms regarding their reaches: An outline of an impossibility theorem

Reform endeavors run up against various sorts of constraints. A major set of constraints is the one derived from the lack of information and knowledge. This category of constraints is inextricably linked with the size of the reform undertakings. The architects of reforms do not have the knowledge needed for designing big institutional changes. Moreover, the big changes take the system far a field from its initial position, the one to be overcome by the reform process. Both features generate two distinct types of uncertainty which are sources of potential hazards and could easily produce the breakdown of the system as a whole with well-known disastrous consequences. This reasoning turns down to the standard argument of feasibility and (there- fore) desirability of the Popper-like piecemeal engineering. Another important issue is the necessity/desirability of preserving old institutions while the new ones are being built lest institutional vacua be developed with disastrous consequences. The argument is analogous to the tenor of the Burke critique of the French Revolution. The upshot of the analysis is that quick implementation of the far-reaching changes is not to be expected and that the going criticisms of the alleged sluggishness of reforms are to some extent ill-advised.

Material Coincidence and the Cinematographic Fallacy: a Response to Olson

Eric T. Olson has argued that those who hold that two material objects can exactly coincide at a moment of time, with one of these objects constituting the other, face an insuperable difficulty in accounting for the alleged differences between the objects, such as their being of different kinds and possessing different persistence-conditions. The differences, he suggests, are inexplicable, given that the objects in question are composed of the same particles related in precisely the same way. In response, I show that the differences are not at all inexplicable once it is recognized that the conditions for a persisting object to be composed by certain particles at a moment of time must involve facts concerning other moments of time, and that the relevant facts are different for persisting objects of different kinds. Philosophers who neglect this sort of constraint on composition principles may be said to be victims of the ‘cinematographic fallacy’.

Perceptual symbols in language comprehension

Barsalou proposes (sect. 4.1.6) that perceptual symbols play a role in language processing. Data from our laboratory document this role and suggest the sorts of constraints used by simulators during language comprehension.

Biology and Religion: On Establishing a Problematic1

In an article on Steven Pinker's How the Mind Works, Steve Jones opines that for most scientists, is to science as pornogra phy is to sex: is cheaper, easier, and some people seem, bafflingly, to prefer it (1997: 13-14). The sort of philosophy to which Jones refers is the interpretation of nature metaphysical terms Jones 1997: 13), an enterprise warned against in the motto of the Royal Society of London, JVullius in verba, trust not in words Jones 1997: 13). But while we might incline to the Royal Society's aversion to meta physical conjectures, we would do well not to conflate such conjec tures with philosophical concerns and reflections of an epistemologi cal and analytical sort. Philosophical concerns of an epistemological and analytical sort are of importance for establishing a problematic in the study of biol ogy and religion. Such concerns can be expressed in the form of questions such as these: What do we want to know? Why do we want to know those things? And what sorts of constraints might affect our understandings? The study of biology and religion implicates at least two interests: an interest in religion and, more broadly, an interest in the human condition, particularly as that condition may be illuminated by theo rizing about evolutionary developments and human nature. But while establishing a problematic embraces both interests, different scholars are guided by different agendas and emphases. In some cases, primary emphasis is directed to religion as explanandum, the thing to be explained or to be better understood. In other cases, consideration of religion is largely instrumental or illustrative.

La démarche historique face à la vérité judiciaire. Juges et historiens

The Historical Approach versus the Judicial Truth : Judges and Historians. Recent trials involved in historical cases give the opportunity to establish the main characteristics of historical workshop and justice practices and to seek their analogies. Both historians and judges are confronted with social demands and are both responsible for the future of their communities, their criteria of judgement being dependent on the values of those communities. Even if their "truths" can not be delivered in the same way, they sustain the same sort of constraints and are inscribed within the same horizons.

Constraint-Based Representations of Statistical Graphs

Abstract Pictor is an environment for statistical graphics that promotes simple commands for common uses and offers the ability to experiment with whole new paradigms. Pictor describes graphs as graphical objects whose component pieces are related by several sorts of constraints. This article describes in detail the constraint system that Pictor uses.