Sore Nipples Research Articles

Turmeric Topical Application: An effective solution for reducing breast milk secretion delays in new mothers

Background: The problem of low coverage of exclusive breastfeeding is partly influenced by insufficient breast milk production. The percentage of exclusive breastfeeding in infants under six months of age in Central Kalimantan in 2020 was 52.98%. This percentage was among the lowest nationally. In 2021, the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in infants under six months of age reached 56.8%, and in 2022 it did 60.5%. The figure in 2022 exceeded the set target, but several regencies/cities still had low coverage. Insufficient breast milk supply impacts on the nutritional status of the child. Low breast milk production also arises due to several other factors during breastfeeding, namely late initiation of breastfeeding, long breastfeeding time, sore nipples, breast pain and swelling, and inverted nipples. Aims: The study sought to measure the level of success of turmeric topical application in shortening the time it takes to initiate breast milk secretion. Methods: The study uses a true experimental posttest-only control group design. A subject of 50 mothers having full-term spontaneous deliveries and with normal breasts was used in the study. The sample was divided into two groups: control and intervention groups. The sample was selected using a matching process based on age, parity, and early initiation of breastfeeding. Subjects who met the inclusion criteria were offered whether they were willing to be given turmeric compresses after the delivery process. Subjects who were willing were included in the intervention group and those who were not willing were included in the control group. Age and parity in the intervention group were all taken, while the control group was selected to match the intervention group. The intervention group was given a treatment with a turmeric compress on the breasts for six hours. All participants were then observed for time of breast milk secretion initiation. In this experiment, we didn't perform blinding, but we managed it by having the midwife administer the turmeric compress just once during the delivery process before sending the client home. Following this, we recorded the results, specifically the initial breast milk release in both the intervention and the control group. Results: The average time periods it took to initiate breast milk secretion in the intervention and control groups were 509.96 minutes (8.5 hours) and 1573.76 minutes (26.2 hours), respectively. There was a significant difference (p = 0.023) in the time of breast milk secretion initiation of 1063.8 minutes or 17.73 hours between both groups. Conclusion: Applying a turmeric compress on the breasts of postpartum mothers may shorten the time it takes to initiate breast milk secretion. Received: 05 August 2024, Reviewed: 23 August 2024, Revised: 21 September 2024, Accepted: 13 October 2024.

Pelatihan Metode SPEOS (Stimulasi Pijat Endhorpin, Pijat Oksitosin dan Sugesti) Ibu Nifas Pada Tim Pendamping Keluarga di Wilayah Puskesmas Danau Marsabut Kecamatan Sipirok

Based on the 2018 Riskesdas results, the proportion of breastfeeding patterns for babies aged 0-5 months in Indonesia is 37.3% exclusive breastfeeding, 9.3% partial breastfeeding and 3.3% predominant breastfeeding. Predominant breastfeeding is breastfeeding the baby but giving a little water or a water-based drink, for example tea, as a prelacteal food/drink before the milk comes in. Meanwhile, partial breastfeeding is breastfeeding a baby and giving artificial food other than breast milk such as formula milk, porridge or other food before the baby is 6 months old, whether given continuously or as prelacteal food. North Sumatra Province Nutrition Program Data in 2018. The percentage of exclusive breastfeeding for babies 0-6 months in North Sumatra in 2018 was 65.57 percent, an increase compared to the percentage of exclusive breastfeeding in 2017, namely 54.4 percent (Sumatra Provincial Health Service, 2017). 2018). In the breastfeeding process, problems sometimes arise that can prevent giving breast milk to babies. Problems that mothers often experience when breastfeeding include inverted nipples, swollen breasts, sore and painful nipples, blocked milk ducts, breast inflammation and insufficient milk production (Purwoastuti, 2015). There are many non-pharmacological methods that can help postpartum mothers increase breast milk production, ranging from marmet massage, oxytocin massage, Woolwich massage to areola and rolling massage. Currently, based on the results of related research, there are non-pharmacological methods that are cheaper, easier, non-invasive and acceptable to respondents and without side effects. Nursing interventions that can be applied to help increase lactation in post partum mothers are the SPEOS method (Endorphin, Oxytocin and Suggestive Massage Stimulation).

