Sorghum Dried Distillers Grains Research Articles

Impact of adding sorghum dried distillers’ grains on the quality properties of emulsified chicken sausages

ABSTRACT Recently, the market for emulsified chicken sausages (ECS), which are poultry meat products, has been growing owing to their excellent nutritional and eating qualities and because of their consumption is not forbidden by any cultural and religious laws. Sorghum dried distillers’ grains (SDDGs), a byproduct of the brewing of Taiwan’s famous sorghum wine (kaoliang liquor), are rich in nutrients; however, due to a lack of suitable processing applications, they pose serious waste problems. This study aimed to assess the quality of ECS formulated by replacing corn starch with SDDGs at levels of 0, 20, 40, 60, 80%, and 100%. ECS containing SDDGs showed substantially higher water-holding capacity (WHC) (7.83 to 15.49%), hardness (224.17 to 340.00 gf/mm2), cohesiveness (0.10 to 0.15), and lower L* (57.75 to 52.47), a* (4.95 to 3.83), b* (13.61 to 10.77), and pH values (6.04 to 5.71) compared to those of control ECS (5.35%, 185.67 gf/mm2, 0.08 and 63.03, 5.08, 14.90, 6.22) (p < .05); however, they did not affect springiness. Additionally, control ECS exhibited the lowest water loss (6.16%), fat loss (2.80%), water-holding capacity (WHC) (5.35%), cooking loss (8.96%), hardness (185.67 gf/mm2), cohesiveness (0.08), gumminess (20.12 gf), and chewiness (0.33 mJ), which substantially increased with increasing SDDGs levels; however, the L*, a*, b*, and pH values decreased. According to our results, we confirm the ECS could be prepared using SDDGs, offering potential and effectively improve the diversity of poultry meat products, establish appropriate processing and application of dried distillers’ grains, and reduce waste and environmental problems caused by alcohol brewing.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, purification, and characterization of wax from sorghum and sorghum by‐products as an alternative natural wax

AbstractThe objective of this work was to obtain high purity natural wax from sorghum and by‐products of sorghum processing (sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles [DDGS] and sorghum bran) using a green process based on supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2). SC‐CO2 extractions were carried out at varying temperatures (50, 70°C) and pressures (30, 40 MPa) at a CO2 flow rate 1 L/min for 120 min. Significantly higher wax yield (4.9%) from DDGS was obtained by SC‐CO2 at 40 MPa/70°C compared with whole kernel (0.6%) and bran (3.3%) (p &lt; 0.05). The yield of the extracts obtained by SC‐CO2 extraction was higher than that of the conventional hexane extraction for all three sorghum sources. The highest fraction of wax in the SC‐CO2 extracts was obtained from whole kernel extracts (89%), whereas it was 53.3% from the DDGS and 26.8% from the bran at the same extraction conditions. SC‐CO2 and hexane extracts from sorghum whole kernel shared a similar melting peak temperature of 76.3–77.9 and 79.7°C, respectively, while DDGS and bran extracts by SC‐CO2 showed a much lower melting temperature in the range of 50.7–61.9°C, indicating the presence of lower melting point components such as triacylglycerols. However, the melting points of the DDGS and bran extracts after ethanol purification were significantly increased with the observed peak temperature of 80.8 and 82.0°C, respectively. While the wax yield from DDGS and bran was higher than that of whole kernel, the sorghum whole kernel feedstock was found to be a more feasible feedstock to obtain higher purity wax.

