Metal Sorption Research Articles

Influence of Different Factors on the Sorption of Metals (Co2+ and Ni2+) by Modified Sodium Humate

The sorption properties of a modified ethylenediamine humate (EDA–H) sorbent toward Co2+ and Ni2+ metal ions are considered. The results of the influence of sorbent norm (0.05–2.0 g), process time (15–120 min), and metal concentration (0.005, 0.05, and 0.5 g/L) are presented. The advanced extraction of cobalt(II) in solutions with low and medium metal concentrations (0.005–0.05 g/L) and nickel(II) in solutions with a high concentration of cations (0.5 g/L) were detected. Based on the data of physicochemical analysis, it can be assumed that complexation with the sorbent occurred in the course of Co(II) and Ni(II) metal sorption by the sorbent.

A METHOD FOR ACCELERATING ELECTROCHEMICAL PHYTOREMEDIATIONOF WASTE WATER FROM HEAVY METAL IONS WHEN EXPOSED TO PHYTOSORBENT PLANTS BY PHYSICAL FIELDS

The article is devoted to the problem of increasing the efficiency of purification of natural and waste waters from heavy metal ions by the method of electrochemical phytoremediation. The results of studies on the management of phytoremediation processes by exposure to higher aquatic plants by external physical fields (constant magnetic field, combined exposure to a constant magnetic field and geomagnetic field, constant magnetic field and weak electric (j) fields) are presented. The ef-fect of accelerating the sorption of heavy metal ions under the influence of external physical fields on plants of Lemna minor has been experimentally confirmed. Rational conditions for controlling the processes of selectivity and increasing the rate of electrochemical phytoremediation and the completeness of the extraction of heavy metal ions from contaminated waters using higher aquatic plants are determined. A flow chart of the treatment of wastewater from heavy metals by the phytoremediation method using a biopond / settler populated by higher aquatic plants is proposed.

Kinetics and Isotherms of a Green Method for the Sorption of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution

Owing to their toxicity, the existence of heavy metals in the environment has become a major global concern. In this study, the ability of albizia-lebbeck tree leaves (ALTL) as green and low cost adsorbent to remove Pb2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ from Synthetic wastewater by adsorption was investigated. The initial metals’ concentrations of 10-80 mg/l, adsorbent dosage of 0.3-1.0 gm, pH of 3-8, contact time of 30-240 min, and shaking speed of 200 rpm, have been studied by batch adsorption technique. Four ranges of adsorbent particle size were tested: 75-150; 150-300; 300-600; 600-1000 μm. Five different temperatures (20, 30, 40, 50 and 60°C) were selected to demonstrate the influence of temperature on metals’ adsorption onto ALTL. Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to analyze the experimental data. Equilibrium data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity of 9.124 mg/g at 20°C for metals’ concentration of 40 mg/L. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations were utilized for analysis of the kinetic data. The second-order model was fitting very well with the experimental data. Thermodynamic parameters like entropy, enthalpy and Gibbs free energy changes were estimated to determine the spontaneity of the sorption process. The results revealed that the ALTL adsorbent performed good removal of metals.

Sorption of heavy metals by the filtering containers with serpentine materials

The search for effective technologies for the remediation of technologically polluted natural objects is an urgent problem of environmental protection. At the experimental site near Kola MMC JSC (Murmansk region, Monchegorsk), experiments have been carried out on the use of mining waste to create phyto-adsorption sites in technologically polluted territories. During the experiments, filtering modules were used to study the processes of sorption/desorption of emission components with vermiculite-sungulite composition materials obtained by enriching phlogopite mining waste (Murmansk Region, Kovdor). To load two types of filtering modules designed to study open (I) and partially open (II) systems, the authors have used the initial and heat-treated granular sungulite, as well as slurry products (the content of sungulite and vermiculite was 30 %). As a control option, an experiment has been carried out using pure peat, selected in the vicinity of Apatity (Murmansk region). As a result of the study, the layer-by-layer content of the acid-soluble (or semi-gross) form of the components has been determined; the toxicity module has been calculated (the ratio of the total molar content of metals (Cu + Ni) and macronutrients (Ca + Mg)) used to assess the possible toxic effect of products in relation to plants. Pure peat has proved to possess the greatest sorption ability, however, at the end of the experiment, the highest degree of toxicity has been observed for peat; mineral products have been the least toxic. An analysis of the distribution of metals among the layers of filtering modules (II) has shown that intense accumulation of metals is observed in the upper layers; with increasing depth (layers 2-4) there is a gradual decrease in the copper content, in some products nickel is leached in the lower layers. The results of the study have shown that for loading phyto-adsorption sites it is advisable to use a granular sungulite product characterized by good sorption ability and low toxicity.

