Sorption Enhanced Steam Reforming Of Ethanol Research Articles

Ni-CaO-CaZrO3 bi-functional materials for high purity hydrogen production via sorption enhanced steam reforming of ethanol

Ethanol is an ideal hydrogen carrier, which can be converted to hydrogen-rich syn-gas via the steam reforming reaction. Sorption-enhanced steam reforming is a promising approach to produce high-purity hydrogen by mixing the sorbent and catalyst particles. The idea of bi-functional materials, loading both sorption and catalytic site in a single particle, could transform the inter-particle heat-mass transfer to intra-particle heat-mass transfer. This work studied the sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SESRE) over Ni-CaO-CaZrO3 bi-functional catalysts containing sorption and catalytic sites. Bi-functional Ni-CaO-CaZrO3 catalysts were synthesized using a simple sol-gel technique. The influence of operating conditions including temperature, steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C) and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) on Ni10-Ca90Zr10 bi-functional materials were discussed. The operating condition with a temperature of 600 °C, weight hourly space velocity of 0.34 h−1 and steam-to-carbon ratio of 3 was the most suitable reaction condition for hydrogen production in this study. Over the optimized operation conditions, the influence of Ni loadings on hydrogen production performance was further studied. The result indicated that 10 wt% is the best Ni loading in this study for Ni-CaO-CaZrO3, which enables >95% hydrogen purity in the gaseous product in the pre-breakthrough stage, with the longest breakthrough time (90 min). Furthermore, under the best operation conditions, the Ni10-Ca90Zr10 displayed excellent stability over 10 cyclic tests. In the 10th cycle, about 90% hydrogen purity was constantly obtained for at least 60 min during the pre-breakthrough stages. This study demonstrated that the Ni10-Ca90Zr10 bi-functional material is effective and stable for producing hydrogen from ethanol and has the potential to establish a method of generating clean energy with minimal carbon emission.

Hydrogen production from sorption enhanced steam reforming of ethanol using bifunctional Ni and Ca-based catalysts doped with Mg and Al

This work evaluated the performance of nickel-based catalysts supported on CaO and CaO–MgO–Al2O3 in the sorption enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SESRE) aiming the production of high purity H2. The catalysts were prepared by sol-gel method and characterized by different methods: Temperature programmed reduction (TPR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with chemical element mapping, N2 physisorption and CO2 capture capacity determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). XRD analysis showed that the predominant phases were CaO, MgO, CaCO3, Ca(OH)2 and NiO in the calcined samples and Ni0 in the reduced and passivated samples. TPR profiles indicated that all catalysts presented a high degree of reduction (Ni/CaMgAl-68 > Ni/CaMgAl-79 > Ni/Ca), although Ni/CaMgAl-X samples presented high reduction temperatures indicating the formation of NiAl2O4. The addition of MgO and Al2O3 to CaO was very beneficial since the deactivation coefficients, calculated by the TGA data modeling, decreased by a factor of 3.8 for Ni/CaMgAl-79 and by a factor of 4.3 for Ni/CaMgAl-68 when compared to the Ni/Ca catalyst. The catalytic tests in the SESRE showed that Ni/CaMgAl-79 catalyst had the best performance since it had the longest high purity hydrogen production time. In the pre-breakthrough period, the H2 mole fractions were close to 90% for all samples during all reaction cycles. After the reaction-regeneration cycles, the average crystallite size of CaO estimated by XRD increased around 38, 6 and 35% for Ni/Ca, Ni/CaMgAl-79 and Ni/CaMgAl-68, respectively. Thus, adding a dopant to the sorbent material proved to be an effective strategy to obtain a more stable catalyst capable to produce hydrogen of high purity.