Teff grass for continuous stocking in the Southern High Plains by growing beef steers receiving protein supplements

This experiment evaluated forage quality, total nutrient yield, water footprint, and growth performance of beef steers receiving protein supplements while grazing Teff grass [‘Tiffany’Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] over two consecutive growing seasons. Each year, four 2.66-ha irrigated paddocks (experimental units) were stocked with crossbred beef steers (n = 5 per paddock, initial BW = 289 ± 30 for yr 1; and n = 6, initial BW = 286 ± 23 for yr 2) in a randomized complete block design and stocked continuously for 63 d. Daily supplements [0.45 kg/d of cottonseed meal (Control) enough to avoid a negative ruminal N balance; and 0.50% mean paddock BW animal-daily (approximately 1.65 kg) of sorghum-dried distillers grains plus solubles, (DDGS)] were randomly assigned to two paddocks each. Supplement did not influence forage neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, crude protein, or in vitro true digestibility (P ≥ 0.54), except for a tendency (P = 0.08) for a numerical increase in NDF content of paddocks with steers that received DDGS supplementation. Paddock nutrient-yields were similar (P ≥ 0.43) between supplement treatments. Supplementation with DDGS produced greater (P = 0.01) cattle shrunk average daily gain (ADG). Predicted teff dry matter intake (DMI), net energy for maintenance (NEm), and growth (NEg) (P ≤ 0.03) were greater with cattle offered Control treatment. Predicted total DMI was similar (P = 0.14) although predicted dietary NEm, NEg, gain:feed, and total BW gain were greater (P ≤ 0.02) with DDGS. Predicted forage intake was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for cattle offered Control treatment. Teff nutrients remaining on d 56 were similar (P = 0.33) between treatments. Water footprint for total production of forage nutrient components did not differ (P ≥ 0.12) by treatments. Nutrient yield and water use efficiency of continuously stocked teff grass was not affected by supplemental regimen. Using DDGS as a supplement may increase BW gain through increased nutrient utilization without hindering teff nutrient production on a continuous stocking system.

Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of sorghum distillery residue

The alcohol extract (AE), cold water extract (CWE) and hot water extract (HWE) of sorghum distillery residues (SDR, also referred to in the literature as sorghum spirits lees, sorghum liquor waste, or grain sorghum dried distillers grains) were found to effectively inhibit the growth of Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli O157 : H7, Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus aureus. As the concentration of alcohol or water extracts increased to 6 mg/mL, no survival was detected. All extracts of SDR were evaluated for their antibacterial activity, radical-scavenging activity, reducing capacity, ferrous ion-chelating activity, total antioxidant activity and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. At a concentration of 75 μg/mL, the reducing capacities of the AE and HWE were not significantly different from BHA or Trolox (p > 0.05). The ferrous ion-chelating activities of AE and HWE were higher than that of citrate. Total antioxidant activity increased as concentrations of AE, CWE, and HWE increased, while AE and HWE showed higher total antioxidant activities than CWE. The results indicate that SDR alcohol or water extracts have antibacterial activity and antioxidant properties. They could be used as a source of antioxidant and antimicrobial ingredients in the food industry.

169 Increasing levels of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles in feedlot diets: effects on nutrient digestibility, ruminal degradability and fermentation

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the effect of increasing levels of sorghum dry distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in high concentrate feedlot diets in the nutrient digestibility (%), ruminal degradability (%), pH, NH4 (µg N-NH4/ml) and volatile fatty acid (VFA, mM/l) concentration. Four ruminally cannulated steers (450 ± 63 kg) were used in a 4x4 Latin square design, evaluating four treatments in four periods of 19 days each, with 14 days of adaptation and 5 days of measurements. Animals received a TMR, 92% concentrate (63% sorghum grain, 25% soybean meal, 4% mineral commercial premix), with DDGS (90% DM, 29% CP, 51% NDF, 9% EE) in increasing levels generating 4 treatments: 0, 15, 30, or 45%. Replacing a combination of sorghum grain and soybean meal to maintain diets isoproteic. The TMR was offered ad-libitum to each animal in individual pens. Greater levels of DDGS increased the consumption of NDF (P = 0.0001) and EE (P = 0.0004), and NDF total tract apparent digestibility (linear; P = 0.038), but it decreased quadratically EE total tract apparent digestibility (P = 0.017). The DM (84.2 ± 0.17) and the CP total tract apparent digestibility (85.3 ± 2.0) was not affected by increasing levels of DDGS. Nevertheless, the ruminal degradability of total DM (P = 0.01) and CP decreased linearly (P = 0.01), without affecting NDF degradability (65.6 ± 4.3). Increasing levels of DDGS did not change ruminal pH (5.6 ± 0.14), acetate (45.1 ± 6.3), propionate (24.8 ± 3.6), and butyrate (5.2 ± 0.7) concentration, but NH4 concentration decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.0001) directly related to the decreased CP ruminal degradability. Increasing levels of DDGS inclusion in a high concentrate diet reduce the CP ruminal degradability, without changes in total CP digestibility, what indicates a change of the site of digestion.

