Sorghum Inclusion Research Articles

Inclusion of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench) with protease and NSP-ase increases jejunal histomorphology and barrier function gene expression in broiler chickens

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sorghum with or without protease and NSP-ase on performance, jejunal histomorphology, caecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and gene expression of barrier function in the broiler chickens. A total of 240 males New Lohmann strain MB 202 broiler chicks (1-day-old) were randomly placed into 12 treatments with 4 replications, 5 birds per replicate for 35 d. The diets were a factorial combination of 3 levels of sorghum (0, 10, and 20%), 2 concentrations of protease (with and without protease), and 2 concentrations of NSP-ase (with and without NSP-ase). Results showed that villus height (VH) was improved (P < 0.05) and villus to crypt ratio (VH:CD) tended (P = 0.05) to increase with inclusion of sorghum. Inclusion of sorghum upregulated (P < 0.05) expression of the gene anti-inflammatory IL-13, and downregulated (P < 0.05) gene of toll receptor (TLR) (TLR-3 and TLR-4), pro-inflammatory (IL-18, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and tight junction zona occluding-1 (ZO-1). The result further indicated a decrease (P < 0.05) in the concentration of SCFA. The birds fed diets with protease had lower (P < 0.05) expression of gene TLR-4 and TLR-3, pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and TNF-α), and anti-inflammatory IL-10. Inclusion of sorghum markedly (P < 0.05) interacted with protease, increasing the total of SCFA, acetate, and VH in the broiler. The bird offered diets with NSP-ase had higher (P < 0.05) expression genes of pro-inflammatory IL-18 and TNF-α. Inclusion of sorghum and NSP-ase significantly (P < 0.05) interacted, upregulating gene of tight junction ZO-1 and anti-inflammatory IL-13 but downregulating gene TLR-3, and pro-inflammatory IL-6, while the SCFA production was decreased. Inclusion of sorghum in the diet with or without enzymes did not affect broiler performance (P > 0.05). In conclusion, a diet with sorghum improved jejunal histomorphology without negatively affecting growth performance. Additionally, supplementation with enzymes enhanced intestinal immune responses by up-regulating anti-inflammatory, and downregulating pro-inflammatory gene expression.

Beef production, physicochemical quality, oxidative shelf-life, fatty acid profile and sensory effects of replacing sorghum for maize in finisher diets

Climate change and high demand for maize have prompted the search for climate-smart, energy feedstuffs such as sorghum for use in beef finisher diets. Relative to maize, sorghum has comparable metabolizable energy content and contains more polyunsaturated fatty acids and bioactive phenolic compounds that may enhance beef health value, oxidative shelf-life, and sensory quality. The study investigated the impact of graded sorghum levels replacing maize in beef finisher diets on nutrient utilization, production, physicochemical quality, fatty acid composition, oxidative shelf-life, and sensory quality attributes of beef. Thirty-five, seven-months-old (230 ± 28 kg average initial weight) Angus steers were individually housed in pens and randomly allocated to five pellet diets formulated by replacing white maize in the basal diet (control) with 100, 200, 300, and 400 g/kg DM of sorghum. Diet did not affect (P > 0.05) nutrient intake, digestibility and utilization, growth performance, carcass characteristics, longissimus thoracis (LT) meat physicochemical quality, fatty acid contents and colour coordinates. Metmyoglobin and colour coordinates increased (P ≤ 0.05) with retail display except redness which declined (P ≤ 0.05). Lipid oxidation of LT meat aged for day 1 tended to increase (P ≤ 0.10) with increased dietary substitution of sorghum for maize in beef finishing diets. In addition, antioxidant activity, metallic aroma and liver-like flavour linearly increased (P ≤ 0.05) with sorghum inclusion in the diet. In conclusion, sorghum can fully replace maize in beef finisher diets with neutral effects on beef production, physicochemical quality, health value and colour stability, and somewhat desirable impact on antioxidant activity and myoglobin stability and undesirable effects on aroma and flavour of LT meat.

Inclusion of Sorghum in Cyprinus carpio L. Diet: Effects on Growth, Flesh Quality, Microbiota, and Oxidative Status.

