Herbicide Sorption Research Articles

Impact of rice straw biochar addition on the sorption and leaching of phenylurea herbicides in saturated sand column

The application of phenylurea herbicides (PUHs) may lead to the extensive distribution in soils, while the role of straw biochar as a soil amendment on the transport and sorption of PUHs are still unclear. Thus, the transport and sorption behavior of three typical PUHs with rice straw biochar (RSB) was studied in both adsorption simulation experiments of aqueous solution and packed column experiments. The sorption mechanism of RSB to herbicides was investigated through batch sorption studies with three influencing factors including dosage of RSB, pH, and ionic strength (IS) with orthogonal test. The sorption coefficients were improved significantly by increasing the dosage of RSB, while there was no obvious influence by enhancing the pH and IS value. The optimal sorption conditions (pH value at 3, IS at 0.1 M, and RSB dosage at 60 mg) of three herbicides were set and the maximum removal rates of Monuron, Diuron, and Linuron were 41.9%, 25%, and 56.8%, respectively. The co-transport process of RSB and PUHs were investigated under different RSB dosage, pH value, and IS value. The retention effect increased greatly with enhancing the RSB dosage and pH value. However, IS did not have a significant influence on the retention of RSB, and therefore it had little effect on the adsorption capacity, which was consistent with the results of sorption experiments. The breakthrough curves (BTCs) for co-transport were well simulated by the two-site non-equilibrium convection–dispersion equation (CDE). Most of the regression coefficients (R2) were above 0.99, which uncovered the co-transport in packed column were affected by physical absorption and chemical forces. According to the fitting parameters analysis, the RSB particles and PUHs were subjected to a greater resistance and a stronger stability by reducing pH value in porous media. The presence of RSB increased the amount of dynamic sorption sites in the entire co-transport system, which led to a significant promotion of the PUHs' sorption and interception.

Urea/Sodium Hydroxide Pretreatments Enhance Decomposition of Maize Straw in Soils and Sorption of Straw Residues Toward Herbicides

Urea/Sodium Hydroxide Pretreatments Enhance Decomposition of Maize Straw in Soils and Sorption of Straw Residues Toward Herbicides

Sorption-desorption and biodegradation of sulfometuron-methyl and its effects on the bacterial communities in Amazonian soils amended with aged biochar

Sulfometuron-methyl is a broad-spectrum herbicide, used throughout Brazil; however, its environmental impacts in biochar (BC) amended soils is not fully understood. Biochar is known to enhance soil quality but can also have undesired effects such as altering the bioavailability and behavior of herbicides. Microbial communities can degrade herbicides such as sulfometuron-methyl in soils; however, they are known to be affected by BC. Therefore, it is important to understand the tripartite interaction between these factors. This research aimed to evaluate the sorption-desorption and biodegradation of sulfometuron-methyl in Amazonian soils amended with BC, and to assess the effects of the interactions between BC and sulfometuron-methyl on soil bacterial communities. Soil samples were collected from field plots amended with BC at three doses (0, 40 and 80 t ha−1) applied ten years ago. The herbicide sorption and desorption were evaluated using a batch equilibrium method. Mineralization and biodegradation studies were conducted in microcosms incubated with 14C-sulfometuron-methyl for 80 days. Systematic soil sampling, followed by DNA extraction, quantification (qPCR) and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing were performed. The presence of BC increased the sorption of the herbicide to the soil by 11% (BC40) and 16% (BC80) compared to unamended soil. The presence of BC also affected the degradation of 14C-sulfometuron-methyl, reducing the mineralization rate and increasing the degradation half-life times (DT50) from 36.67 days in unamended soil to 52.11 and 55.45 days in BC40 and BC80 soils, respectively. The herbicide application altered the bacterial communities, affecting abundance and richness, and changing the taxonomic diversity (i.e., some taxa were promoted and other inhibited). A tripartite interaction was found between BC, the herbicide and soil bacterial communities, suggesting that it is important to consider the environmental impact of soil applied herbicides in biochar amended soils.