Nutritive Value of Sorghum Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles and its Effect on Performance in Geese.

The study was conducted to determine the chemical composition and nutritive value of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (sDDGS) and its effect as a feed supplement on the performance of geese. Experiment 1 showed that the gross energy, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, calcium, phosphorus, and amino acid content values of sDDGS were 17.87 MJ/kg and 15.48, 4.26, 31.46, 0.17, 0.25, and 0.06–3.18% [dry matter basis (DM)], respectively. Experiment 2 used fasting–force feeding to measure the true metabolizable energy of sDDGS (11.38 MJ/kg DM) and true total tract digestibility of amino acids (43.16–80.92% DM) in geese. Experiment 3 examined the effectiveness of sDDGS as a feed supplement for geese. Three hundred and fifteen 35-day-old male Sichuan white geese with an initial average bodyweight of 1,732 g were randomly allocated to five treatments. Geese in each treatment group were fed one of five experimental diets (control diet alone, or supplemented with 4, 8, 12, or 16% sDDGS) until 70 days of age. Inclusion of sDDGS in the diet did not affect daily average weight gain (P>0.05). Birds fed diets containing up to 8% sDDGS had higher average feed intake (P<0.05) than geese fed the control diet, and the feed/gain ratio in geese fed diets containing 16% sDDGS was higher (P<0.05) than in the control and the 4% sDDGS group. The yields of breast meat, leg meat, subcutaneous fat and skin, and abdominal fat were not affected (P>0.05) bydietary sDDGS levels. Generally, sDDGS is a potentially valuable feedstuff for geese, but it should be supplemented with a high-energy or protein-rich ingredient. To improve growth performance and carcass yield, up to 12% sDDGS can be included in diets from 35 to 70 days of age.

The effects of corn- or sorghum-based diets with or without sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on lactating-sow and litter performance

ABSTRACT A total of 140 sows and their litters were used to determine the effects of corn- or sorghum-based diets without or with 20% sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on lactating-sow and litter performance. Sows were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments on d 110 of gestation. Weaning age was 21 d. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of grain source and sorghum DDGS. Litters were equalized to 13 pigs per treatment. Overall (d 0 to 21), a tendency (P

The effects of feeding sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in grain sorghum– or corn-based diets on pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality. A total of 288 finishing pigs (BW 58.8 ± 4.43 kg; Line TR 4 × 1050, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were used in a 73-d study. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments with 6 pens of 8 pigs per treatment. Treatments included grain sorghum–based diets with 0%, 15%, 30%, or 45% sorghum DDGS (29.0% CP, 7.2% ether extract); a grain sorghum–based diet with 30% corn DDGS (25.7% CP, 8.7% ether extract); and a corn-based diet with 30% corn DDGS. The diets were formulated to 0.95%, 0.83%, and 0.71% standardized ileal digestible Lys in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and were not balanced for energy. On d 73, a subsample of 72 pigs (1 barrow and 1 gilt/pen) was harvested at Kansas State University’s Meats Laboratory. Carcass traits were calculated, as well as 10th-rib LM color, marbling and firmness, and fat color score. Fat samples from the 10th rib were collected and analyzed for fatty acid profile, which was used to calculate iodine value (IV). The remaining pigs were transported to a commercial packing plant (Triumph Foods, St. Joseph, MO) for carcass measurement and jowl IV determinations. Overall, increasing the dietary sorghum DDGS reduced (linear, P < 0.01) ADG and increased (linear, P < 0.01) back fat IV. Pigs fed increasing sorghum DDGS had decreased 10th-rib fat a* (less red) and b* (less yellow; P < 0.01 and 0.06, respectively). No differences were observed in growth performance or back fat IV among pigs fed corn- or grain sorghum–based diets with 30% corn DDGS. Pigs fed the grain sorghum–based diet with 30% corn DDGS had fat color that was more yellow (b*; P < 0.03) than that of pigs fed the grain sorghum–based diet with 30% sorghum DDGS. Pigs fed the grain sorghum–based diet with 30% sorghum DDGS also had decreased back fat IV (P < 0.01) and fat that was whiter (L*; P < 0.02) than that of those fed the grain sorghum–based diet with corn DDGS. Pigs fed grain sorghum with 30% sorghum DDGS had lower (P < 0.01) back fat IV than pigs fed corn with 30% corn DDGS. Feeding a grain sorghum–based diet with increasing sorghum DDGS reduces ADG when diets are not balanced for energy but, when fed at 30% of the diet, produces firmer pork fat than feeding a corn-based diet with 30% corn DDGS, which may be preferred for pork export markets.