This study investigates the impact of including sorghum in the diet of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on its growth, blood parameters, meat composition, intestinal microbiota, and oxidative stress. Experimental diets with varying sorghum content (0%-V0 or control, 10%-V1, 20%-V2, and 30%-V3) were administered to carp weighing 43 g initially. Notably, in the 30% variant, sorghum entirely replaced corn and barley in the diet. Chemical analysis of sorghum unveiled a protein content of 14% and a fat content of 3.9%. Sorghum inclusion led to a decline in final body weight and weight gain, particularly notable in the V3 group with 30% sorghum. However, other physiological parameters, such as feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, and organ indices, remained unaffected. Protein and salt content in carp flesh increased with higher sorghum inclusion levels, while hematological parameters showed minimal variations. Analysis of the intestinal microbiota revealed increases in both aerobic and anaerobic bacterial populations with sorghum inclusion. Furthermore, sorghum concentration inversely correlated with glutathione levels and positively correlated with malondialdehyde content, indicating a disruption of antioxidant defense mechanisms and elevated oxidative stress.

Effects of Phytase and Tannase Enzyme Supplementation on in Vitro Nutrient Digestibility and Tannin Degradation of Sorghum-Based Broiler Diets

An in vitro study was conducted to assess the effects of phytase and tannase enzyme supplementation on nutrient digestibility and tannin degradability in sorghum-based broiler diets. A two-stage in vitro experiment involving simulation of gastric and ileal digestion in vivo was used. Data were analysed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2011). The data were analysed for descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests were performed to check for possible associations among variables. Analysis of variance were performed to determine the effects of sorghum inclusion level as well as the effects of exogenous phytase and tannase supplementation on nutrients digestibility and tannin degradability using the GLM procedure. All tests were done at p&lt;0.05 level of significance. The results of this study indicated that phytase and tannase supplementation significantly influenced calcium, phosphorus, fat and crude protein digestibility (p&lt; 0.01). Sorghum inclusion level had no significant effect on calcium, phosphorus, fat and crude protein digestibility. Sorghum inclusion level significantly influenced tannin degradability (p&lt;0.01). Chi-square test showed that there was an association between sorghum inclusion level and tannin hence increasing sorghum level increased tannin degradability. Both enzyme supplementation and sorghum inclusion level had significant effect on crude fibre and tannin degradability.

Effect of carbohydrate source on energy-nitrogen balance and methane emissions in lactating dairy cows

The chemical characteristics of Cenchrus clandestinus grass, nutritional base in dairy production systems, demand the energy supplementation. Corn grain is the most used food for this purpose, but considering its demand and prices, the objective of this work was to evaluate its partial replacement by alternative non-fibrous carbohydrates sources on methane emissions, energy and nitrogen balance and productive performance of dairy cows. Sixteen multiparous Holstein cows were fed Cenchrus clandestinus plus one of four concentrate supplements formulated with corn (Zea mays) or a partial replacement of corn with sorghum (Sorghum vulgare), cassava (Manihot esculenta) or citrus pulp (Citrus sp.). Inclusion of sorghum, cassava or citrus pulp did not affect dry matter intake, dry matter digestibility, enteric methane emissions, energy and nitrogen balance, milk yield or composition. The results allow to conclude that these ingredients can partially replace corn in the diet of lactating dairy cows.

Nutrient composition of Sorghum-Based Rations and their effect on growth of Improved Indigenous Chicken in Western Kenya