The Relationship Between Mothers' Knowledge and Attitude in Breastfeeding and The Occurrence of Nipple Irritation in Pidie Regency

Research indicates that 40% of women do not breastfeed their infants due to experiencing breast pain and swelling, and fear of nipple soreness. This may be due to incorrect breastfeeding techniques, which are often overlooked by mothers who lack the proper breastfeeding management knowledge, thus requiring relevant training and education. Proper breastfeeding requires good attachment between the mother's areola and the baby's mouth so the baby can feed effectively and nipple irritation can be avoided. If not adhered to, nipple irritation may occur, causing mothers to be reluctant to breastfeed their infants, which may impact to the child's growth rate. Breast milk is an excellent source of nutrition for infants, as it contains essential nutrients needed for optimal growth and development (Prasetyono, 2012). Data from the Aceh District/City Breastfeeding Coverage in 2022 shows that the highest coverage was in Sabang City, with only 22.43% of the population (6,006 infants). This study used a cross-sectional design where 375 infants were breastfed, and the Slovin formula was applied. Samples were randomly selected from infants at health centers in Pidie District. Researchers used the Chi-square test for data analysis. The findings from this study, derived from bivariate statistical analysis using the Chi-square test with a 95% confidence level, resulted in a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05). This indicates that the knowledge variable significantly affects breastfeeding technique. The Chi-square test at a 95% confidence level with p=0.000 (p < 0.05) also shows that attitude has an impact on the mother's ability to breastfeed. The mother's knowledge and attitude significantly influence their breastfeeding practice. The best way to prevent nipple irritation is by educating mothers on proper breastfeeding techniques. Researchers state that improving maternal knowledge and attitudes can enhance behavior, especially in breastfeeding practices, to prevent irritation. Monitoring by health workers is expected to improve maternal knowledge and attitudes and minimize the incidence of nipple irritation.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Acidogenic Potential of Lactose-based, Soy-based, Protein Hydrolysate-based, and Iron-based Milk Formulas Based on Dental Plaque pH, Salivary pH, and Buffering Capacity: An In Vivo Study.

Breastfeeding is the gold standard nutrition for infants. However, the inability of infants to latch on, maternal complaints of sore or painful nipples, and insufficient milk supply frequently result in early breastfeeding cessation. Hence, milk has subsequently been replaced by infant formula milks of high quality, which serve as an alternate source of nutrition for infants. There also has been a rising concern among parents and caretakers regarding the cariogenic potential of the various milk formulas available in the market due to the presence of fermentable carbohydrates in them, leading to an increase in nursing caries or early childhood caries. Hence, this study aims to comparatively evaluate the acidogenic potential of four different milk formulas based on dental plaque pH, salivary pH, and buffering capacity. This cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the acidogenic potential of various infant milk formulas using three main parameters of measurement of caries: evaluation of salivary pH, plaque pH, and buffering capacity.Baseline plaque and salivary pH and postconsumption plaque pH and salivary pH were assessed after 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 60 minutes in 60 healthy children (15 in each study group) aged 7-12 years after rinsing with group I (lactose-based), group II (soy-based), group III (protein hydrolysate-based), and group IV (iron-based) milk formulas. The pH was assessed using a precalibrated digital pH meter. Plaque pH was also further assessed based on its buffering capacity. Soy-based and protein hydrolysate-based milk formulas were found to be most cariogenic in both saliva and plaque. Lactose-based formulas were found to be the least cariogenic of all the milk formulas. Parents and caretakers must be made aware of the various types of milk formulas available, their composition, as well as their relative cariogenic nature. Feeding should always be supervised, and infants should not be left with milk-containing bottles as comforters. Milk feeds at bedtime, when salivary flow is reduced, should be discouraged. Dentists and pediatricians should be aware of the caries-related risk associated with different milk formulas before recommending them to children. Knowledge and awareness among parents and caretakers regarding the cariogenicity of various milk formulas available in the market. Mahanta A, Yadav G, Saha S, et al. A Comparative Evaluation of the Acidogenic Potential of Lactose-based, Soy-based, Protein Hydrolysate-based, and Iron-based Milk Formulas Based on Dental Plaque pH, Salivary pH, and Buffering Capacity: An In Vivo Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2024;17(8):851-859.