Features of sorption of rare-earth metals of cerium group by intergel systems based on polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid and poly-4-vinylpyridine hydrogels

Features of sorption of rare-earth metals of cerium group by intergel systems based on polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid and poly-4-vinylpyridine hydrogels

Clay minerals as a source of cadmium to estuaries

Given the high surface reactivity of clay minerals, it is assumed that flocculation will lead to metal accumulation in marginal marine settings. However, the degree of metal sorption to clays is impacted by solution pH and ionic strength, and it remains unknown whether riverine clays indeed serve as a metal sink once they encounter seawater where pH and ionic strength markedly increase. Here, we conducted cadmium (Cd) adsorption experiments to three types of common clay minerals – kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. We found that 20–30% of Cd from illite and montmorillonite surfaces were desorbed when transitioning from freshwater to seawater pH and ionic strength conditions, while kaolinite showed no discernible differences. Synchrotron X-ray adsorption spectroscopy confirmed that Cd release corresponded to a change in bonding from outer- to inner-sphere complexes when clays encountered seawater pH and ionic strength conditions. If other trace nutrients (such as Cu, Zn, Co) adsorbed onto riverine clay minerals behave in a similar manner to Cd, we speculate that their desorption in marginal marine settings should exert a significant impact on the productivity of the biosphere.

Comparison of the impacts of the experimental parameters and soil properties on the prediction of the soil sorption of Cd and Pb

The sorption and desorption of heavy metals in soil are important processes influencing their transport through soil and their ultimate fates. Many attempts have been made to predict the solid–liquid portioning coefficients, often required for modeling the transport and fates of heavy metals in a soil system. In the conventional approach, several soil properties, including pH and cation exchange capacity, are used as predictors to estimate sorption constants. While there is empirical evidence that the environmental and solution parameters, often varying with the experimental conditions of the sorption test, influence the measured soil sorption, previous studies have not considered the effects of these experimental parameters on the reported results thoroughly. Disregarding the experimental conditions may result in biased predictions of the sorption constants, resulting in inaccurate risk assessments. Herein, multiple linear regression models are developed to predict the Freundlich equation coefficients of Cd and Pb based on both the soil properties and experimental conditions as explanatory variables. Results show that the proposed model provided better performance than the conventional techniques that only consider the soil properties. It is demonstrated that the impacts of certain experimental parameters, such as liquid–solid ratio and background electrolyte concentration in solution, on the sorption constants were comparable in magnitude to the effects of the soil properties. These findings indicate that different experimental conditions should be accounted for when comparing sorption constants determined in different studies. The proposed approach could be applicable to the estimation of soil sorption constants with range of environmental and solution parameters.

Fabrication and applications of polyaniline Zr(IV)iodate nanocomposite ion exchanger for heavy metal sorption with antibacterial activity

A novel polyaniline based composite ion-exchange of Zr (IV) iodate was synthesized by inorganic Zr (IV) iodate nanoparticles and the organic polymer matrix by sol-gel method. The nano composite material was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Themogravimetric Analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and tunneling electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD of nano composite material confirmed the semicrystalline nature while as particle size analysis as well as TEM depicted average particle size in nanometer. The partition coefficient studies of different metal ions in the composite were performed in demineralised water and Triton X-100 surfactant, and it was found to be selective for Pb (II) ion. Physical and antibacterial properties of the composite were investigated in order to evaluate their key parameters as composite ion exchanger in water purification. The results revealed that incorporation of Zr (IV) iodate enhanced the properties of the ion-exchange with influence of their selective adsorption for Pb(II) ions, which plays important role for sustainability and development of ground water. During the antimicrobial screening, the nano-composite was found to be active against used gram negative and gram positive bacteria.