Bifunctional Ni–CaO catalysts modified with CeO2 and inert Ca12Al14O33 for sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol

In this work, sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SE-SRE) process was studied using Ni–CaO-based bifunctional catalysts modified with Ca12Al14O33 (mayenite) and CeO2. The CaO and CaO/Ca12Al14O33 sorbents were synthesized by a sol-gel method and, subsequently, CeO2 and Ni were added by the incipient wetness impregnation method. These materials were characterized by BET surface area, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), and in situ X-ray absorption near edge structuare (XANES). In addition, the catalysts were tested on 10 cycles of SE-SRE reaction and regeneration. In general, the characterization results revealed an inverse relationship between average crystallite size of CaO and CO2 sorption capacity. By the in situ XRD/XANES, the addition of the mayenite reduced by half the average crystallite size of CaO and increased the interaction between support and active phase. As a consequence, the catalyst containing mayenite (NiCaAl) showed the best CO2 capture uptake and stability, which could be justified mitigation of the CaO sintering effect by the inert material presence. Great stability was also observed in the catalytic tests, since the duration of the pre-breakthrough stage for NiCaAl and for the catalyst containing maynite and ceria (NiCaAlCe) remained constant over the reaction cycles. In terms of hydrogen production, NiCaAl catalyst showed the highest H2 molar fraction during the pre- (90%) and post-breakthrough. The CeO2 addition slightly favored the methane formation, although did not bring significant benefits in the CO2 capture and catalytic performance. Therefore, NiCaAl showed the best CO2 capture capacity and stability, which led to the best SE-SRE performance.

Tailoring lattice oxygen triggered NiO/Ca9Co12O28 catalysts for sorption-enhanced renewable hydrogen production

Sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol shows potential of supplying high-quality hydrogen with in situ CO2 capture, but suffers from sorbent deactivation. This paper describers the design of functionalized xNiO/Ca9Co12O28 materials, whose phases can be segregated once triggered by the lattice oxygen consumption via NiO/Ca9Co12O28-O2-→Ni-Co+CaO, thus acting as the catalytic sorbent. Their superiorities are demonstrated in: (i) low-temperature activation via lattice oxygen induction; (ii) recyclability via lattice oxygen replenishment; iii) high-quality hydrogen actuation via in situ CO2 adsorption. Hydrogen concentration of 95.56 vol% and near-complete ethanol conversion can be achieved. Moreover, stability across 50 repeated cycles without obvious reduction in catalytic reforming and CO2 adsorption is demonstrated. In situ XRD studies demonstrate the formation of the Ni-Co alloy and the reorganization of the catalytic sorbent. The adsorption energies of ethanol on the surface of Ni(111), Co(111), and Ni-Co(111) were studied by DFT calculations, reaffirming the higher catalytic activity of Ni-Co alloys.

Influence of regeneration conditions on cyclic sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol in fixed-bed reactor

The effect of regeneration conditions on the cyclic sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SESRE) in a fixed-bed reactor was investigated. Columnar Ni–Ca catalysts were used in the cyclic SESRE experiments. The effects of different parameters, including temperature, purge direction, and purge gas on the regeneration process were discussed. The experimental results reveal that the regeneration temperature strongly affected not only the CO2 desorption rate but also the durability of the CaO sorbent. The stability of the CaO sorbent within the Ni–Ca catalyst was improved owing to the formation of Ca12Al14O33. Moreover, the type of purge gas (N2 or air) for regeneration had negligible effect on the CO2 capture performance of the Ni–Ca catalyst. For regeneration by air purging, coke decomposition over the Ni–Ca catalyst was accompanied by a slight decline in the activity of the Ni catalyst, which was attributed to the cyclic Ni redox.

Continuous high-purity hydrogen production by sorption enhanced steam reforming of ethanol over modified lithium silicate

Sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SE-SRE) with in-situ CO2 removal is an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach for hydrogen production. Researches on continuous production of high-purity H2 by SE-SRE over the modified Li4SiO4 sorbent were conducted using two parallel reactor in this work. The low cost Li4SiO4 derived from rice husk ash (RHA) is a promising high-temperature CO2 sorbent. However, the poor adsorption kinetics of RHA-Li4SiO4 sorbent at low CO2 concentration is the major challenge. The metallic elements (K, Ca, Al, Mg) were employed to modify the RHA-Li4SiO4 for efficient CO2 capture. The developed sorbents were characterized and tested to study the role of dopants on the crystal, textural, microstructure and CO2 adsorption kinetics and cyclic stability. Results indicated that K doping effectively inhibited the growth of crystal aggregation and resulted in a fluffy morphology with abundant pores and higher specific surface area, while the addition of Ca, Al and Mg formed a nubby structure with larger particle size. K-doped RHA-Li4SiO4 exhibited the best CO2 uptake properties and the optimal K doping molar content was 0.02 with the maximum capture capacity of 34.16 wt%, which is higher than 27.1 wt% of pure RHA-Li4SiO4. Then, the effect of operating conditions on the enhancement behaviors was considered in the SE-SRE system. High-purity H2 (above 96%) was achieved by coupling K(0.02)/RHA-Li4SiO4 sorbent with Ni-based catalyst under the optimum condition (T: 525 °C, liquid hourly space velocity: 0.9 mL/(g·h), sorbent/catalyst: 4 and steam/carbon: 8.0). The adsorption activity of K(0.02)/RHA-Li4SiO4 maintained at a high level in ten SE-SRE/regeneration cycles. Finally, a scheme including two parallel fixed-bed reactors was designed and operated periodically for continuous production of high-purity H2. The reaction switching time was shown to depend strongly on the pre-breakthrough time and operating conditions. As the reaction switching time was 40 min, the products were always only H2 and CH4 (no CO and CO2 appear) and the H2 purity remained above 90% during 400 min, confirming high purity hydrogen stream can be obtained continuously.

SORPTION-ENHANCED STEAM REFORMING OF ETHANOL FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

In last years, sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SESRE) has become an interesting alternative for the industry, since it offers high H2 purity with a simpler and smaller system. In this study CaO derived materials were synthesized to improve multicyclic CO2 sorption-desorption stability. A dispersant and inert phase (Ca12All4O33) was incorporated into CaO structure. The effects of CaO:Ca12Al14O33 ratio on the characteristics of the new absorbents and on their performance in sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol were analyzed. The results obtained indicate that the absorbent 85% CaO – 15% Ca12Al14O33 had significantly improved cyclic reaction stability. Additionally, it was proved that with this adsorbent CO purity on wet basis was lower than 2 %, making it possible to attain in only one reaction stage the CO purity obtained after de WGS reactor.

Improved Hydrogen Production from Sorption-Enhanced Steam Reforming of Ethanol (SESRE) Using Multifunctional Materials of Cobalt Catalyst and Mg-, Ce-, and Zr-Modified CaO Sorbents

Hydrogen (H2) was produced via sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SESRE) over multifunctional hybrid materials made of cobalt (10 wt %) and a Ca-based sorbent modified by CeO2, ZrO2, and...

Lithium-based sorbent from rice husk materials for hydrogen production via sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol

The sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SE-SRE) has the potential to produce the high-purity hydrogen. It is essential to obtain suitable reforming catalysts and CO2 sorbents in the SE-SRE process. We first prepared Ni-based catalysts by using three synthesis methods involving sol-gel, impregnation, and co-precipitation. Characterizations and catalytic activity tests results revealed that sol-gel route produced the most promising catalyst with 80% selectivity to H2 and the favorable structure of SG-Ni/Al2O3 was responsible for its superior performance. Then, different waste materials (rice husk ash, fly ash, kaolin) as silica source were employed to prepare Li4SiO4 sorbents for CO2 capture. The chemical composition of the silicon sources and the crystalline phase, specific surface area and morphology of these synthesized sorbents were characterized and results indicated that rick husk ash with large specific surface area and loose structure is the optimal silicon sources. Cyclic carbonation/calcination tests showed that RH-Li4SiO4 sorbent from rick husk material without acid treatment possesses the excellent CO2 sorption capacity up to 36.57 wt% and cyclic stability. The presence of impurity phases (MgO, Al2O3, K2O, etc.) in the RH-Li4SiO4 sorbent is beneficial to the CO2 adsorption. Moreover, the influence of steam on the CO2 capture of RH-Li4SiO4 sorbent was further investigated. We found that its CO2 adsorption performance was improved in the existence of steam. The integration of the optimized SG-Ni/Al2O3 catalyst and RH-Li4SiO4 sorbent with different packing methods was finally considered in the SE-SRE system. The four-layer interval packed catalyst and sorbent exhibited the best performance over the ten consecutive SE-SRE/regeneration cycles with a stable and high selectivity to H2 (>93%), confirming the potential for high-purity H2 by adsorption enhancement.