Breastfeeding mothers' self-confidence: A mixed-method study

Objective: To establish the association of the mother's breastfeeding self-efficacy with infant feeding in the first six months of the child's life and identify the mothers’ perception of their confidence to breastfeed. Background: Breastfeeding is a multi-determined process. Many factors contribute to a mother’s ability to exclusively breastfeed until a child reaches six months of age. Among these factors is a mother’s confidence in her abilities to breastfeed her baby, referred to as breastfeeding self-efficacy. Thus, self-efficacy for breastfeeding could be an essential predictor of reducing the risk of early weaning. Study design and methods: This is a mixed-method sequential explanatory study. The short form of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale was used to determine the level of the mothers' confidence. 158 mothers were surveyed during their postpartum hospital stay, and 128 were included in a follow-up six months after delivery. Additionally, 22 participants were randomly selected for an in-depth interview (qualitative stage). Data were analysed using inferential statistics and thematic content analysis. Results: High levels of breastfeeding efficacy were identified during the hospitalisation and after discharge among all participants. Exclusive breastfeeding was practised among 45.31% of mothers six months after delivery. Return to work was a key factor contributing to early weaning. Family and health professional support during the breastfeeding process were associated as crucial for the duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Discussion: Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months after delivery involves various factors, such as the mother’s confidence in her breastfeeding skills and the specific circumstances she faces while breastfeeding. Thus, through the mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches, it was possible to identify the convergence of self-efficacy scores and the breastfeeding mothers' perception of their confidence and intention to maintain exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusion: High self-efficacy to breastfeed alone was not enough to maintain exclusive breastfeeding. It is necessary to combine self-efficacy and family or health service support and guidance to clarify the mother's doubts about potential difficulties that may appear throughout the breastfeeding process, the maintenance of lactation when she plans to return to work, and the breastfeeding technique. Implication for practice: Applying the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale associated with the breastfeeding mothers' interview during the prenatal and perinatal period facilitates early identification of mothers at risk for early weaning and helps nurses in planning interventions to support the breastfeeding mother and her child in favour of exclusive breastfeeding duration. What is already known about the topic? Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is recommended for the first six months of a child's life; however, many mothers do not follow this recommendation due to multiple barriers such as mental health issues (i.e., postpartum depression or anxiety), educational gaps, physical discomfort like sore nipples, engorgement, return to work, and lack of support. Breastfeeding self-efficacy has been associated with the duration of breastfeeding. What this paper adds Breastfeeding mothers' self-efficacy is essential for stimulating maintenance. Questions 3 (I always feed my baby without using powdered milk as a supplement) and 11 (I always breastfeed my baby on one breast and then switch to the other) of the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (short form) predicted early weaning risk. Planning nursing care intervention for breastfeeding mothers in their follow-up after birth should include assessing their breastfeeding self-efficacy and factors that could contribute to early weaning, such as returning to work and the lack of a support network.

Pemberian Edukasi dan Keterampilan tentang Pijat laktasi untuk Meningkatkan Produski Asi pada Ibu Menyusui

Breast milk (ASI) is a natural nutrition for babies with the most appropriate nutritional content for optimal growth. Decreased breast milk production in breastfeeding mothers is one of the causes of the failure to provide exclusive breastfeeding for the first 0-6 months. Some mothers experience difficulties and failures in breastfeeding because breast milk has not come out, little breast milk or sore nipples. Lactation massage is one method of painless breast care that can stimulate the strength of the breast muscles to increase breast milk production. The purpose of this service is to provide education and skills to mothers about the benefits of lactation massage and how to do lactation massage to increase breast milk production. The service method used is a lecture on the benefits of lactation massage and practice on how to do lactation massage. The results of the evaluation of the implementation before the counseling were given, the knowledge category was sufficient (58.8%) and after the counseling was given it became (88.2%), meaning that the activities carried out could increase the knowledge and skills of mothers.

Breastfeeding challenges among adolescent mothers: a phenomenological study at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital in Ghana

BackgroundThe natural and best approach to give newborns the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development is through breast feeding. Breastfeeding rates fall more sharply with time for mothers...