Aminocyclopyrachlor sorption–desorption and leaching in soil amended with organic materials from sugar cane cultivation

AbstractThe correct application of a new herbicide depends on knowledge concerning its behaviour within the cultivation system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sorption–desorption process of aminocyclopyrachlor in soils with the addition of three aged organic materials from sugar cane and their transport via leaching. Sugar cane straw (12 t/ha), filter cake (90 t/ha) and vinasse (200 m3/ha) were added to a clayey soil 15, 30 and 60 days before herbicide application. Sorption and desorption were evaluated by the batch equilibrium method. For leaching assessments, the materials were applied to the soil surface. Sorption was relatively low in all treatments (Kd = 0.17–0.41 L/kg), although significantly higher in soil without organic material addition. A negative correlation between herbicide sorption and increased soil base saturation was observed, indicating competition for sorption sites. With the addition of vinasse, 71% of the herbicide reached the leachate, while <50% reached the leachate in the other treatments. Aminocyclopyrachlor availability was not reduced with organic material addition to the soil, which may be favourable for weed control. However, the presence of vinasse leads to the risk of leaching to deeper soil layers than the seed bank.

Estimating sorption of monovalent acidic herbicides at different pH levels using a single sorption coefficient.

Monovalent acidic pesticide sorption can be determined for any soil pH if the dissociation constant of the compound is known, and sorption coefficients are available for at least two different pH values, measured in a wide enough range to enable estimating both neutral and anionic form coefficients. Sorption estimates have also been made from a single sorption coefficient available, assuming a non-compound specific value of the anionic form sorption coefficient or considering a generic ratio between sorption coefficients of the two forms. A compound-specific procedure for adjustment of parameters of the equation for estimating sorption of monovalent acidic herbicides at different pH levels, from a single sorption coefficient, is proposed and evaluated. The quality of fits was good for sorption of all three herbicides studied, especially for 2,4-D and flumetsulam at pH above 5, even for diverse soils and experimental procedures and conditions. The best fits resulted in the following ratios of theoretical maximum organic-carbon sorption coefficients for neutral and anionic forms (Kocn':Koca'): 440:1 for 2,4-D; 132:1 for flumetsulam; and 55:1 for sulfentrazone. The ratios of theoretical maximum sorption coefficients for neutral and anionic forms (Kocn':Koca') are compound-specific, thus this procedure should also be applied to pH-sorption datasets for other acidic pesticides to provide the respective ratio between the theoretical maximum sorption coefficients, instead of using generic assigned values. More calibration research is recommended and validation of this approach is required to demonstrate applicability of the method. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Modelling herbicides mobility in amended soils: Calibration and test of PRZM and MACRO

Addition of organic residues to soil is a current farming practice but it is not considered in the modelling studies for pesticide risk assessment at regulatory level despite its potential impact on the pesticide dynamics in soil. Thus, the objective of this work was to examine and to compare the ability of PRZM and MACRO pesticide fate models to simulate soil water content, and bromide (Br−, tracer), chlorotoluron and flufenacet concentrations in the soil profiles (0–100 cm) of one agricultural soil, unamended (control soil, S), amended with spent mushroom substrate (S + SMS) or amended with green compost (S + GC). Based on a two-year field-scale dataset, the models were first calibrated against measurements of water and solutes contents in the soil profiles (first year) and then tested without any further model calibration by comparison with the field observations of the second year. In general, the performance of MACRO to simulate the whole dataset in the three soil treatments was higher than that of PRZM. MACRO simulated satisfactorily the water dynamics along the soil profiles whereas it was poorly described by the capacity model PRZM. Both models predicted very well the Br− mobility in control and amended soils after dispersion parameters were fitted to observations. No calibration was necessary to reproduce correctly herbicides vertical distribution in the control soil profile. In the amended soils, MACRO simulations were highly correlated to the observed vertical distribution of flufenacet and chlorotoluron, but calibration of the Kd of chlorotoluron was needed. On the contrary, modelling with PRZM required calibration of Kd and DT50 of both herbicides to obtain an acceptable agreement between observations and predictions in the amended soils. Kd and DT50 calibration was based on the initial dissolved organic carbon contents (DOC) of amended soils. It allowed to take into account the processes that decrease the herbicides sorption on the soil and enhance their bioavailability, but that are not described in PRZM and MACRO (such as the formation of herbicide-DOC mobile complexes). This work showed that models such as PRZM and MACRO are able to simulate the fate of pesticides in amended soils. However, before using these models as predictive tools in large amended soil conditions, and especially in the regulatory context, further modelling studies should focus on other pedoclimatic-pesticides-organic residues combinations, and on longer periods.