Facile synthesis of multifunctional bone biochar composites decorated with Fe/Mn oxide micro-nanoparticles: Physicochemical properties, heavy metals sorption behavior and mechanism

The value-added utilization of waste resources to synthesize functional materials is important to achieve the environmentally sustainable development. In this work, novel micro-nano FeOx- and MnOx-modified bone biochars derived from waste bone meal were obtained at 300 °C, 450 °C and 600 °C, and applied to remove Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions. The results showed that the pyrolysis temperature greatly influenced the specific surface area (SSA), micropore creation, functional groups and heavy metal sorption capacities of FO-BCs and MO-BCs. The effects of solution pH, ionic strength, humic acid (HA), kinetics and thermodynamics on heavy metals adsorption were investigated. Langmuir and pseudo-second order kinetics models fit the adsorption data well, and the FO-BC-450 and MO-BC-600 displayed the highest sorption capacity for Cd(II) (151.3 mg/g and 163.4 mg/g), Cu(II) (219.8 mg/g and 259.0 mg/g) and Pb(II) (271.9 mg/g and 407.2 mg/g), respectively. Due to the dissolved partial hydroxyapatite (HAP), carbonate-bearing hydroxyapatite (CHAP) and the catalysis of Fe(NO3)3, the FO-BCs with higher SSA than the MO-BCs, whereas the sorption capacity displayed an opposite trend. The chemical complex, cation-π bonds, ion exchange and coprecipitation were the dominant mechanisms for metals adsorption. Overall, waste bone resource co-pyrolysis with Fe(NO3)3/KMnO4 impregnation is a promising and high-efficient adsorbents for the remediation of heavy metals-contaminated waters.

Sorption of Metal Ions on an Anion-Exchange Resin in an Ammonium Acetate Solution

The distribution coefficients for 60 elements on the anion-exchange resin Dowex 1x8 in ammonium acetate medium (0.1–5.0 M) are determined. The values of Kd are presented as a periodic table of the elements. A range of possibilities for separating the elements of this system is proposed.

Degradation of Diclofenac in Aqueous Solutions under Conditions of Combined Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Photocatalysis

The sorption and photocatalytic activities of metal–ceramic composites synthesized via self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) in the degradation of diclofenac (DCF) is studied. The phase composition and optical properties of the composites are studied, along with the bandgap energy of semiconductors that form part of a ceramic matrix were determined from electronic absorption spectra. The effects the phase composition, UV irradiation time, amount and nature of the added catalyst (H2C2O4, H2O2), and the composite’s weight have on the oxidative destruction of organic contaminant are studied to optimize the catalytic process. The combination of heterogeneous catalysis using composites based on boron and sialon with the homogeneous photo-Fenton system demonstrate the highest efficiency in the degradation of diclofenac.

Structural characterization and metal biosorptive activity of the major polysaccharide produced by Pseudomonas veronii 2E

Pseudomonas veronii 2E, an autochthonous bacterium isolated from sediments associated to a high-polluted watershed, produces a complex matrix of exopolymers with carbohydrates as main components. In this work, four polysaccharides were isolated from the extracellular material. The major acidic polysaccharide named EPO2, was purified and its structure was elucidated using Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, Infrared spectroscopy, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemical treatments. This heteropolysaccharide consists in an α(1-4) glucan substituted with N-Acetylglucosamine residues and with a branching α-D-GlcpA-(1-3)-L-Fucp disaccharide. The biosorption capacity of EPO2 and of the whole exopolysaccharide to Pb(II), Zn(II), Cu(II) and Fe(II) was evaluated. EPO2 showed a remarkable sorption capacity for Fe(II) with an efficiency of 70% and for Zn(II) 39%. When the whole exopolysaccharide fraction was tested it showed a significantly lower metal sorption ability than purified EPO2 suggesting the involvement of the distinct acidic branching disaccharide in this interaction.

Wheat Straw Biochar as a Specific Sorbent of Cobalt in Soil.