Pemberdayaan Suami Dalam Melakukan Pijat Oksitosin Terhadap Pengeluaran ASI Pada Ibu Nifas Di Praktek Bidan Madiri Rimenda Br Tarigan Kecamatan Medan Denai Tahun 2024

Background Exclusive breastfeeding in the world is still very low. The problem is that mothers do not breastfeed their babies on the first day because of the mother's fear of not having enough breast milk, flat nipples, swollen breasts, breast abscesses, sore or cracked nipples. This pain will make a mother become stressed. The aim of this community service program (PKM) is to increase the empowerment of husbands in carrying out oxytocin massage for breast milk production in postpartum mothers at the independent midwife practice of Rimenda Br Tarigan, Medan Denai District in 2024. The method used is counseling on targets carried out verbally. The results are based on the results of the service implementation. Participants in this activity were postpartum mothers who visited the Rimenda Br Tarigan Independent Midwife Practice as many as 46 people.

Impact of early postnatal support by lactation consultant on breastfeeding outcomes in urban population: A prospective observational study

Abstract Background: Early breastfeeding support helps in achieving exclusive breastfeeding by reducing the incidence of painful breast problems. A comparison of the impact of lactation counselling by lactation consultants and nursing staff would help to optimise care. Methods: In this prospective study conducted in the maternity ward of a private sector tertiary care hospital in an urban area, breastfeeding outcomes such as achievement of exclusive breastfeeding and incidence of painful breast problems such as sore nipples and breast engorgement as well as breastfeeding technique were compared between two groups of mother–newborn dyads receiving support from lactation consultants (study group) and maternity ward nursing staff (control group), respectively. Results: A total of 477 mother–newborn pairs were enrolled. Sixty-three out of 225 mothers (28%) in the study group complained of sore nipples as against 122 out of 252 mothers (48.4%) in the control group (odd ratio [OR] 0.414, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 0.282–0.607, P < 0.001). Breast engorgement was reported in 45 mothers (20%) in the study group and 117 mothers (46.4%) in the control group (OR 0.288, 95% CI 0.191–0.434, P < 0.001). Two hundred and three newborns (90.2%) from the study group were discharged on exclusive breastfeeding as compared to 149 newborns (59.1%) in the control group (OR 0.156, 95% CI 0.094–0.260, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Lactation consultants are significantly better than nursing staff at improving breastfeeding outcomes by providing trained support to optimise breastfeeding position and attachment, thereby preventing painful breast problems.

Exploring breastfeeding patterns and barriers in a Kerala tertiary care hospital: a cross-sectional study

Background: Exclusive breastfeeding is vital for maternal and child health, yet challenges persist. This study in a Kerala tertiary care hospital aimed to assess prevalence, identify barriers, and explore cultural influences. Aim was to determine the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, uncover the barriers mothers face, and explore cultural factors affecting infant feeding choices. Methods: Utilizing Google forms, 274 postpartum women were surveyed. Participants provided data on awareness, practices, challenges, and factors influencing their infant feeding choices. Results: While 94.9% were aware of the ideal breastfeeding duration, only 74.1% practised exclusive breastfeeding until six months. Inadequate breast milk, sore nipples, and family pressure emerged as challenges. The timing of solid food introduction significantly impacted exclusive breastfeeding. Conclusions: Our study offers insights into exclusive breastfeeding practices. Culturally sensitive interventions, comprehensive support systems, and healthcare provider engagement are crucial. This study echoes recent research, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of exclusive breastfeeding practices, calling for diverse and context-specific strategies to empower mothers and ensure infants receive the best nutritional start.

Efektifitas Tindakan Frenektomy Pada Bayi Tongue Tie Dengan Kemampuan Menyusu

Tongue tie cases at the Columbia Asia Surgical Hospital in Semarang in the last two years have experienced an increase, where in 2021 there were 438 cases and in 2022 there were 447 cases. Tongue tie babies have a poor breastfeeding mechanism, this is caused by limited tongue movement, so tongue tie babies cannot attach properly when breastfeeding. These conditions result in the maximum intake of breast milk not being obtained and the mother feeling uncomfortable due to sore nipples which can cause premature cessation of breastfeeding. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of frenectomy in tongue tie babies with breastfeeding ability. This research is a type of quasi-experimental research with a one group pretest-posttest design. The population in this study were tongue-tie babies without complications who were still being hospitalized at the Columbia Asia Surgical Hospital in Semarang. Using a purposive sampling technique, a sample of 30 babies was obtained. The instruments used in this study were LATCH and ATLFF scores. Data analysis was performed using univariate analysis and bivariate analysis. The results of the study showed that the Frenectomy procedure was effective in increasing the ability to suckle in tongue tie babies, the Wilcoxon test results were obtained (pvalue 0.000 <0.05), where all (100%) tongue tie babies experienced an increase in the ability to suckle after a frenectomy. The action of a frenectomy is effective in increasing the ability to suckle, this can be due to the fact that with a frenectomy the mobility of the tongue increases, so that the baby can latch on properly, can swallow milk well, the mother feels comfortable while breastfeeding because the nipples are not painful.