Improved indigenous chicken contributes to the nutrition of farmers in rural communities. The use of maize as an energy source in chicken diets is becoming unacceptable due to competition from humans, resulting in high feed costs. Alternative energy sources like low-tannin sorghum can be grown in Western Kenya. The objective of the study was to determine the nutrient composition of sorghum-based diets and the growth of improved indigenous chicken in Busia and Siaya Counties. Dietary treatments consisted of 50% (T1), 75% (T2) sorghum inclusion, and control (commercial diet) (T3). Farmers on semi-intensive were provided dietary treatments, and free-range (T4) was not provided. Feed samples were subjected to laboratory analysis for proximate composition, amino acids, and tannin content. Growth characteristics were collected biweekly. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and then means that differed significantly were separated using Tukey’s test in Genstat 14th edition. For proximate composition, dry matter was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T2 (91.9%) and T3 (92.1%) compared to T1 (91.4%). Crude fat was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T2 (9.54%) than in T1 (6.84%) and T3 (6.57%). The crude fibre was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T3 (14.3%) compared to T1 (3.37%) and T2 (3.62%). Crude protein was significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher in T2 (15.8%) and T1 (15.2%) compared to T3 (12.6%). Metabolisable energy was significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower in T3 (2723 Kcal/Kg) compared to T1 (3569 Kcal/Kg) and T2 (3684 Kcal/Kg). Amino acids (lysine, methionine, cysteine, and tryptophan) content in diets T2 and T3 were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than T1. The tannin content of the sorghum variety C26 was 1.24%. T1 had a significantly high (p&lt;0.05) mean final weight (970 g), body weight gain (804 g), daily weight gain (14.4 g), and feed conversion ratio (5.57). Mortality was highest at T4 (17.1%). It was concluded that the inclusion of 50% low tannin sorghum meets chicken feed nutritional requirements and is best for growth performance. The study recommended that farmers rearing chicken should plant low tannin sorghum to be utilized as feed ingredient to cut the cost of production

Inclusion of Sorghum in Ruminant Diets Towards Methane Emission Mitigation and Improved Meat Quality: A Review

Sorghum is among the less widely used crops yet it is ranked the fifth most important cereal crop after wheat, maize, rice and barley. The grain’s nutritional value is similar to that of maize and wheat and the phenolic profile is more abundant and varied than other common cereal grains. Sorghum has been largely included in ruminant diets as an energy source and research findings show insignificant differences in the performance parameters in livestock fed sorghum-based diets, with some studies suggesting sorghum as a more efficient alternative to maize. The narrative review focuses on opportunities for reducing rumen methanogenesis through dietary inclusion of sorghum as well as discussing the impact on relative abundance of microbiota and meat quality. The grain possesses qualities that can potentially influence the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in ruminant livestock production, relative abundance of rumen microbes and meat quality. However, there is very little information on the influence of sorghum grain-based diets on the rumen bacterial community composition and their relationship with ruminal metabolites. Further investigations are required to add more knowledge on the effect of sorghum grain-based diets on meat quality.

Sorghum (Sorghum vulgare): an ancient grain, a novel choice for a healthy gluten-free diet.

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disease related to gluten consumption. To date, the only effective therapy that can reverse symptoms and prevent complications is the gluten-free diet (GFD), which is challenging to maintain and has potential health risks. Identifying foods that can help diversify the GFD and that best match the nutritional needs of people with CD may improve the health and quality of life of celiac patients. This review, conducted through a non-systematic search of the available literature, aims to gather the most recent research on nutritional issues in CD and GFD. Moreover, it highlights how sorghum characteristics could provide health benefits to CD patients that counteract the nutritional problems due to CD and the nutritional consequences of GFD acceptance. Sorghum contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds, such as flavones and tannins, that have shown anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical studies. They can also regulate blood sugar levels and lower cholesterol to reduce the effects of common chronic diseases such as metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Because it is gluten-free, its use in making foods for celiac patients is increasing, especially in the United States. In conclusion, sorghum is a fascinating grain with nutritional properties and health benefits for supplementing GFD. However, only one study confirms the short-term safety of sorghum inclusion in the GFD, and further long-term studies with a large sample are needed.

Management issues of cropping with sorghum in the production structure - a case study of Hungary

One of the goals of the developments is to improve the efficiency of the activity by making the currently used traditional production structure more flexible and by making the necessary changes to the technology in the case of farmers with large agricultural land, having necessary machinery and equipments required. Farms with larger arables land are able to offset the effects of changes affecting efficacy and profitability. The main sector of Hungarian agriculture is crop production, so performance is largely determined by the annual output of the crop production sector and the price development of crop products. In the course of our analytical work, we defined a farm of 2100 hectares, for which we examined crop production, crop machinery and economic aspects. From the enterprise data, farm level results compiled according to the crop structure were calculated. Sorghum is suitable for replacing corn in the crop rotation in areas with unfavorable conditions, so a stably growing crop can be added to the crop rotation of autumn ears of corn, rape, and sunflower, instead of corn. It does not hinder the machinery modernization efforts either, since the precision tools and developments already started in corn production can be used well, and it does not require a special equipment park. At the same time, in light of the increasingly frequent negative climatic effects, sorghum’s integration into the plant production structure is encouraging, because we have to count on 3-4 drought years in a decade. Based on our analysis, the inclusion of sorghum in the crop structure does not significantly reduce the available income, which is acceptable in the given economic environment. However, its stability can significantly contribute to improving the resilience of farming, especially in comparison with corn.&#x0D; JEL Code: Q12