The effects of corn- or sorghum-based diets with or without sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on lactating sow and litter performance (2012)

A total of 140 sows (PIC 1050) and their litters were used to determine the effects of corn- or sorghum-based diets with or without 20% sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on lactating sow and litter performance. On d 110 of gestation, sows were allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial with main effects of grain source (corn vs. sorghum) and sorghum DDGS (0 vs. 20%; 32.1% CP and 9.2% crude fat as-fed). All diets were formulated to 0.97% standardized ileal digestible lysine but were not balanced for energy. Litters were equalized to at least 12 pigs per sow after farrowing. Two sows and one sow were removed from the study for the sorghum and sorghum-DDGS treatments, respectively, because of initial feed refusal.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 2012

The effect of corn or sorghum dried distillers grains plus solubles on growth performance and carcass characteristics of cross-bred beef steers

Sixty cross-bred steers (Angus ×; n=36 and Charolais ×; n=24) were used in a split-plot design to investigate the effects of feeding corn (Zea mays) or sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) dried distillers grains plus solubles in growing and finishing diets on growth performance and carcass traits. Steers were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments used in both feeding periods: a control diet containing soybean meal (n=20; CON), a diet containing 200g/kg (DM basis) corn dried distillers grains+solubles (n=20; CDDGS) and a diet containing 200g/kg (DM basis) sorghum dried distillers grains+solubles (n=20; SDDGS). Steers were fed a corn silage (CS) based grower diet (∼750/kg CS) for 56d and then switched to a high grain finisher diet (150g/kg CS). Feed intakes were measured using Insentec (n=48) and Calan gate (n=12) feeding systems. Animals were weighed every 28d and slaughtered at an estimated backfat of 10mm as estimated by ultrasound. Total trial average daily gain (ADG) was 1.56kg/d±0.04 for CON, 1.54kg/d±0.04 for CDDGS, and 1.51kg/d±0.04 for SDDGS and did not differ (P>0.68) between treatments. Dietary treatment did not affect (P>0.14) dry matter intake (DMI) in the growing phase, although ADG was lower for SDDGS vs. CON (P=0.008) and CDDGS (P=0.02). There was a lower gain:feed in the growing phase for SDDGS vs. CDDGS (P=0.04). In the finishing phase, inclusion of corn or sorghum DDGS did not affect (P>0.41) ADG, DMI or G:F. However, fewer days on feed were required for SDDGS to reach the target backfat for slaughter than CDDGS (P=0.03) and CON (P=0.05). These results indicate that sorghum dried distillers grains plus solubles can be included at 200g/kg inclusion level, similar to corn distillers grains plus solubles, in grower and finisher diets, without negatively influencing overall growth or carcass traits, although feeding SDDGS may result in reduced performance when corn silage based diets are fed and results in earlier fattening at a lighter body weight.