There is an urgent need to search for new sorbents of pollutants presently delivered to the environment. Recently biochar has received much attention as a low-cost, highly effective heavy metal adsorbent. Biochar has been identified as an efficient material for cobalt (Co) immobilization from waters; however, little is known about the role of Co immobilization in soil. Hence, in this study, a batch experiment and a long-term incubation experiment with biochar application to multi-contaminated soil with distinct properties (sand, loam) were conducted to provide a brief explanation of the potential mechanisms of Co (II) sorption on wheat straw biochar and to describe additional processes that modify material efficiency for metal sorption in soil. The soil treatments with 5% (v/w) wheat straw biochar proved to be efficient in reducing Co mobility and bioavailability. The mechanism of these processes could be related to direct and indirect effects of biochar incorporation into soil. The FT-IR analysis confirmed that hydroxyl and carboxyl groups present on the biochar surface played a dominant role in Co (II) surface complexation. The combined effect of pH, metal complexation capacity, and the presence of Fe and Mn oxides added to wheat straw biochar resulted in an effective reduction of soluble Co (II), showing high efficiency of this material for cobalt sorption in contaminated soils.

Adsorption studies of toxic cadmium(II) and chromium(VI) ions from aqueous solution by activated black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds

Abstract Few studies that reported on black cumin seeds (BS) showed that the material has good adsorption capacity towards metal ions. Therefore, it is fair to conduct further studies on the material. However, literature survey shows that no previous study on black cumin seeds has reported on the effect of phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and potassium permanganate (KMnO4) activating agents on the removal of toxic cadmium Cd(II) and chromium Cr(VI) ions from aqueous solution. Pristine black seeds were designated (PBS), the H3PO4 and KMnO4 activated seeds (H3BS) and (KMBS) respectively. The seeds were characterized by SEM, BET, XRD and FTIR. SEM micrographs revealed that H3BS and KMBS were more porous than PBS. The BET surface area of H3BS and KMBS increased to 10.3 and 9.30 m2/g respectively. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of OH, COOH, C O and NH2 functional groups attached to the surface of all adsorbents. Adsorption batch studies revealed that the adsorption capacities of all adsorbents increased with increase in the concentration of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) in solutions. The isotherm data revealed that Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions removal uptake onto all adsorbents found good fit for Langmiur. This implies that the uptake processes occurred on active sites having equal affinity and further suggest monolayer adsorption. It was observed that all adsorbents had higher uptake for Cd(II) than Cr(VI) ions. It was found that the maximum adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) ions was 17.70 mg/g at pH 1 and temperature 353 K whilst for Cd(II) ions it was 19.79 mg/g onto KMBS at pH 9 and temperature 298 K. The sorption rate of Cr(VI) ions onto PBS increased sharply from 5 to 60 min and thereafter attained equilibrium. The same rapid sorption rates were observed for KMBS and H3BS from 5 min and the processes were much faster and stabilized in 30 min. The sorption rates of Cd(II) ions were rapid from 5 min and remained significant until 60, 30 and 20 min mark for PBS, KMBS and H3BS adsorbents respectively. Thereafter, little to no sorption was recorded for either adsorbents. Temperature increase had a positive effect on the uptake of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions onto all adsorbents. This was indicative of the endothermic nature. All the sorption processes of metal ions gave values that were positive for (ΔHo) also suggesting that reactions were endothermic, and this was in agreement with temperature effect studies. It was observed that the uptake removal of Cd(II) and Cr(VI) ions found a good fit for PSO kinetic model. All metal ions sorption processes had positive (ΔSo) values which indicates the increased randomness of the metal ions in the solution as the uptake processes approached equilibrium. Reusability test results showed that the pristine and modified adsorbents can be reused multiple times, showing the economic benefit of the adsorbents.

