Sorption Of Barium Research Articles

The Sorption Behaviors of Barium during Reinjection of Gas Field Produced Water into Sandstone Reservoir: An Experimental Water-Rock Interaction Study

Identifying the fate of contaminants (such as barium) during gas field produced water reinjection could be a feasible method to evaluate the environmental risks of the reinjection project and thus improve its sustainability. To assess the barium sorption behaviors during gas field produced water reinjected into sandstone reservoirs, a series of water–rock interactions experiments were conducted to systematically investigate the effects of brine/rock ratio (5:1~500:1), pH (3~10), temperature (20, 50 and 80 °C), brine salinity (NaCl solution, 0~100 g/L), competitive cations (Sr and Mg, 0.5 g/L), and organic compound (methanol, 0~5 g/L) on the sorption of barium in sandstone. The rock samples were collected from the Triassic formation of the Yanchang Group in the northern Ordos Basin, China. The results indicated that the sorption of barium in sandstone strongly depends on the brine/rock ratio. Under the same brine/rock ratio, the severity of the impact on the barium sorption from high to low was competitive cation, salinity, pH, temperature, and methanol concentration. The sorption process of barium onto the sandstone could be well fitted by a pseudo-second-order kinetics model. The presence of competitive cations would restrain the sorption of barium, while the existence of methanol hardly affects the barium sorption. The chloro-complexation reaction and the reduction of rock surface electrical potential are mainly responsible for the inhibition effects of NaCl salinity on barium sorption, and the corresponding relationship can be characterized by an exponential function. Barium sorption in sandstone decreases with increasing temperature, while it is positively correlated to the initial pH of the solution. The water-rock system is weakly alkaline with a value of 7.7–8.5 when the barium sorption reaches an equilibrium state, regardless of the initial pH of the reactive solution. The results are meaningful in understanding and predicting the fate of barium after the gas field produced water was reinjected into the underground.

The sorption and diffusion of 133Ba in crushed and intact granitic rocks from the Olkiluoto and Grimsel in-situ test sites

The distribution coefficients of barium on Olkiluoto pegmatitic granite and veined gneiss, Grimsel granodiorite and their main minerals (quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and biotite) were obtained by batch sorption experiments carried out as a function of the concentration of barium. The distribution coefficients on biotite and veined gneiss were modelled with the PHREEQC computing program. In addition, the diffusion of barium into rock cubes was also studied both experimentally and computationally and the rock cubes from the diffusion experiments were studied with autoradiography and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the distribution coefficients of barium were largest on biotite and the sorption as a function of barium concentration on all the minerals followed a similar trend. The distribution coefficients of barium on veined gneiss, pegmatitic granite and granodiorite followed the distribution coefficient trend of their main minerals and the distribution coefficients were largest on granodiorite due to the low salinity of the groundwater simulant. The distribution coefficients of barium on veined gneiss were of the same magnitude as on granodiorite because of the high biotite content of veined gneiss and those on pegmatitic granite were a magnitude smaller. It was also discovered that the distribution coefficients in saline water were considerably smaller than the results obtained in low salinity water, which suggests that competing ions play a significant role in the sorption of barium. Finally, the concentration decrease of barium in the solution in the diffusion experiments was largest in granodiorite which can be explained with both the porous structure of all the minerals of granodiorite leading to high accessible surface area and with the sorption properties of barium. It was discovered with autoradiography that the barium was mainly sorbed on the dark minerals of the rocks, but, additionally, barium sorption on plagioclase was also concluded to be significant. In addition, the sorbed barium could be seen with scanning electron microscopy on the biotite and calcite veins in the fissures of the rock in granodiorite and veined gneiss.

Ion exchange of radium and barium in zeolites

The sorption of radium, barium and mixture of both elements has been studied in the zeolites 3A, 5A and Y. The ratio zeolite; solution was 100 mg: 10 cm3 and the pH was 3. Carrier-free radium was completely retained in all studied zeolites. When 0.0016 meq of barium/cm3 were added, the sorption of radium decreased in the zeolite 5A only and when 0.014 meq of barium/cm3, the radium sorption was reduced in all the studied zeolites. The sorption of barium was similar to that of radium. The amounts of sodium and calcium removed from the zeolites and the proton quantity fixed to them allowed us propose the ion exchange mechaniosm. The changes and ionic radii of the species exchanged did not play an important role. However, the location of the ions in the crystalline network of each zeolite is probably an important parameter for the exchange.

Sorption of Barium on Unconsolidated Glaciofluvial Deposits and Clay Minerals

Sorption of Barium on Unconsolidated Glaciofluvial Deposits and Clay Minerals

Sorption of barium on kaolinite, montmorillonite and chlorite

The sorption characteristics of the Ba2+ ion on kaolinite, montmorillonite and chlorite type clays were studied using the batch method. Barium-133 was used as a tracer. The Ba2+ ion concentrations ranged from 10–8 to 10–5 mol l–1; synthetic groundwater was used and the grain size of all the solid particles was <40 µm. About 6, 8 and 12 d of shaking were necessary to reach equilibrium for chlorite, kaolinite and montmorillonite, respectively. The sorption isotherms were described best by Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich type isotherms. Sorption was predominantly reversible for kaolinite and partly reversible for montmorillonite and chlorite.