Increases in pH, Ca2+, and Mg2+ alter the retention of diuron in different soils

Increasing the pH of soils by applying limestone alters the sorption of herbicides and their efficiency at controlling weeds. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of increasing the pH and adding Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the sorption and desorption of diuron in different soils, and to evaluate the behavior of the herbicide in cationic solutions to determine whether precipitation is involved in the retention process. Sorption and desorption coefficients (Kfs and Kfd) were determined based on the Freundlich isotherms using seven soils, which were incubated or not incubated with agricultural limestone. Liming increased the values of Kfs and Kfd for diuron, even though the organic matter contents of all the soils decreased. The presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ reduced the concentration of diuron in the aqueous solution. Increasing the pH and Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations by applying agricultural limestone increased the sorption and reduced the desorption of diuron in the soils investigated in this study. The behavior of diuron in calcium and magnesium solutions indicates that a precipitation process may be responsible for the increased sorption and reduced desorption of diuron in soils.

Sorption of imazapic and imazapyr herbicides on chitosan-modified biochars

This study aimed to synthesize chitosan-modified biochars with the objective of producing an efficient biosorbents for immobilization of imazapic and imazapyr herbicides in soil. Two biochars were produced separately from oil palm empty fruit bunches and rice husk biomasses and then modified with chitosan in a nitrogen gas environment. The biosorbents characterization showed that biochars modification with chitosan decreased their total surface areas. However, their cation exchange capacities significantly increased. The outcomes also showed that soil amendment with chitosan-modified biochars remarkably enhanced its capacity for sorption of imazapic and imazapyr herbicides as compared with pure soil and soil amended with unmodified biochars. Based on the linear distribution coefficients, the capacity of soil for imazapic sorption enhanced by 50% after mixing with unmodified empty fruit bunches biochar, and by 73% after amendment with the chitosan-modified empty fruit bunches biochar. For imazapyr herbicide, soil sorption capacity improved by 8% owing to amendment with unmodified empty fruit bunches biochar, and by approximately 84% after mixing with chitosan-modified empty fruit bunches biochar. Likewise, amendment of soil with unmodified and chitosan-modified rice husk biochars increased its sorption capacity for imazapic herbicide by 25% and 36%, respectively, and for imazapyr herbicide by 36% and 67%, respectively. Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms showed similar trends. In conclusion, biochar modification with chitosan would remarkably improve their sorption capacity for imidazolinone herbicides including imazapic and imazapyr herbicides.

Adsorption-Desorption Behavior of Polar Imidazolinone Herbicides in Tropical Paddy Fields Soils.

Analysis of herbicides sorption behavior in soil is critical in predicting their fate and possible harmful side effects in the environment. Application of polar imidazolinone herbicides is growing in tropical agricultural fields. Imidazolinones have high leaching potential and are persistent. In this study, adsorption-desorption of imazapic and imazapyr herbicides were evaluated in different types of Malaysian agricultural soils. Effects of soil parameters were also investigated on the soils' sorption capacities. The adsorption data fitted best to Freundlich isotherm (R2 > 0.991). The herbicides adsorptions were physical and spontaneous processes as ΔG values were negative and below 40kJ/mol. The adsorption correlated positively with clay content, total organic carbon (TOC) content, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). There were strong negative correlations between hysteresis index and these factors indicating their importance in imidazolinones immobilization and, thus, their pollution reduction in the environment.