Apricot shell- and apple tree-derived biochar affect the fractionation and bioavailability of Zn and Cd as well as the microbial activity in smelter contaminated soil

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of apricot shell-derived biochar (ASB) and apple tree-derived biochar (ATB) on soil properties, plant growth, microbial communities, enzymatic activities, and Zn and Cd fractionation and phytoavailability in mining soils. Smelter soil contaminated by Zn (1860.0 mg kg−1) and Cd (39.9 mg kg−1) was collected from Fengxian, China, treated with different doses (0 (control), 1, 2.5, 5, and 10% w/w) of both biochars and cultivated by Brassica juncea in a greenhouse pot experiment. The acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual fraction and plant tissue concentrations of Zn and Cd were determined. Biochar addition improved plant growth (22.6–29.4%), soil pH (up to 0.94 units), and soil organic matter (up to 4-fold) compared to the control. The ASB and ATB, particularly ATB, reduced the acid-soluble (21–26% for Zn and 15–35% for Cd) and the reducible (9–36% for Zn and 11–19% for Cd) fractions of Zn and Cd and altered these fractions in the organic and residual fractions. Therefore, the biochars decreased the metal concentrations in the roots (36–41% for Zn and 33–37% for Cd) and shoots (25–31% for Zn and 20–29% for Cd), which might be due to the increase in pH, biochar liming effects, and metal sorption by the biochar. The biochars impact on the bacterial community composition was selective. The ASB and ATB decreased the activities of soil β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase while increasing the urease activity. The biochars, particularly ATB, can be considered as effective soil amendments for reducing the phytotoxicity of Zn and Cd in contaminated soils, improving plant growth, enhancing the abundance of specific bacterial groups and increasing urease activity; however, more attention should be paid to their negative effects on the activities of β-glucosidase, dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase.

Sorption of Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Crown Ethers

Abstract—The sorption of copper and lead ions by polymeric sorbents based on crosslinked polyacrylamide containing chemically bound or immobilized 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 was studied, as was the effect of various parameters on the efficiency of metal sorption from aqueous solutions. It is shown that the sorption capacity of these sorbents increases dramatically with an increase in the content of crown ethers in them from 3 to 6 wt %. When aging sorbents containing 6 wt % 15-crown-5 or 18-crown-6, in an aqueous solution of copper chloride or lead acetate, respectively, the salt concentration in the solution decreases by 3–4 orders of magnitude. When aging sorbents based on 18-crown-6 in a solution containing equivalent amounts of lead acetate or copper sulfate, the amount of absorbed copper did not exceed 5% of the amount of extracted lead, which indicates the high selectivity of such sorbents.

Sponge and Paper Substrates Coupled with Ion Sensors Utilized in Microfluidic Sampling of High Solid-to-Liquid Ratio Samples

The on-site analysis of any ion concentrations in environmental samples faces many challenges, such as need of sample manipulations and use of a non-portable analytical instrumentation that in turn results in higher uncertainties of the determination and the same time the delay between sampling and the actual measurement. On the other hand, wearable sensors gain more and more attention for instant monitoring of clinically relevant analytes. The portable and relatively low-cost ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) have been extensively studied in context of on-site analysis of ions. However, their potentiometric response majorly depends on the physico-chemical state of an ion-selective membrane (ISM) and the protocol of the analysis. In the situation of nature samples containing high solid-to-liquid ratio, paper substrates and textile were investigated before to integrated with the ISEs to protect the ISM from mechanical damage and the same time deliver micro volumes of liquid to the electrode [1, 2]. Nevertheless, measurements of pH and heavy metals were found to be affected by side reactions and nonspecific adsorption of metal ions to the sampling substrates.In this study, method of pre-modification of paper substrates was investigated to eliminate the detrimental super-Nernstian response otherwise observed [3]. Potentiometric determination of heavy metals in environmental samples (Cd2+ and Pb2+) utilizing paper based microfluidic sampling was studied with a commercial crystalline membrane solid-state Cd2+-and a solid-contact Pb2+-ion selective electrodes. Pre-treatment of paper substrates in the solutions containing the salt with cation the same as the ISEs primary cation, successfully eliminated super Nernstian response. Moreover, the concentration dependent sorption-desorption of metal ion to/from paper substrates was found as possible interferences of using microfluidic paper-based sampling in heavy metal analysis. Then, the amount of heavy metal ions binding onto different substrates was detected.Owning to the lowest heavy metal sorption capacity of PU sponge, microfluidic sponge-based sampling was developed and studied as novel sampling and sample handling substrate to serve as alternative for solution sampling for ion analysis. Possibility of direct measurements of ions in such high solid-to-liquid ratio samples as mud, sludge, wet soil were explored [4].