Effect of graded levels of Sorghum bicolor on proximate composition, lipid oxidation, microbial load and sensory properties of rabbit meat floss

Consumers are increasingly seeking healthier and more sustainable meat products. Rabbit meat is generally considered a healthier alternative to red meat because of its low fat and cholesterol content. However, people accustomed to consuming red meat may find it less visually appealing because of its pale appearance. Plants rich in beneficial phytochemicals like Sorghum bicolor (Sorghum) have been used to impart desirable colouration and sensory properties to processed foods. In this study, Rabbit Meat Floss (RMF) was prepared with graded levels of powdered sorghum stalks thus: Treatment 1/Control (RMF +0% Sorghum), Treatment 2 (RMF+ 1% Sorghum), Treatment 3 (RMF+2% Sorghum) and Treatment 4 (RMF+3% Sorghum). The RMF were analysed for Yield (%), Microbial load (logCFU/g), Lipid oxidation (mgMDA/kg), Proximate composition (%), and Sensory properties at intervals of 0, 10, and 20 days. The RMF analysed on days 10 and 20 were packed in Ziploc bags and kept at room temperature. The experimental design was completely randomised, and all analyses were done in triplicates. All treatments with Sorghum inclusion had higher yields than the Control, with Treatment 3 (RMF+2% Sorghum) having the highest yield (107.98). All RMF with sorghum had higher crude protein than the control. Treatment 2 (RMF+1% sorghum) had the highest crude protein at days 0 (50.67) and 20 (47.85). Ash content was also higher in RMF with sorghum, and Treatment 4(RMF+3% Sorghum) had the highest values at days 0 (9.00) and 20 (8.49). At day 0, Treatment 3 (RMF+2% Sorghum) was rated highest in tenderness (7.00) while Treatment 2 (RMF+1% Sorghum) was rated highest in juiciness, and Treatment 4 (RMF+3%Sorghum) rated highest in colour (8.10). On day 20, all RMFs with sorghum had higher colour scores, with Treatment 4 (RMF+3%Sorghum) having the highest score (8.10). There were no significant differences in microbial load during the study. The inclusion of Sorghum bicolor in rabbit meat floss significantly improved its crude protein and ash content. It also improved visual appeal, while overall acceptability was not severely comprised up to twenty days of storage.

PSI-4 Effects of Sorghum Inclusion in Lamb Diets on Apparent Total Tract Digestibility

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of grain sorghum inclusion on the apparent total tract digestibility of lamb diets. This experiment utilized 24 Rambouillet lambs (46.1 ± 3.90 kg) that were previously used in a growth experiment. Animals were housed in 1 of 24 pens with 1 lamb per pen and 6 pens per treatment. Lambs were randomly assigned 1 of the 4 treatment diets prior to the growth experiment and remained on the same treatment for over the 10-d experimental period. Treatments included 1) Control (0% sorghum inclusion); 2) Sorg10 (10% corn substituted for sorghum); 3) Sorg20 (20% corn substituted for sorghum); and 4) Sorg30 (30% corn substituted for corn). Diets were ground using hammermill and titanium dioxide was added to the ground diet at 0.4% as an indigestible marker. Lambs were fed these diets for 7-d prior to fecal sample collection to allow for steady-state marker concentrations. Fecal grab samples were collected every 6 hours over the final 3 d and were composited by animal to represent each 2-hour period of a 24-hour cycle. Feed and composited fecal samples were analyzed for crude fat, crude protein, ADF, NDF, and ash. Data were analyzed using the LM function in R with a fixed effect of treatment. Significance was defined at P &amp;lt; 0.05 and means were separated using Tukey’s HSD where appropriate. Sorghum inclusion did not affect (P &amp;gt; 0.16) crude protein, crude fat, or acid detergent fiber digestibility. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was reduced (P = 0.02) for animals consuming Sorg20 and Sorg30 compared with the control, and Sorg10 was intermediate. Organic matter digestibility tended to decrease (P = 0.08) with increasing sorghum inclusion. In conclusion, replacing corn with sorghum at levels up to 30% had minimal impact on nutrient digestibility in growing lambs.