Effect of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on composition, retail stability, and sensory attributes of ground pork from barrows and gilts (2011)

A total of 288 finishing pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 129.6 lb) were utilized as part of a 73-d feeding study to determine the effects of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (S-DDGS) in sorghum- or corn-based diets on ground pork quality. The dietary treatments included sorghum-based diets with 0, 15, 30, or 45% S-DDGS, a sorghum-based diet with 30% corn DDGS (C-DDGS), and a corn-based diet with 30% C-DDGS. Shoulders from 24 barrow and 24 gilt carcasses were ground, packaged, and evaluated for proximate and fatty acid composition, iodine value (IV), objective color and oxidation shelf-life, and sensory attributes. Finishing diet and gender did not interact to affect composition, fatty acid profile, color, or oxidative rancidity (P > 0.05). Pork from gilts contained less fat and more moisture (P < 0.001), was less saturated with a greater IV and total percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (P < 0.01), and was also darker (P < 0.001) and more red (P = 0.004) than pork from barrows. Gender did not affect (P > 0.05) total color change from 0 to 120 h, oxidative rancidity, or sensory attributes of ground pork. Finishing diet had no effect on total fat, moisture, or protein composition. Increasing S-DDGS resulted in a linear (P < 0.001) decrease in saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and an increase (P < 0.01) in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and pork IV. Pork from pigs fed 30% S-DDGS had a greater percentage of MUFA, a lower percentage of PUFA, and reduced IV compared with pork from pigs fed 30% C-DDGS. Diet did not affect oxidative rancidity (P = 0.37) or objective color CIE L* (brightness), a* (redness), or b* (yellowness) values (P ≥ 0.09), but was shown to influence total color change (P = 0.01), with pork from pigs fed sorghum grain and 30% S-DDGS showing less total change than all other dietary treatments. All pork products were characterized with similar sensory descriptors. Overall, increasing S-DDGS during finishing resulted in ground pork with a more unsaturated fatty acid profile. Utilization of S-DDGS compared with an equal level of C-DDGS resulted in pork with a more saturated fatty acid profile and reduced IV; however, product differences were not carried through to alter oxidative rancidity or sensory attributes.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 2011

The effects of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on nursery pig performance (2011)

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on nursery pig growth performance. In both experiments, sorghum DDGS were added to corn- or sorghum-based diets to determine their impact on ADG, ADFI, and F/G. In Exp. 1, a total of 360 nursery barrows (PIC 1050, initially 15.1 lb and 26 d of age) were used with 5 pigs per pen and 9 pens per treatment. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 8 dietary treatments arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial with main effects of grain source (corn vs. sorghum) and sorghum DDGS (0, 15, 30, or 45%). Overall (d 0 to 34), pigs fed the corn and sorghum diets had similar ADG and ADFI; however, F/G was poorer (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the sorghum-based diets compared with the corn-based diets. Also, increasing DDGS reduced ADG (linear, P < 0.01) but increased ADFI (linear, P < 0.07), resulting in poorer F/G (linear, P < 0.01). In Exp. 2, a total of 180 nursery pigs (PIC 327 × 1050, initially 23.8 lb and 38 d of age) were used in a 21-d study with 6 pigs per pen and 5 pens per treatment. The dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with main effects of grain source (corn vs. sorghum) and DDGS (none, 30% corn DDGS, or 30% sorghum DDGS). Overall (d 0 to 21), no differences were found in ADG, ADFI, and F/G among pigs fed the corn- or sorghum-based diets. DDGS source (corn vs. sorghum) also did not influence growth performance; however, adding 30% DDGS to either the corn- or sorghum-based diets tended to reduce ADG (P < 0.10). Pigs fed diets with DDGS had similar ADFI and F/G when compared with pigs fed the basal diets (0% DDGS). In conclusion, sorghum can be used as a suitable replacement for corn in nursery diets. In Exp. 1, feed efficiency was approximately 5% poorer in pigs fed sorghum-based diets vs. pigs fed corn-based diets, which is similar to the energy content differences between the two grains. However, increasing sorghum DDGS to 45% of the diet reduced pig growth performance, so its inclusion needs to be evaluated on an income over feed costs basis.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 2011

The effects of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality (2011)