Laid-back breastfeeding: knowledge, attitudes and practices of midwives and student midwives in Ireland.

Despite concerted efforts by policy developers, health professionals and lay groups, breastfeeding rates in Ireland remain one of the lowest in world, with 63.6% of mothers initiating breastfeeding at birth, dropping to 37.6% of mothers breastfeeding exclusively on hospital discharge. Nipple trauma and difficulties with baby latching are major contributors to the introduction of formula and discontinuation of breastfeeding. Research shows laid-back breastfeeding (LBBF) significantly reduces breast problems such as sore and cracked nipples, engorgement, and mastitis as well as facilitating a better latch. Although the benefits of LBBF are well documented, this position does not seem to be routinely suggested to mothers as an option when establishing breastfeeding. This study aims to determine midwives' and student midwives' knowledge, attitudes, and practices of using laid-back breastfeeding in Ireland. A cross-sectional descriptive survey distributed to midwives and student midwives in three maternity hospitals in Ireland and two online midwifery groups based in the Republic of Ireland, during June, July, and August 2021. Two hundred and fifty-three valid responses were received from nine maternity units. Most participants (81.4%) were aware of laid-back breastfeeding. However, only 6.8% of respondents cited it as the position they most frequently use. Over one-third (38.34%) had never used this position with mothers. Those more likely to suggest LBBF had personal experience of it, were lactation consultants or working towards qualification, or had participated in specific education about LBBF. Barriers included lack of education, confidence, time, and experience. Further issues related to work culture, a tendency to continue using more familiar positions and concerns about mothers' anatomy and mothers' unfamiliarity with LBBF. Although there was a high level of awareness of laid-back breastfeeding among midwives and student midwives, there are challenges preventing its use in practice. Education specifically related to using LBBF in practice is required to overcome the barriers identified. A greater understanding of mothers' and babies' intrinsic feeding capacities may give midwives more confidence to recommend this method as a first choice, potentially leading to more successful breastfeeding establishment and maintenance.

The Relationship of Public Mother's Knowledge about Breast Care and the Flowness of Breast Milk in the Watampone Health Center

Breast care is care that should be done to prepare the breasts so they are in good condition when breastfeeding the baby. In Indonesia, the incidence of mastitis and sore nipples in 2019 was 55% due to errors in breast care, which was found to be 46%. The incidence of postpartum mothers experiencing abscesses in Indonesia in 2019 was 10% due to low knowledge of mothers in breast care. This study aims to determine the relationship between postpartum mothers' knowledge about breast care and smooth breastfeeding at the Watampone health center. This type of research is included in Quantitative research. The type of research used is analytical observational. The population in this study were all postpartum mothers who were at the Watampone Community Health Center UPT and the total sample was 46 people. The results of this study show that of the 46 respondents with good knowledge of breast care and experiencing smooth breastfeeding, there were 10 people (21.7%), while the number of respondents with poor knowledge and experiencing non-fluent breastfeeding was 36 people (78.3%). That there is a significant relationship between knowledge of breast care and smooth breastfeeding in Postpartum mothers at the Watampone Community Health Center UPT. This was proven through Continuity Correction, p-v 549 was obtained, which means there is a relationship between mother's knowledge and smooth breastfeeding at the Watampone health center. In the Lack of Knowledge category, there were 25 people (54.4%).