197 Effects of Sorghum Grain as a Replacement for Corn on Lamb Growth Performance, Economics, and Total Tract Digestibility

Abstract The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of substituting grain sorghum in place of corn in growing lamb diets on their growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and economics. A total of 72 Rambouillet wethers (33.9 ± 3.10 kg) were utilized in a completely randomized design and allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Each pen contained 3 wethers , with 6 replicate pens per treatment. Dietary treatments included: 1) Control (basal diet with 0% inclusion of sorghum); 2) Sorg10(basal diet with 10% of corn substituted for sorghum); 3) Sorg20(basal diet with 20% of corn substituted for sorghum); and 4) Sorg30(basal diet with 30% of corn substituted for sorghum). Feed additions were recorded, and lamb and feeder weights were recorded weekly to determine average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain to feed (G:F). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS v9.4 (SAS Inst., Cary, NC) with pen as the experimental unit. There was no evidence that sorghum inclusion level affected ADG (P = 0.88), ADFI (P = 0.19), or G:F (P = 0.92). Due to the high price of sorghum, lambs fedSorg30 had greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) total feed cost per lamb, but there was no evidence of differences in cost/kg of gain (P = 0.63) or value of gain (P = 0.88). At the conclusion of the growth experiment, 24 of the initial 72 lambs (46.1 ± 3.9 kg) were fed an additional 14 d to evaluate total-tract digestibility of the 4 diets. Organic matter digestibility linearly increased (P &amp;lt; 0.05) with sorghum inclusion. In conclusion, there was no evidence that feedings up to 30% sorghum in place of corn substantially affected lamb growth. Future research is necessary to investigate the efficiency of these diets.

ЗЕРНО СОРГО В РАЦИОНАХ ДЛЯ СВИНЕЙ СНИЖАЕТ ИХ СЕБЕСТОИМОСТЬ ДО 40%

The aim of the research was to study the possibility of replacing corn grain with sorghum grain in the diets of pigs. The following tasks were solved: to study the actual nutritional value of corn grain and sorghum grain; make recipes for compound feed with the inclusion of corn and sorghum grains; to determine the effect of compound feed from grain sorghum on suckling sows and offspring; to evaluate the effect of compound feed from grain sorghum on the growth and development of fattening young animals. Scientific and economic experiments were carried out on the basis of the KLH them. Frunze of the Belgorod region on groups of suckling sows and fattening young pigs. Grain sorghum variety Slavyanskoe Pole 210 bred by the All-Russian Research Institute of Sorghum and Soybean Slavyanskoe Pole was tested. Our scientific studies have shown that most of the biological characteristics of sorghum grain are neutral for pigs and do not have a significant negative impact on their digestion and viability. If we take into account that the diet with the inclusion of sorghum is cheaper than the corn-containing diet by 3 rubles per 1 kg, the high economic efficiency of the production of fodder based on sorghum grain in the amount of 5 rubles per 1 grown head is obvious.

Weed flora composition of different barley‐based cropping systems under conventional and conservation tillage practices