Performance comparison of microwave and conventionally heated reactors for sorption enhanced reforming of ethanol over Ni impregnated SBA-15

Hydrogen production from steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) and sorption enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SESRE) over nickel impregnated SBA-15 catalyst was investigated in both conventionally and microwave heated reactor systems. Characterization results showed that 10 wt% Ni loaded SBA-15 exhibited Type IV isotherm with H1 hysteresis, which indicates mesoporous structure. Its surface area and mean pore diameter values were 493 m2/g and 6.5 nm, respectively. Results obtained in SRE tests showed high activity of this catalyst. With the change in the heating mechanism from conventionally heated reactor to microwave heated reactor, hydrogen yield value increased from 3.5 to 4.5 where the maximum possible hydrogen yield value is six for the SRE reaction. Capture of CO2 with CaO resulted in higher hydrogen purity and lower CO and CO2 amount in the gas mixture in the first 100 min in both heating systems. With in-situ capture of CO2, the hydrogen purity reached to 90% with negligible CO and CO2 in the first 40 min in microwave heated reactor. TGA results revealed that while conventional heating caused 45% coke formation, the coke formation was only 3% in microwave heated reactor. Highly steady reactor performance, with coke minimization could be achieved as a result of performing activity tests in the system which was heated by a focused microwave reactor.

Factorial design analysis of parameters for the sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol in a circulating fluidized bed riser using CFD.

The sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SESRE) has recently been reported as a novel process for hydrogen (H2) production. SESRE can operate well on a Ni-based catalyst with dolomite as a sorbent in packed-bed reactors. In this study, the circulating fluidized bed (CFB) concept was proposed to obtain higher productivity and continuous operation of SESRE. Particular focus was directed to the design and selection of suitable operating conditions of the CFB riser. Two-dimensional transient models using the Euler–Euler approach and the kinetic theory of granular flows were applied to investigate the H2 production performance from a pilot-scale riser. The 2k full factorial design method was utilized to examine the significances of five specific parameters, namely, the riser diameter, inlet temperature, catalyst-to-sorbent ratio, solid flux, and inlet gas velocity on two response variables, namely, H2 purity and H2 flux. From the ANOVA results, either the main effect or the interactions of each parameter were shown to be significant on both the H2 purity and the H2 flux, particularly the riser diameter and the solid flux. For optimizing the operation and reaction parameters, the best case was the system with riser diameter of 0.2 m, inlet temperature of 600 °C, catalyst-to-sorbent ratio of 2.54 kg kg−1, solid flux of 200 kg m−2 s−1, and gas velocity of 3 m s−1, obtaining H2 purity of 91.30% on a dry basis with a significantly high H2 flux of 0.147 kg m−2 s−1. The hydrodynamics showed that SESRE reached breakthrough within the bottom dense zone. However, incomplete conversion occurred in the core of the riser because of the very dilute bed.

Tailored hydrotalcite-based hybrid materials for hydrogen production via sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol

Hydrotalcite-based (HTlc) materials in combination with reforming catalyst as hybrid system are a potential candidate for enhanced hydrogen (H2) production. In the present investigation, four different cationic modified (Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) HTlc based hybrid materials were tailor made for sorption-enhanced reforming process (or SERP) of ethanol. Their performances were weighed against one another in terms of their adsorption capacities and cyclic stabilities. Further, the influence of reaction variables like temperature, S/C ratio and sorbent mass fraction on the performance of the hybrid materials was evaluated. It was found that all the hybrid materials showed encouraging results for improved hydrogen production. Particularly, copper- and magnesium- based hybrid materials exhibited superior adsorption characteristics and longer breakthrough times than zinc- and calcium-based materials. Copper-based hybrid material reported highest adsorption capacity of 1.2 mol CO2/kg sorbent at 573 K producing almost 99 mole % of H2. The stability of hybrid materials were assessed over 25 cyclic tests. Both copper- and magnesium-based materials remained stable for up to 21 and 18 cycles respectively. In contrast, zinc- and calcium-based hybrid materials were stable for 11 and 6 cycles respectively. A plausible reaction mechanism for SER of ethanol is also proposed.

Sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol for continuous high-purity hydrogen production: 2D adsorptive reactor dynamics and process design

Sorption enhanced steam reforming of ethanol process for high-purity hydrogen production has been investigated in this work. A two-dimensional mathematical model has been developed to describe the coupled mass and heat transport phenomena within both the axial and radial directions of the adsorptive reactor for sorption enhanced reaction process. The product distribution from the numerical simulation matches well with experimental data obtained from a laboratory-scale fixed-bed adsorptive reactor. In addition, the performance of sorption enhanced reaction is found to be sensitive to the temperature gradient in the radial direction in a scale-up reactor. Afterwards, four reactors with a seven steps cycle operation scheme have been employed in a continuous hydrogen production process. It is found that a hydrogen stream (dry basis) with purity higher than 99mol %, carbon monoxide content 25ppm and 0.95molkg−1h−1 productivity of hydrogen can be produced under cyclic steady state operation. The ratio between energy output and input is around 1.7, and the estimated cost of energy is 0.71US$ per kilogram of hydrogen produced. Besides, high purity carbon dioxide (dry basis) can also be captured as a by-product during the sorbent regeneration step in this process.

High-Purity Hydrogen Production by Sorption-Enhanced Steam Reforming of Ethanol: A Cyclic Operation Simulation Study

A four-step pressure swing operation process in one column with two subsections for sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SE-SRE) was developed by simulation for high purity hydrogen production. Within the two subsections, two different volumetric ratios (1:2 and 1:4) between the Ni impregnated hydrotalcite catalyst and K-promoted hydrotalcite sorbent were employed. Various reaction conditions and operating parameters were tested to improve the hydrogen production performance. The product gas with hydrogen purity above 99 mol % and carbon monoxide content of 30 ppm, which can be directly used in fuel cell applications, was continuously produced at 773 K and a swing pressure from 101.3 to 304 kPa. The yield of hydrogen in SE-SRE (78.5%) was found to be much higher than in SRE (38.3%) at the same reaction conditions. Besides, pure carbon dioxide can also be obtained as a byproduct with a yield of 75% during the regeneration step.

Sorption-Enhanced Steam Reforming of Ethanol on a Novel K–Ni–Cu–Hydrotalcite Hybrid Material

A multifunctional K–Ni–Cu–hydrotalcite hybrid material was synthesized for hydrogen production via sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol. The hydrotalcite material was used as support for the incorporation of nickel and copper, both used as active catalytic phases. This material was studied for its catalytic properties for steam reforming of ethanol; it was found that Cu preferentially catalyzes ethanol dehydrogenation and water–gas shift reactions, while Ni is more suitable for acetaldehyde decomposition and steam reforming of methane. It was found that Ni and Cu formed a Ni0.5Cu0.5 alloy with the advantage of ensemble formation. Also, promising carbon dioxide adsorption capacity of the material was obtained. The potassium promoter together with the hydrotalcite material for carbon dioxide adsorption ensured a successful sorption-enhanced reaction process. High-purity hydrogen stream (99.8 mol % on dry basis) was obtained during the prebreakthrough period at 773 K with a water-to-ethanol molar rat...

Sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol on NiMgAl multifunctional materials: Experimental and numerical investigation

Hydrogen production via sorption enhanced steam reforming of ethanol on NiMgAl hybrid materials was studied. A new impregnation method was employed for the preparation of hybrid materials, samples were analyzed on their catalytic properties for steam reforming of ethanol and adsorption capacity to uptake carbon dioxide for sorption enhanced reaction process. The effects of material compositions and operating conditions were analyzed numerically to improve the performance of sorption enhanced reaction process. The simulated sorption enhanced reaction process was then validated experimentally with a good agreement between results obtained from simulations and experiments. A high purity hydrogen stream (>99mol%) was obtained during the transient period. The use of a CO2 adsorbent can improve the yield of H2 and the thermal efficiency of the H2 production process. Finally, NiMgAl materials showed a good stability during the time-on-stream and cyclic tests due to the unique features of the layered double hydroxide support.