An examination of the role of biochar and biochar water-extractable substances on the sorption of ionizable herbicides in rice paddy soils

The application of biochar as a soil amendment can increase concentrations of soil organic matter, especially water-extractable organic substances. Due to their mobility and reactivity, more studies are needed to address the potential impact of biochar water-extractable substances (BWES) on the sorption of herbicides in agricultural soils that are periodically flooded. Two paddy soils (100 and 700 years of paddy soil development), unamended or amended with raw (BC) or washed biochar (BCW), were used to test the influence of BWES on the sorption behavior of the herbicides azimsulfuron (AZ) and penoxsulam (PE). The adsorption of AZ to biochar was much stronger than that to the soils, and it was adsorbed to a much larger extent to BC than to BCW. The depletion of polar groups in the BWES from the washed biochar reduced AZ adsorption but had no effect on PE adsorption. The adsorption of AZ increased when the younger soil (P100) was amended with BC and decreased when it was amended with BCW. In P700, which has lower dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content than P100, the adsorption of AZ increased regardless of whether biochar was raw or washed. The adsorption of PE slightly decreased when P100 was amended with BC or BCW and slightly increased when P700 was amended with BC or BCW. In order to evaluate compositional differences in the biochar and BWES before and after the washing treatment, we performed solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy of BC and BCW, and high resolution mass spectrometry of BWES. Our observations stress the importance of proper consideration of soil and biochar properties before their incorporation into paddy soils, since biochar may reduce or increase the mobility of AZ and PE depending on soil properties and time of application.

Understanding Activation Effects on Low-Temperature Biochar for Optimization of Herbicide Sorption

Activation treatments are often used as a means of increasing a biochar’s sorption capacity for agrochemical compounds but can also provide valuable insight into sorption mechanisms. This work investigates the effects of H2O2 activation on a low-temperature (350 °C) grape wood biochar, evaluates subsequent changes to the removal efficiency (RE) of cyhalofop and clomazone, and elucidates potential sorption mechanisms. Activation by H2O2 decreased the biochar pH, ash content, and C content. Additionally, the biochar O content and surface area increased following activation, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data suggested a slight increase in surface O groups and a decrease in aliphatic C. Cyhalofop RE significantly increased following activation, while clomazone RE was unchanged. The increased sorption of cyhalofop was attributed to pH effects and charge-based interactions with biochar O moieties. Results from this study suggest that H2O2 activation treatments on low-temperature biochars may improve the removal of organic acid herbicides but are of little value in optimizing the removal of polar, non-ionizable herbicides.

Use of neural networks to estimate the sorption and desorption coefficients of herbicides: A case study of diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl in Brazil

The use of herbicides in Brazil has been carried out based on the manufacturer's recommendation, often disregarding the high variability of soil attributes. The use of statistical methods to predict the herbicide retention processes in the soil can contribute to the improvement of weed control efficiency associated with the lower risk of environmental contamination. This research evaluated the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to predict soil sorption and desorption, as well as the environmental contamination potential of diuron, hexazinone and sulfometuron-methyl herbicides in Brazilian soils. The sorption and desorption coefficients of the three herbicides were determined in laboratory tests for 15 soils from different Brazilian states. To predict the sorption and desorption of diuron, hexazinone and sulfometuron-methyl were used a multilayer perceptron ANNs (MLP). The inputs were the characteristics of the herbicides and the physical and chemical attributes of the soils, and the outputs of were the sorption and desorption coefficients (Kfs and Kfd). The risk of leaching of diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl herbicides were evaluated considering the sorption values observed and those estimated by the models. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models were efficient for the prediction of sorption and desorption of diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl herbicides. The physicochemical properties of the herbicides were more important for the modeling of multilayer perceptron ANNs than the soil attributes. The herbicides diuron, hexazinone, and sulfometuron-methyl have a high potential risk for contamination of groundwater in different Brazilian states.

Aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione sorption–desorption in municipal sewage sludge-amended soil

ABSTRACT The application of sewage sludge (SS) in agriculture is a practice used worldwide, and it is commonly applied in sugarcane to supply nutrients, with beneficial effects on crop productivity and soil; but SS can increase sorption and decrease desorption of herbicides. However, in tropical soils such as in Brazil, there are no studies regarding the behavior of pre-emergent herbicides, mainly aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione, in SS-amended soil. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of municipal SS applied in agriculture on the sorption–desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione in clay soil. Aminocyclopyrachlor (pyrimidine-2-14C-aminocyclopyrachlor) and mesotrione (cyclohexane-2-14C-mesotrione) sorption–desorption was evaluated using a batch equilibrium method. Soil was amended at 0% (control – unamended), 0.1%, 1%, and 10% (w∙w–1) of air-dried SS corresponding to 1.2, 12, and 120 t∙ha–1. The Freundlich Kf sorption values of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione were similar for all treatments, ranging from 1.07 to 1.45 and 3.48 to 4.25 µmol (1–1/n) L1/n∙kg–1, respectively. Overall, the lowest Kd sorption value of these herbicides was reported for SS-amended soil (1%), while in the SS-amended soil (10%) it was higher than unamended soil. The H value for aminocyclopyrachlor was ~1 (no hysteresis) and for mesotrione was on average 0.4 (hysteresis occurring). In conclusion, the present study indicates that SS applied in any crop to supply nutrients can slightly affect the sorption–desorption of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione, but this small difference does not affect the bioavailability of these herbicides for weed control.

Cow bone char as a sorbent to increase sorption and decrease mobility of hexazinone, metribuzin, and quinclorac in soil

Hexazinone, metribuzin, and quinclorac herbicides are used extensively throughout Brazil, and they can easily be leached to groundwater sources. Bone char (BC) has been shown to strongly sorb organic compounds and could be used as a sorbent to increase herbicide sorption and decrease leaching, although the better form of application is not known. The aim of this research was to assess the effect of cow BC on the sorption-desorption and mobility of hexazinone, metribuzin, and quinclorac applied to a sandy loam tropical soil under laboratory conditions. The methodology of the sorption-desorption studies was established using a batch equilibrium method, and the treatments were unamended soil, pure BC, and BC-amended soil (at a rate of 5% by weight). Herbicide mobility studies were evaluated by column leaching and soil thin-layer chromatography (TLC). In the column leaching studies, BC was either applied to the surface or incorporated into the 0–10 cm top layer of soil, the latter at a rate of 5% by weight (60 t ha−1). A glass column was prepared for each treatment, and analyses of 14C-herbicides were performed by liquid scintillation counting. Finally, for TLC studies the BC treatments were unamended soil, BC (5% by weight)-amended soil, soil + BC band (1 cm) in the middle, and soil + BC band at the top. We conclude that cow BC is an excellent sorbent to reduce mobility of hexazinone, metribuzin, and quinclorac in a tropical soil through the high sorption of these herbicides, regardless of application form of the material. Thus, it is possible to minimize the pollution of soil-applied herbicide simultaneously, as the BC and thus the herbicides can remain in the soil for a long time.

Sorption and Desorption of Diuron, Hexazinone and Mix (Diuron + Hexazinone) in Soils With Different Attributes

ABSTRACT: In Brazil, sugarcane is grown in large areas. Weed control in sugarcane fields is done by chemical method, since it is more efficient and less expensive. In this method, herbicides that persist in the environment for long periods are used, among which there are hexazinone and diuron, which are applied in mixtures marketed by the industry. This research evaluated the sorption and desorption of hexazinone and diuron applied alone and in mixture, in two samples of Red-Yellow Latosols (LVAG and LVAV) and a Organosol (OR), with and without manure. Sorption isotherms were built using the batch equilibrium method and the identification and quantification of herbicides was obtained through a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-Vis detector. There were high diuron sorption coefficients (Kf) in the soils. The hexazinone Kf values found were low in LVAG and LVAV soils, and they were high ground only in OR. In all soils, diuron and hexazinone showed higher Kf values when mixed. There was a direct relation between the addition of manure to the substrate and the Kf values . Higher desorption values (Kfd) in relation to those of sorption in LVAG and LVAV soils indicate gradual release of these herbicides in the soil solution when using organic fertilizer, showing increased sorption and desorption of these molecules; this is accentuated when they are mixed. In the Organosol, desorption was very low, and cannot be quantitated by the used method. It is possible to conclude that the incubation of LVAG and LVAV soil with manure helps both the process of sorption and desorption of herbicides. However, sorption and desorption in the Organosol is high indicating very low agrochemicals such strong bonds with soil colloids.