Tillage is among the most important soil management practices, which exert strong impacts on weed flora composition in different cropping systems. The large-scale adoption of tillage and cropping systems warrants thorough investigation regarding their impacts on weed flora composition. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess weed flora composition of various barley-based cropping systems (BBCSs) under different tillage practices (TPs). Barley was sown in fallow-barley (F-B), maize-barley (M-B), cotton-barley (C-B), mungbean-barley (Mu-B) and sorghum-barley (S-B) cropping systems with zero tillage (ZT), conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), strip tillage (ST) and CT with bed sowing (CTBS). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were recorded among study years and interactions among BBCSs and TPs. The C-B system with ST during 1st year recorded the highest density (35 m− 2) of broadleaved weeds, whereas the highest density (37.76 m− 2) of broadleaved weeds was noted for the same cropping system with MT. All TPs, except BS resulted in increased density of broadleaved weeds in 2nd year compared with 1st year of the study, whereas BS reduced broadleaved weeds’ density during 2nd year. Nonetheless, M-B cropping system with ST and S-B cropping system with CTBS recorded the lowest density of broadleaved weeds during 1st and 2nd year, respectively. Similarly, C-B cropping system with ZT (39.33 m− 2) and MT (24.00 m− 2) recorded the lowest density of grassy weeds during 1st and 2nd year respectively. Nonetheless, S-B system with CTBS and S-B and Mu-B systems with ST recorded no grassy weeds during 1st and 2nd year, respectively. The S-B and M-B cropping systems suppressed various broadleaved and grassy weed species due to their allelopathic potential. In conclusion, different BBCSs had varying weed flora composition under different TPs. Adapting ST and CTBS can lower weed infestation. Similarly, inclusion of sorghum in rotation could be a viable option for effective weed management of barley-based cropping systems. Moreover, long-term experiments are needed to infer the weed seed bank in different TPs and BBCSs.

Replacing maize with low tannin sorghum grains: lamb growth performance, microbial protein synthesis and enteric methane production

Context Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grain with low tannin content may be suitable as an alternative to maize (Zea mays L.) grain in ruminant diets in terms of input costs and drought tolerance, and effects on growth performance and mitigation of methane (CH4) emissions. Aims The study aimed to evaluate the effects of substitution of maize with sorghum grain at different rates on ruminal microbial protein synthesis, CH4 formation and liveweight gain in growing ruminants. Methods Twenty-five Santa Inês lambs (bodyweight 19.0 ± 1.5 kg) were randomly divided into five dietary treatments. Control diet components (on a dry matter basis) were Tifton-85 hay (400 g/kg), maize (405 g/kg), soybean meal (165 g/kg) and commercial mineral supplement (30 g/kg). Sorghum diets comprised the basal diet with the maize grain proportionately substituted with sorghum grain at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% (diets S25–S100). Lamb feed intake, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis and CH4 emission were measured during an experimental period of 70 days. Key results Negligible variations of chemical composition were observed among the experimental diets, although numerical increases in condensed tannins were observed with increasing levels of sorghum replacement. There was no significant effect of level of sorghum inclusion on feed intake. Partial substitution of maize with sorghum grain increased lamb average daily gain linearly (P = 0.02) and quadratically (P = 0.002) compared with diets based on either grain alone, with the S50 lambs having the highest values. A linear decrease in dry matter digestibility (P = 0.02), organic matter (P = 0.02) and acid detergent fibre (P = 0.002) was observed for lambs receiving sorghum diets compared with the control. A significant linear (P = 0.023) effect was observed for retained nitrogen (g/day), with lambs fed S25 and S50 having higher values than those in other treatments. All partially substituted diets (S25, S50 and S75) reduced CH4 per unit bodyweight gain in a linear trend (P = 0.03), by 35%, 29% and 33%, respectively, and tended to increase (linear effect, P = 0.09) the calculated amounts of absorbed microbial protein compared with the control diet. Conclusions Low tannin sorghum grains can replace maize grains by up to 75% to maximise ruminal microbial biomass production for optimal lamb growth performance and reduced CH4 emission. Implications Animal productivity can be enhanced while mitigating the environmental impact of livestock production through the partial substitution of maize by low tannin sorghum grains in ruminant diets.

Evaluation of maize–sorghum mixture based diets supplemented with exogenous enzyme on growth response, haematology and serum biochemical indices of starter broiler chickens