A total of 288 finishing pigs (PIC TR4 × 1050, initially 129.6 lb) were used in a 73-d study to determine the effects of increasing sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in sorghum- or corn-based diets on finishing pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality. Pigs were allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design based on initial pen weight. The dietary treatments included sorghum-based diets with sorghum DDGS included at 0, 15, 30, or 45%; a sorghum-based diet with 30% corn DDGS; and a corn-based diet with 30% corn DDGS. Overall (d 0 to 73), increasing sorghum DDGS from 0 to 45% reduced (linear, P < 0.04) ADG and ADFI. Increasing sorghum DDGS increased (linear, P < 0.01) backfat iodine value (IV), and fat color became less red (a*; linear, P < 0.01) and tended to be less yellow (b*; linear, P < 0.06). No differences were observed in growth performance among pigs fed corn- or sorghum-based diets with 30% corn DDGS along with similar carcass characteristics, backfat, loin depth, fat-free lean index (FFLI), HCW, carcass yield, and backfat IV. Pigs fed sorghum-based diets with either 30% sorghum or corn DDGS had similar ADG, ADFI, and F/G, as well as similar carcass characteristics; however, pigs fed 30% sorghum DDGS had decreased (P < 0.01) backfat IV and fat color that was more white (L*) and less yellow (b*) in color than pigs fed 30% corn DDGS. We observed similar ADG, ADFI, and F/G, as well as carcass characteristics, for pigs fed corn- or sorghum-based diets with 30% DDGS. Backfat IV was greater in pigs fed increasing DDGS, with a notable increase in pigs fed corn DDGS compared with those fed sorghum DDGS. Feeding sorghum DDGS produces pork fat that is lighter in color and less yellow than those fed corn DDGS, which may have an important role in pork export markets.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 2011

Amino acid digestibility and energy concentration of high-protein corn dried distillers grains and high-protein sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles for swine12

A study was conducted to determine the AA digestibility and energy concentration of a specialized high-protein corn distillers dried grains (HPC-DDG) product and a high-protein sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (HPS-DDGS) product. Six growing barrows (BW = 22.7 kg) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the terminal ileum and allotted randomly to 3 treatments in a crossover design with 3 periods. The treatment diets were 1) 67% HPC-DDG and 2) 50% HPS-DDGS as the sole protein sources, and 3) an N-free diet for determining basal endogenous AA loss. All diets contained 0.25% chromic oxide as an inert marker. Digesta and fecal samples were collected and analyzed for AA and energy concentrations. After chemical analysis, standardized and apparent ileal digestible (SID and AID, respectively) AA and GE were determined for each coproduct. The DE, ME, and NE values for HPC-DDG and HPS-DDGS also were calculated. The chemical composition of HPC-DDG and HPS-DDGS on a DM basis was 40.8% CP, 5.4% fat, 22.9% ADF, 36.6% NDF, 0.04% Ca, and 0.42% P and 48.2% CP, 3.1% fat, 17.5% ADF, 20.4% NDF, 0.13% Ca, and 0.82% P, respectively. The DM content of HPC-DDG and HPS-DDGS was 89.50 and 91.88%, respectively. Analyzed AA content of HPC-DDG was greater than that of traditional corn DDGS. The Lys content of HPC-DDG was 1.36% (DM basis), resulting in a Lys-to-CP ratio of 3.2%. In HPS-DDGS, most AA were present in greater proportions than in HPC-DDG or conventional sorghum DDGS. The HPS-DDGS Lys content was 1.7% (DM basis), equivalent to a Lys-to-CP ratio of 3.5%. In HPC-DDG, the AID for Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were 65.9 ± 1.7, 87.0 ± 1.9, 72.8 ± 3.4, and 76.2% ± 3.5, respectively, and SID values were 67.8 ± 1.7, 87.5 ± 1.9, 75.0 ± 3.5, and 78.6 ± 3.7%, respectively. For HPS-DDGS, the AID for Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp were 51.9 ± 5.3, 73.0 ± 3.1, 60.6 ± 5.3, and 71.7 ± 3.4%, respectively, and SID values were 53.7 ± 4.9, 73.8 ± 3.0, 63.0 ± 4.9, and 73.8 ± 3.0%, respectively. The GE, DE, and calculated ME and NE values were 5,293, 3,703 ± 121, 3,426 ± 121, and 2,131 ± 88 kcal/kg of DM, respectively, for HPC-DDG and 5,108, 3,878, 3,549, and 2,256 kcal/kg of DM, respectively, for HPS-DDGS. Results indicate that both coproducts are well suited for use in swine diets and that actual AA digestibility values and calculated energy concentrations can now be used in swine diet formulation.