Changes in sorption and bioavailability of herbicides in soil amended with fresh and aged biochar

Knowledge of long-term pesticide behavior in biochar (BC) amended soil is still contradictory. In this work, we compared the sorption of three highly persistent and ionizable pesticides [two anionic (imazamox and picloram) and one weak base (terbuthylazine)] on both fresh and field-aged BC as well as on a soil amended with these biochars. The aging process was performed by burying the biochar at 10 cm in a silt loam soil [Upper Midwest USA (Wisconsin)] for six months. Field aged BC removed the three pesticides from solution to a higher extent (>85%) than the fresh BC (<16%). This removal was attributed to water-soluble components on the biochar. Laboratory incubation experiments demonstrated that dissipation in soil and biochar mixtures were both a function of pesticide and biochar type. The amounts of soil extractable (i.e, bioavailable) pesticide were inversely related to the extent of sorption. Similar dissipation and sorption of imazamox was observed in unamended and BC-amended soils. Terbuthylazine dissipated similarly in all treatments, but sorption increased with incubation time in the aged BC-amended soil. Conversely, picloram dissipated to a higher extent in aged BC-amended soil when compared to unamended or fresh BC-amended soil. This work demonstrates temporal variability of biochar sorption capacities due to soil exposure, which alters the efficacy and bioavailability of soil applied pesticides.

Assessment of the retardation of selected herbicides onto Danube sediment based on small column tests

This study utilizes column tests to investigate the retardation of certain herbicides with different hydrophobicities (atrazine, alachlor and trifluralin) during transport through surface Danube sediment. The influence of water matrix on the retardation factor Rd and Freundlich constant Kf is investigated. The results are compared with batch tests to establish whether different methodologies result in similar or different conclusions. A stainless steel column was filled with natural Danube sediment. Three water matrices were investigated: synthetic, Danube surface, and deep groundwater rich in natural organic matter (NOM). The goal was to examine whether different water matrices would result in changes in the Rd and corresponding Kf values. After a tracer experiment, single herbicide solutions were tested in the three water matrices. Herbicides were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture detector (GC/ECD). Retardation factors obtained in the column experiments were calculated using Transmod software (version 2.2). The Kf values calculated were compared with the values obtained in previous batch experiments. A breakthrough curve (BTC) for trifluralin could not be obtained during the experiment. Atrazine Rd values were almost the same in the natural matrices (54 and 55 for the ground and surface waters, respectively), and lower in the synthetic water (40). Alachlor Rd values in the three water matrices were very similar (30–35). The corresponding Kf values for alachlor (8.47–17.4) were lower than those of atrazine (13.5–27.9). These results differ from those obtained by earlier batch tests, which showed similar Kf values for both atrazine (4.4–9.2) and alachlor (4.43–10.35) in all three matrices. In contrast to the results observed during the batch tests, the column tests exhibited higher Kf values in the natural water matrices than the synthetic water, possibly due to the influence of dissolved organic carbon on herbicide sorption. Of the three herbicides investigated, the smallest retardation was observed for alachlor. This was unexpected given the relative hydrophobicities of alachlor and atrazine. The potential risk of transport through the sediment may therefore be greater for alachlor than the other two herbicides. This was indicated neither by the batch tests nor from the Koc–Kow estimations. Both herbicides exhibited similar Kd and Kf values in the batch tests, and lower values in the natural water matrices. In comparison, the column tests showed higher Kf values, with higher values in the natural matrices than in the synthetic water matrix.