Poultry diets are largely composed of plant based materials that hold non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). The inclusion of NSP rich ingredients often reduces feed cost, but hampers a proper digestion due to anti-nutritional factors (ANF). Against this background, potency of exogenous enzymes was evaluated to upgrade dietary energy and total protein. A total of 180 broiler chickens were used in 28 days feeding trial. Six experimental diets were formulated in which maize based diet served as control (T1). Maize in the control diet was replaced by sorghum at the levels of 20% (T2), 40% (T3), 60% (T4), 80% (T5), and 100% (T6), respectively. Besides the control diet every other dietary groups were supplemented with enzyme at the rate of 50g/100kg. The broiler chicks were weighed and allotted to six dietary treatments of 30 birds each. The groups were replicated three times with 10 birds per replicate. The parameters determined for growth performance include: Final weight (g), Weight gain (g/bird), Daily weight gain (g/bird), Feed intake (g/bird), Daily feed intake (g/bird) and Feed conversion ratio (FCR). The result showed significant (p&lt;0.05) effect on total feed intake and daily feed intake. Final weight, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were not significantly (p&gt;0.05) influenced by dietary treatments. Birds fed 60% (T4), 80% (T5) and 100% sorghum (T6) with enzyme supplementation showed higher similar statistical values 1365.00g, 1373.33g and 1373.66g, respectively for total feed intake. Haematological parameters were not significantly (p&gt;0.05) affected by dietary treatments. Maize-sorghum based diet with enzyme supplementation had significant (p&lt;0.05) effect on total protein, albumin and uric acid. Birds fed diets with 80% (T5) and 100% T6 sorghum levels with enzyme supplementation showed higher (p&lt;0.05) statistical values 4.10 and 3.66 g/dl for total protein. Inclusion of sorghum up to 100% replacement level for maize with enzyme supplementation could be fed to starter broiler chicks for improved growth performance without adverse effect.

Effect of low tannin sorghum based feeds on broiler meat nutritional quality

This study determined the meat quality characteristics of different parts of a broiler carcass obtained from chicken fed on diets formulated using either maize ( Zea mays ) or sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor ) as the source of energy. Six diets that differed on the sorghum/maize replacement levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%) were fed to 120-day old broiler. The chicken meat was harvested after 8 weeks and meat from different parts of the carcasses were analysed for fatty acid profile, cholesterol, vitamins A and E content. Levels of 36.37%–80.32% of saturated fatty acids were detected in different cuts. The polyunsaturated fatty acids ranged at 12.36%–29.13% while the monounsaturated fatty acids accounted for 1.46%–4.84% for all the experimental diets. The highest levels of long chain unsaturated fatty acids (18.68%–22.87%) were detected in the thigh muscle meat of chicken fed on a 0% sorghum diet. Conversely, diet that had a 100% sorghum had undetectable level of unsaturated fatty acids. The highest cholesterol content of 30.61 mg/100g was detected in the thigh muscles of chicken with 100% sorghum inclusion. The vitamin E content in the thigh meat of chicken subjected to diets high on maize content were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.01) than those fed on high sorghum diets. Meat from chicken fed on high low tannin sorghum meals had significantly lower (P ≤ 0.01) cholesterol content of 8.63 to 3.44 mg/100g compared to 20.10 mg/100g from diets high on maize. The present study shows that partial substitution of maize with low tannin sorghum can improve the nutritional value of broiler meat. • Chicken fed on low tannin sorghum and maize diets as the key sources of energy and meat samples collected after 8 weeks of feeding. • Cholesterol deposits higher in high maize diets. • Deposition of Vitamin E and A not affected by diet in breast meat. • Deposition of Vitamin E affected by diet on thigh meat. • Cholesterol deposition in muscles affected by levels of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.

Amino acid digestibility and energy use by weaned piglets fed yellow corn, sorghum and an exogenous enzymes combination