Nutrient analysis of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles from ethanol plants located in the western plains region (2010)

Samples of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) were collected and analyzed to establish a nutrient database and evaluate the quality and consistency between and within samples taken from 5 ethanol plants in the Western Plains region. Four plants were located in Kansas and 1 in Texas. A total of 21 samples were collected, with 4 plants contributing 4 samples each and 1 plant contributing 5 samples from different manufacturing lots of DDGS. Each sample was analyzed for amino acids, DM, CP, crude fiber, crude fat, ash, NDF, ADF, Ca, P, trace minerals, GE, and starch. In addition, DE, ME, and NE were calculated from the nutrient analysis. Of the 5 plants, 3 produced pure sorghum DDGS samples while 2 produced mixed sorghum and corn DDGS samples, with sorghum representing 60 or 70% of the DDGS. For the pure sorghum DDGS, the overall sample average means for each nutrient on a DM basis were: DM (89.5%), CP (34.2%), crude fat (10.5%), ash (4.4%), NFE (40.3%), crude fiber (10.6%), ADF (26.4%), NDF (35.1%), starch (4.3%), calculated DE (1,560 kcal/lb), calculated ME (1,454 kcal/lb), calculated NE (919 kcal/lb), Ile (1.37%), Leu (3.84%), Lys (0.88%), Met (0.55%), Thr (1.04%), Trp (0.26%), Val (1.67%), Ca (0.01%), and P (0.72%). The mixed DDGS samples' means were generally similar to the pure sorghum DDGS nutrient analysis values. Results of these analyses can be used by nutritionists to better utilize sorghum DDGS in swine diets.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 18, 2010

Determination of amino acid digestibility and calculated energy values in high-protein sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles in growing pigs (2009)

An experiment was conducted to determine the digestibility of amino acids (AA) and energy in high-protein sorghum dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS). Six growing barrows (initially 50 lb) surgically fitted with T-cannulas were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments in a 2-period crossover design. The treatments were a diet with the high-protein sorghum DDGS (50% of the diet) as the only protein source and an N-free diet for determining basal endogenous AA loss. Both diets contained 0.25% chromic oxide as an indigestible marker. Fecal and ileal digesta samples were collected during each period for energy and AA analysis. On the basis of these analyses, apparent (AID) and standardized (SID) ileal digestibility and energy values were calculated. The analyzed CP of the product was 44.5% with a lysine:CP ratio of 3.6%. Crude fat, ADF, and NDF were 2.9, 16.1, and 18.8%, respectively. The AID for lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan were 51.9, 73.0, 60.6, and 71.7%, respectively. The SID values were 53.7, 73.8, 63.0, and 73.8% for lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan, respectively. The analyzed GE of the product was 2,317 kcal/lb of DM. The calculated DE, ME, and NE values were 1,759; 1,610; and 1,023 kcal/lb of DM, respectively. In conclusion, the high-protein sorghum DDGS is higher in CP, AA, Ca, and P but lower in AA digestibility and energy compared with reported values for traditional DDGS.

