Sore Nipples Research Articles

538 THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND DURATION OF BREAST FEEDING ON SERUM BILIRUBIN, WEIGHT GAIN AND MILK OUTPUT

Recent anthropological and biochemical studies question present feeding practices. To determine the effect of frequency and length of feedings we studied 46 healthy primiparous mothers and infants in the first month of life. Mothers were encouraged to nurse frequently. They recorded frequency and length of each feeding, and nipple pain for the first 14 days. We recorded infant weight and serum bilirubin. At 1 month, milk output was assessed for 24-48 hours by weighing at each feeding. Significantly lower bilirubin levels were noted with higher feeding frequencies (p<.01). Nipple soreness was not associated with frequent feedings. Although the number of feedings/24h in the first 14 days decreased significantly at 1 month (p<.001), the length of feedings remained similar (p>.1). At one month 89% of the infants were fully breast fed and the mean weight gain (39%) was greater than previously reported (30%) for breast fed infants (p<.01). Mothers nursing less than 8 times/24h in the first 14 days had a significantly lower milk output at 1 month (p<.05). In summary, encouraging unlimited feedings decreases serum bilirubin, increases the success of breast feeding and weight gain and is not associated with breast complications.

Returning to breast-feeding.

Given the basic prejudice that breastfeeding is superior to bottle feeding, this article outlines proper behavior of clinicians in educating, supporting, and preparing mothers who want to breastfeed their infants. The discussion is broken down into clinician's behavior in the prenatal, intrapartum, and follow-up periods of breastfeeding practice. Prenatally, the obstetrician should educate the mother and should examine the woman for contraindications to breastfeeding, taking care to correct those which are correctable (such as psychological blocks on the part of the mother to handling her breasts or physiological problems with nipple construction). The only absolute contraindications to breastfeeding are maternal hepatitis and maternal herpes simplex virus type 1. During the intrapartum period, physicians should make the mother aware of breastfeeding techniques. In this article, hints on what to do when confronted with engorgement, nipple confusion, sore nipples, jaundice, twin birth or caesarean birth, prematurity, retained placenta, and other infectious diseases are provided. In all cases, lactation should proceed. Topics affecting follow-up include the practice of prolonged lactation for contraception (ineffective) and the weaning of children. A special section on working and nursing counsels women that the 2 functions are not mutually exclusive.

A Breastfeeding Protocol

Specific guidelines for assisting patients in breastfeeding their infants are outlined, beginning in the prenatal period and continuing through initiation of nursing and established lactation. Prevention of possible problems is emphasized, but included are methods for relieving difficulites encountered during breastfeeding, such as flat nipples, sleepy babies, sore nipples, oversupply, engorgement, multiple births, forceful expulsion of milk, and breast infections.

Preparation for Breastfeeding: A One‐Year Followup of 34 Nursing Mothers

A retrospective survey of 34 breastfeeding mothers was undertaken. From the data the following hypotheses have been suggested for further study: 1) Class preparation for breastfeeding favors a longer duration of nursing. 2) Nipple rolling and breast massage with manual expression of colostrum during pregnancy are not associated with a longer duration of nursing, nor do they prevent sore nipples or breast engorgement postpartum. 3) Mothers with multiple complications are at high risk for lactation failure. 4) Limiting nursing time for the first few days postpartum does not prevent sore nipples.

Activities of Lactation Management Centre of Rajshahi

A total of 500 patients were attended at LMC of RMCH from July 2004 to June, 2005. Most of the mothers were not aware of breast feeding regarding attachment and position. About 95% of the mothers were trained about correct technique of breast feeding. 55% of mothers were in the age group. 15-20 Yrs. Oketani breast massage was given on an average of about 33% of mothers. Only 12% of attending mothers were suffered from different types of breast problems like-engorged breast, sore nipple, flat nipple, crack nipple and breast abscess. doi: 10.3329/taj.v18i2.3173 TAJ 2005; 18(2): 89-92