Steam Reforming of Ethanol on Copper Catalysts Derived from Hydrotalcite-like Materials

Steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) and sorption enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SE-SRE) on Cu,Zn,Al materials was studied in the temperature range between 200 and 600 °C for hydrogen production. Precursors with different structures, such as a hydrotalcite-like compound (CuZnAl-HT), zincian malachite derivative (CuZnAl-REF, a reference catalyst precursor for the synthesis of methanol) and amorphous material with embedded copper particles (CuZnAl-ECP), were employed to obtain the active phases. Among the three samples used, the CuZnAl-HT catalyst shows the highest activity (ethanol and water conversion) and selectivity (hydrogen yield). This material also shows a satisfying stability, as the ethanol conversion only decreases around 20% at 400 °C during 12 h of lifetime test. In addition, carbon dioxide uptake during the transient period of SRE was found on the CuZnAl based materials. Especially for the CuZnAl-HT catalyst a SE-SRE phenomena was perfectly observed at 400 °C due to a relative good interacti...

Sorption‐Enhanced Steam Reforming of Ethanol: Thermodynamic Comparison of CO2 Sorbents

AbstractA thermodynamic analysis is performed with a Gibbs free energy minimization method to compare the conventional steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) process and sorption‐enhanced SRE (SE‐SRE) with three different sorbents, namely, CaO, Li2ZrO3, and hydrotalcite‐like compounds (HTlc). As a result, the use of a CO2 adsorbent can enhance the hydrogen yield and provide a lower CO content in the product gas at the same time. The best performance of SE‐SRE is found to be at 500 °C with an HTlc sorbent. Nearly 6 moles hydrogen per mole ethanol can be produced, when the CO content in the vent stream is less than 10 ppm, so that the hydrogen produced via SE‐SRE with HTlc sorbents can be directly used for fuel cells. Higher pressures do not favor the overall SE‐SRE process due to lower yielding of hydrogen, although CO2 adsorption is enhanced.

Sorption enhanced steam reforming of ethanol on Ni–CaO–Al2O3 multifunctional catalysts derived from hydrotalcite-like compounds

This paper describes the sorption of carbon dioxide for enhanced steam reforming of ethanol to produce hydrogen via Ni–CaO–Al2O3 multifunctional catalysts derived from hydrotalcite-like compounds (HTlcs). The catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption–desorption, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tested in sorption enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SESRE), in which products were monitored by an online mass spectrometer (MS). The Ni–CaO–Al2O3 catalysts possess uniform distribution of Ni, Ca and Al, contributing significantly to the excellent CO2 adsorbent capacity and reforming activity in SESRE. We have also examined the effect of Ca/Al ratios on Ni dispersion, CaO particle size, and catalytic reactivity; a Ca/Al of 3.0 was optimized. The Ni–CaO–Al2O3 catalysts outperform the conventional mixture of CaO adsorbents and Ni/Al2O3 catalysts for SESRE.

Sorption-Enhanced Reforming of Ethanol over Ni- and Co-Incorporated MCM-41 Type Catalysts

Ni- and Co-incorporated MCM-41 type mesoporous materials with Ni/Si and Co/Si molar ratios of 0.12 were synthesized, characterized, and tested in both steam reforming of ethanol (SRE) and sorption-enhanced steam reforming of ethanol (SESRE) reactions. Characterization results showed that Co and Ni were successfully incorporated and well-dispersed in the mesoporous MCM-41 support. Ni- and Co-incorporated MCM-41 catalysts had surface area values of 449.0 and 303.6 m2/g, respectively. They also had narrow pore size distributions, with average pore diameters of 2.2 and 1.98 nm, respectively. SESRE results obtained with these catalysts showed that in situ capture of CO2 during ethanol reforming reaction significantly enhanced hydrogen yield in the temperature range of 500–600 °C. The catalytic performance of Ni-incorporated MCM-41 was much better than the Co-incorporated MCM-41, in hydrogen production by ethanol reforming. The highest hydrogen yield value obtained over the Ni-incorporated MCM-41 catalyst was achieved at 600 °C as 5.6 in SESRE reaction. This was ∼94% of the maximum possible hydrogen yield value of 6.0.