In weaned piglet diets, about 20% of the total protein and amino acids (AA) comes from the inclusion of sorghum or yellow corn. Therefore, the fraction of digestible amino acids of these ingredients is important for diet formulations. The ileal-cannulated pig model is not used in younger pigs due to difficulties related to implanting T-cannula in the distal ileum and possible subsequent problems. Thus, the present study evaluated the apparent digestibility of yellow corn and sorghum in piglets by total collection and digestibility of amino acids by the slaughter method. Fifty weaned piglets, at 21-d-old, were divided into two assays to determine effects of multi-carbohydrase (MC) preparation (700 U α-galactosidase, 2,200 U galactomannanase, 3,000 U xylanase, and 22,000 U β-glucanase per kg of diet) and phytase (Phy, 500 FTU per kg of diet) supplementation on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in yellow corn (YC) and sorghum. Piglets were individually caged and ileal digesta were collected at slaughter (38 d old). A completely randomized experimental design with a 2 × 2 (0 and 200 MC; 0 and 50 Phy) factorial treatment arrangement. A basal diet (BD) was used for an additional group of 5 piglets. Corn BD was used for ATTD determination, and corn-starch BD2 containing 50 g/kg casein was used to estimate AA losses. YC and sorghum replaced 30% of BD. There was no interaction effect (P > 0.05) of the enzyme combination on the apparent digestibility of nutrients, energy, AID and SID of AA of YC and sorghum. The apparent effect from the combination of the enzymes, in fact, was due to the presence of MC, as shown by its isolated inclusion. The supplementation of MC improved ATTD of sorghum DM (P = 0.041) regardless of Phy-supplementation. Piglets weaned at 21 days of age showed lower capacity to use energy and nutrients in the subsequent three weeks, compared to NRC and the Brazilian tables. Isolated or combined, the enzymes did not increase the digestibility coefficients of YC, however, MC increased DM digestibility of sorghum.

Ruminal degradation of dry matter and fibrous fraction of high-tannin grain sorghum

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of replacing corn with high-tannin sorghum grain in the diet of steers on ruminal degradation of dry matter and fibrous fraction. Four rumen-fistulated cattle with a mean body weight of 519 ± 31 kg were used in this study. These animals were divided into groups using a 4 ´ 4 Latin square experimental design. Animals received four different diets in which increasing levels of ground corn were replaced with high-tannin sorghum grain in the proportions of 0%, 33%, 67% and 100% in the concentrate. Dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were measured by in situ incubation of sorghum grain samples. Rumen residue was analysed for DM and NDF disappearance at incubation times of 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 h. A quadratic behavior was observed in the fraction €œc€ of the DM and soluble fraction "a" of the NDF of the sorghum grain in function of the replacement levels of corn for high-grain tannin sorghum. Rumen DM and NDF degradability of sorghum grains with high tannin content up to 144 h showed an increasing behavior for all levels of inclusion of sorghum in the diet. The replacement level 67 showed the maximum DM and fibrous fraction disappearance of sorghum grain up to 144 h of incubation. Sorghum grain achieved maximum ruminal dry matter degradation and the fibrous fraction at the 67% replacement level of ground corn by high-tannin sorghum grain in the diet of steers.

PSVI-12 Effects of protease supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemical parameters and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility in growing pigs fed diets containing different levels of sorghum

Abstract Sorghum has been increasingly used as animal feed ingredients due to low cost and high energy. However, anti-nutritional factors in sorghum negatively affect the availability of nutrients. This study aimed to mitigate the adverse impacts of sorghum on the growth performance of growing pigs by protease supplementation. Forty-two crossbred pigs (Duroc × Landrace) were randomly assigned into seven treatment groups: A (0% sorghum + 0% protease); B (20% sorghum + 0% protease); C (20% sorghum + 0.015% protease); D (50% sorghum + 0% protease); E (50% sorghum + 0.015% protease); F (80% sorghum + 0% protease); and G (80% sorghum + 0.015% protease). Growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemical parameters, and apparent ileal amino acids digestibility were measured. Results showed that average daily feed intake (ADFI) significantly increased in the group with 50% sorghum, and ADFI and average daily gain (ADG) increased in the group with 80% sorghum (P &amp;lt; 0.05). Precaval vein, mesenteric vein and portal vein serum concentration of histidine decreased (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The apparent ileal threonine digestibility increased with 20% sorghum and the apparent ileal lysine digestibility increased with 50% sorghum (P &amp;lt; 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility of other amino acids decreased or remained stable with 80% sorghum. Protease supplementation improved feed conversion ratio (FCR) with 20% sorghum (P &amp;lt; 0.05) when compared to 20% sorghum without protease. The FCR, ADG, ADFI and meat quality of growing pigs with 50–80% dietary sorghum and protease supplementation were comparable to the control (P &amp;gt; 0.05). The apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids decreased in the group with an 80% sorghum amount except for lysine and valine. Sorghum could be a substitution for corn with a proper proportion (between 20% and 80%) of dietary feed. In conclusion, the supplementation of protease improved feed efficiency at 20% sorghum inclusion.