SELF-DEMAND FEEDING IN A MATERNITY UNIT

It is possible that a rigid feeding schedule could have a harmful effect on the establishment of lactation. The higher incidence of successful lactation in primitive communities than in more civilized ones could be attributed to a self-demand feeding schedule. This paper presents the results of an experiment conducted to determine the effectiveness of self-demand vs. rigid feeding schedule. 106 babies in a maternity unit were fed on a rigid feeding schedule of 6 feeds in 24 hours (rigid group) and 131 babies were fed on demand (demand group). Demands were more frequent between the 4th-7th days in the demand group. On the 5th day 36 babies (28.6%) demanded 8 or more feeds and 12 babies (9.5%) demanded 9 or more feeds. Babies in this group gained weight faster than those on a rigid schedule; by the 9th day 49.1% of babies in the demand group had regained their birthweight compared with 36.1% of babies in the rigid group. Weight gain strongly correlated with amount of milk taken from the mothers breasts. The number of feeds taken in 24 hours positively correlated with the quantity of milk taken from the breast in that period. Soreness of the nipples was experienced by 27.4% of mothers in the rigid group compared with 12.9% in the demand group. Overdistension of the breast occurred in 34% of the rigid group compared with 16.9% of the demand group. 88.1% of the babies in the rigid group and 94.4% of the demand group were discharged fully breastfed. At 1 month of age 64.5% of the rigid group and 80.3% of the demand group were fully breastfed. Self-demand feeding had a more favorable effect on the establishment and maintenance of lactation than the rigid feeding shecule by causing better emptying of the breast and reducing the incidence of frequent nipple soreness.

SORE NIPPLES CAUSES AND PREVENTION

SORE NIPPLES CAUSES AND PREVENTION

A Study of Breast Technic

periods. The care during the prenatal period,2 with private patients particularly, is directed by the physician, while the postnatal care is chiefly the nurse's responsibility. If she can forefend complications, the credit is justly hers and should be given her. The objects of the nurse's care of the breasts are to prevent caking, sore and cracked nipples and mastitis, and to help establish an adequate food supply for the infant if possible. If the patient has followed instructions regarding the breasts and nipples during pregnancy, there is less likelihood of trouble during the nursing period, which is another argument for prenatal care. The nurse should inspect the nipples daily, in order to discover a crack or a blister at its very beginning. Germs may enter by way of the lacteal ducts, or more readily via the portals provided by fissures or blisters on the nipples. Simple cleansing and avoidance of injury are more successful than antiseptic washing. Strong astringents are not used and the baby must not be permitted to chew the nipple. This can be prevented by allowing the baby to nurse only a few minutes before the milk has come in, and by being careful not to let the baby nurse after it is through swallowing when the milk supply is established, as nursing on an empty breast

THE DIAGNOSIS OF INTUSSUSCEPTION BY X-RAY

The following case presents so many points of interest that it is herewith reported: <h3>History.</h3> —The patient was the third child of healthy parents, born after a normal labor. She was nursed, but the mother suffered from sore nipples so much that she cried each time the child was put to the breast. When the child was 5 weeks old it vomited a clear bloody fluid and some hours afterward passed a black, tarry stool, but showed no other evidence of illness. It was supposed that the infant had swallowed blood from a fissured nipple, but the mother immediately withdrew some clean milk with a breast pump, and it is possible that the symptoms were due to a slight intussusception which was spontaneously released. For the next few weeks the baby was fed from the breast, but the milk began to diminish and it was given supplementary feedings of cow's

On the issue of breast nipple disease in the postnatal time, about caring for them and about their treatment

(Doctor. 1898, No. 11, p. 412). Nipple soreness in the postnatal time is either in the form of abrasions and cracks (first stage), or in the form of ulcers (postpartum stage).

The Treatment of Sore Nipples

The Treatment of Sore Nipples

71. Sore Nipples and their Treatment

71. Sore Nipples and their Treatment

A New Shield for Sore Nipples.

A New Shield for Sore Nipples.

CURE OF SORE NIPPLES.

CURE OF SORE NIPPLES.

Treatment of sore Nipples Nitrate of Silver

Treatment of sore Nipples Nitrate of Silver