Comparison of supercritical CO2 and hexane extraction of lipids from sorghum distillers grains

AbstractTotal yields and compositions of sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) lipids obtained by supercritical CO2 (SC‐CO2) extraction were compared with those obtained by recirculated solvent extraction (RSE) with hexane. The total yield of lipids obtained by SC‐CO2 extraction at 27.5 MPa and 70 °C was 150 g lipids/kg DDGS, while the yield obtained by RSE with hexane at 69 °C was only 85 g lipids/kg DDGS. The contents of four high‐value compounds, i.e., policosanols, phytosterols, free fatty acids (FFA) and tocols, in the lipids obtained by SC‐CO2 extraction were 31.2, 15.6, 155.3 and 0.50 mg/g at 27.5 MPa and 70 °C, compared to 26.6, 9.6, 57.3 and 0.03 mg/g for RSE with hexane at 69 °C. The profiles of phytosterols and FFA in the sorghum DDGS lipids were relatively independent of the extraction methods and operating conditions.

Supercritical CO 2 extraction of lipids from grain sorghum dried distillers grains with solubles

Experiments were carried out on a lab supercritical CO 2 extraction system to determine the effects of extraction conditions, including mass ratio of CO 2 consumed to distillers dry grain with solubles (DDGS) extracted, extraction pressure, extraction temperature and time, on yield and composition of extracted lipids. A maximum lipid yield of 150 g/kg DDGS was achieved with a mass ratio ∼45, an extraction pressure at 27.5 MPa, an extraction temperature at 70 °C and an extraction time of 4 h. Under these extraction conditions, the contents of tocols, phytosterols, policosanols and free fatty acids were 0.44, 15.6, 31.2 and 155.3 mg/g in the extract. Experimental results indicated that shorter extraction time and higher flow rate of CO 2 can achieve higher contents of tocols, phytosterols and policosanols but lower content of free fatty acids in the lipid extract. Extraction conditions had no observed effects on the composition of free fatty acids in the extract. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were three main free fatty acids extracted and constituted about 94% of all free fatty acids.

Comparison of corn and grain sorghum dried distillers grains as protein supplements for growing beef heifers (2006)

An experiment was conducted to determine if corn and grain sorghum dried distillers grains could be effective protein supplements for growing beef replacement heifers. Crossbred heifers (n=77) were individually fed 6 lb/heifer daily (dry matter basis) of supplements containing 20% crude protein. The three supplements compared were: 1) 50% cracked corn, 25% soybean meal, and 25% ground grain sorghum; 2) 50% cracked corn and 50% corn distillers grains with solubles; and 3) 50% cracked corn, 31% sorghum distillers grains with solubles, and 19% ground grain sorghum. Heifers grazed a common native- grass pasture and had free-choice access to smooth broom hay in round bale feeders. During the last week of the trial, heifers (n=4) from each supplement were used to determine diet digestibility. Although there were no differences in weight gain or total diet digestibility, dry matter intake as a percentage of body weight was less for heifers receiving supplements containing dried distillers grains from either corn or grain sorghum. Our data indicate that producers can expect similar growth performance, regardless of the grain source of dried distillers grains used to formulate a 20% crude protein supplement fed at about 1% of body weight daily.

Policosanol Contents and Composition of Grain Sorghum Kernels and Dried Distillers Grains

ABSTRACTGrain sorghum can be a major source of policosanols, long‐chained alcohols, that have beneficial physiological activities. Sorghum dried distillers grains (DDG), a by‐product of ethanol production from grain sorghum, contain a large amount of policosanols. Content and composition of policosanols in long‐chained lipids extracted from grain sorghum kernels and DDG were determined. Long‐chained lipids were extracted using hot hexane or hot ethanol. The major components of the long‐chained lipids extracted from grain sorghum kernels, as determined using HPLC, were policosanols (37–44%), aldehydes (44–55%), and acids (4–5%). Long‐chained lipids from DDG contained 52% policosanols, 23% aldehydes, 6.4% acids, and 17% wax esters/steryl esters. Composition of policosanols in DDG matched the composition in grain sorghum kernels, as determined by gas chromatography, even though the content of policosanols in DDG was greater than the content in grain sorghum kernels. Policosonal composition ranges were 0–1% C22:0, 0–3% C24:0, 6–8% C26:0, 1% C27:0, 43–47% C28:0, 1–2% C29:0, 40–43% C30:0, and 1–4% C32:0.