Insights into catalytic removal and separation of attached metals from natural-aged microplastics by magnetic biochar activating oxidation process

Natural-aged microplastics with changed surface properties accumulate, redistribute and spread in all water fields as carriers of hazardous substances. The combined hazard of co-contamination of microplastics and hazardous substances expands the ecological risks, which urgently needs to design treatment schemes for pollutant removal from microplastics. In this paper, a facile and applicable magnetic biochar with porosity and graphitization (PGMB) was prepared for realizing the goal of metal removal from the microplastics. Heterogeneous catalysis of persulfate (PS) activated by PGMB achieved the decomposition of organics, with the decrease of more than 60% of the attached Pb on the surface of microplastics, and the adsorbed metal amount by PGMB in this system (31.29 mg/g) is much higher than that by the individual PGMB group (7.07 mg/g). Analysis demonstrated that the organic layer covered on the microplastic surface over the long-term weathering provided the key sites for metal sorption, whose decomposition and peeling were the critical steps in whole process. The prepared PGMB was responsible for activating PS to produce reactive species for decomposing the organic matter accompanied with detaching metals from microplastic surface, also would keep the role for re-adsorption of the released metals and separation from aqueous phase by magnetic force. The influences of natural environmental factors including salinity, common matrix species, and temperature on the performance of PGMB/PS system for metal removal from microplastics were discussed to illustrate the universality of the scheme in saline or organic-rich waters. The results of this study provided underlying insights for removing metals from microplastic surface, and decreasing the harm risks in the co-contamination of microplastics and hazardous substances.

Sorption of Non-Ferrous Metals on Amorphous Titanium Phosphate

The results of research of the sorption behavior of non-ferrous metal ions (Zn2+, Co2+, Cd2+ и Pb2+ ions ) on amorphous titanium phosphate, with TiO(OH)(H2PO4)2·H2O chemical composition are presented. According to the adsorption isotherms the maximum sorption capacity was found to be (mg/g): Co2+ –66.1; Zn2+ –73.5; Cd2+ –179.1; Pb2+ –403.6. Mesoporous structure of the sorbent provides the high sorption kinetics and uptake of studied ions occurs up to 15 min. The presents of strongly acid functional groups in the sorbent matrix governs its successful operation under acid conditions. Simulated and real sewage multicomponent solution were tested and shown that titanium phosphate is a promising material for toxic metal removal. The chemical composition of purified water meets the requirements of the MPC for natural water.

What do we know about the utilization of the Sargassum species as biosorbents of trace metals in Brazil?

Abstract In the last decades, metal pollution has become one of the most critical environmental and public health concerns. Human use and processing of trace metals have altered these metals’ natural biogeochemical cycles, which is causing adverse impacts on human beings, natural communities, and aquatic ecosystems. In Brazil, mining and smelting are relevant metal contamination sources that affect many aquatic systems, besides agricultural residues, industrial and urban effluent discharges. In this context, seaweed biosorption is a promising technology for the removal of metals from wastewater that could prevent environmental contamination. Seaweeds show high metal sequestering capacities, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. In this review, we aimed to assess previous studies on trace metals biosorption using the brown seaweed of the genus Sargassum conducted in Brazil during the last two decades (1999–2019). An overview of metal pollution in Brazil and its possible treatments are presented. A theoretical basis regarding Sargassum and its mechanism of sorption of trace metals is described. We also discuss previous Brazilian studies on this topic, including their aims, the trace metals analyzed, and the experimental conditions that increase biosorption effectiveness, which include pH, temperature, algae pretreatment, and immobilization of the biosorbent in a matrix. Given the abundance of this genus throughout the Brazilian coast and its high metal recovering capacity, the algae sorption process remains an underexplored resource. We conclude this work with a patent search and a discussion of the future perspectives of Sargassum use by society.