Biochar impact on herbicides behavior in the soils: an approach in Brazil

A aplicação de biochar (biocarvão) em solos por causa dos efeitos benéficos é comprovada por muitos pesquisadores internacionais e isto pode aumentar a sorção dos herbicidas e reduzir a eficácia destes no manejo das plantas daninhas. Impactos positivos são relatados em relação ao comportamento ambiental dos herbicidas, pois o aumento da sorção reduz a lixiviação destes produtos para as águas subterrâneas. Impactos negativos são relatados em relação ao manejo agronômico dos herbicidas, pois o aumento da sorção reduz a disponibilidade destes produtos no solo, diminuindo o efeito residual para o controle das plantas daninhas. No Brasil, o biochar é produzido por várias empresas privadas e unidades de pirólise, entretanto, o custo para produção ainda é muito alto, provavelmente por falta de incentivo do governo, baixo uso dos produtores e consciência dos benefícios. Embora o biochar seja utilizado há várias décadas em outros países, no Brasil ainda há poucos estudos desenvolvidos por pesquisadores na área de solos, e a eficiência do biochar na biodisponibilidade de herbicidas no solo ainda é desconhecida por muitos pesquisadores brasileiros na área de plantas daninhas. Diante do exposto, o objetivo desta revisão foi avaliar a biodisponibilidade de herbicidas em solos modificados com biochar e destacar a pesquisa com biochar em condições brasileiras, além de apresentar os benefícios ao solo com a adição do biochar. Pouco se sabe sobre o comportamento de herbicidas em solos brasileiros modificados com biochar, que pode ser utilizado com maior intensidade na agricultura moderna. Então, mais pesquisas são necessárias sob nossas condições para realmente entender a dinâmica deste produto no solo.

Mucilage from seeds of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) used as soil conditioner; effects on the sorption-desorption of four herbicides in three different soils

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of the mucilage extracted from Chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) as soil amendment on soil physical properties and on the sorption-desorption behaviour of four herbicides (MCPA, Diuron, Clomazone and Terbuthylazine) used in cereal crops. Three soils of different texture (sandy-loam, loam and clay-loam) were selected, and mercury intrusion porosimetry and surface area analysis were used to examine changes in the microstructural characteristics caused by the reactions that occur between the mucilage and soil particles. Laboratory studies were conducted to characterise the selected herbicides with regard their sorption on tested soils added or not with the mucilage.Mucilage amendment resulted in a reduction in soil porosity, basically due to a reduction in larger pores (radius>10μm) and an important increase in finer pores (radius<10μm) and in partcles' surface. A higher herbicide sorption in the amended soils was ascertained when compared to unamended soils. The sorption percentage of herbicides in soils treated with mucilage increased in the order; sandy-loam<loam<clay-loam.The increase in the organic carbon content upon amendment and the natural clay content of the soils are revealed to be responsible for the higher adsorption of Diuron when compared with Terbuthylazine, Clomazone and MCPA. Desorption of the herbicides was highly inhibited in the soils treated with mucilage; only Terbuthylazine showed a slight desorption in the case of loam and clay loam-soils.This study leads to the conclusion that mucilage from Chia seeds used as soil conditioner can reduce the mobility of herbicides tested in agricultural soils with different physico-chemical properties.

Animal bonechar increases sorption and decreases leaching potential of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione in a tropical soil

While previous studies have shown the influence of various biochars on the fate and transport of herbicides in soil, little information exists on the effects of bonechar. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of cow bonechar amendments on the sorption-desorption and leaching of aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione in a tropical soil. Soil was amended with bonechar at rates of 0 (control), 1, 5, 10, and 100% (pure bonechar) (ww−1), corresponding to 0, 12, 60, 120, and 1200tha−1, respectively. Additionally, two bonechar particle size groups were compared (0.3–0.6 and 0.15–0.3mm). Aminocyclopyrachlor (pyrimidine-2-14C-aminocyclopyrachlor) and mesotrione (cyclohexane-2-14C-mesotrione) sorption-desorption was evaluated using the batch-equilibrium method and column leaching studies. Higher bonechar application rates increased the sorption of both herbicides. Aminocyclopyrachlor and mesotrione were leachable in the control soil, but the addition of bonechar reduced the depth at which both herbicides were detected. Bonechar additions to soil, regardless of the particle size, was able to statistically increase sorption, decrease desorption, and reduce the leaching potential of both herbicides in the soil.