Effectiveness of Aloe Vera-Based Topical Therapy Products on Breastfeeding Mothers with Milk Scratches in Hamparan Perak Village

In Indonesia, a study revealed that approximately 86.4% of breastfeeding mothers encounter nipple issues such as blisters, dryness, and pain. The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that chafed nipples contribute to substantial pain, discomfort, and diminished milk production among nursing mothers, thereby posing a hindrance to exclusive breastfeeding initiatives. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an aloe vera-based topical therapy product in reducing nipple chafing in breastfeeding mothers in Hamparan Perak District. Conducted as an experimental study with a pre-test and post-test control group design, the research transpired in Hamparan Perak village. The study enlisted breastfeeding mothers experiencing sore nipples, with 20 individuals in the intervention group receiving aloe vera-based topical therapy in gel form, and 20 individuals in the control group receiving a placebo. The assessment of effectiveness centered on measuring blister occurrence and nipple pain scores both before and after the intervention, employing the Mann-Whitney test for data analysis. Bivariate analysis utilizing the Mann-Whitney U-test yielded a significant P-value of 0.001. Consequently, it can be inferred that aloe vera gel demonstrably influences nipple pain, with aloe vera gel proving to be 5,537 times more effective in pain reduction. Future research could incorporate objective measures, such as clinical assessments or laboratory analyses, to validate the reported outcomes.

Unveiling Maternal Narratives and Experiences in Lesotho: Insights into Breastfeeding Choices, Practices, And Hurdles

This research investigated maternal and infant care in Lesotho, with an emphasis on exclusive breastfeeding practices during the first year of life. A quantitative, descriptive survey included 97 mothers attending healthcare facilities. The findings highlighted a prevalent preference for exclusive breastfeeding in the initial three months, which decreases during the following 3 months. Yet around 7% introduced complementary foods or fluids early on and many did not breastfeed exclusively until the 6-month recommended period. The majority began breastfeeding within the recommended one-hour post-delivery window. Distinct decision-making dynamics emerged: nearly half of the mothers made autonomous feeding decisions, around a quarter collaborated with the child’s father or partner, and 11.3% involved extended family in these choices. Colostrum's recognized value as a new-born’s first nutrient source aligned with global health recommendations. However, the early introduction of other foods indicates a need to explore mothers’ beliefs and knowledge about feeding practices further. Common breastfeeding challenges encompassed issues like sore nipples and perceived milk insufficiency, underlining the importance of educational support. Healthcare professionals, especially nurses, played a key role in offering guidance and support on breastfeeding. The frequent practice of immediate skin-to-skin contact post-birth emphasized the trend towards promoting early bonding and breastfeeding initiation. Furthermore, the community’s positive reception to public breastfeeding signalled societal acceptance. In conclusion, this study illuminates the nuances of breastfeeding practices and decision-making in Lesotho, providing insights for interventions and policies to enhance maternal and child health in the country.

THE EFFECT OF EARLY MOBILIZATION ON UTERINE INVOLUTION AFTER CESAREAN SECTION

Several factors influence the achievement of Exclusive Breastfeeding, including the presence of mothers experiencing nipple soreness, which consequently leads to discontinuation of breastfeeding; insufficient breast milk flow resulting in a switch to formula milk. One alternative to improve breast milk flow is through the application of Woolwich massage. Woolwich massage therapy is a technique that stimulates breast milk production in nursing mothers. To determine the effect of Woolwich massage on the improvement of breast milk production in postpartum multipara mothers in the postpartum room of Kudungga General Hospital. This study employed a quasi-experimental design, specifically a non-equivalent control group design. The results of this study revealed a significant effect of Woolwich massage on the improvement of breast milk production (p-values of 0.008 and 0.005) with α value of 0.05. The increase in breast milk production can be attributed to the process of milk formation that occurs after stimulation through massage. Contraction of these specialized cells then propels breast milk from the alveoli through the lactiferous ducts to the lactiferous sinuses, where milk is stored. In the first week after childbirth, around 6 out of 10 postpartum mothers commonly experience insufficient breast milk production. Woolwich massage intervention is necessary, with the expectation of enhancing breast milk production in postpartum mothers.

Comparative Effectiveness of Olive Oil and Breast Milk on Nipple Soreness in Breastfeeding Mothers.

Background: Breastfeeding has health benefits for both mothers and children. Nipple problems may result in the child being weaned prematurely before the recommended 6 months minimum period of exclusive breastfeeding. Purposes of the Study: The study aimed to compare the effectiveness of topically applying olive oil and breast milk in treating nipple pain and soreness in breastfeeding mothers during the early postpartum period. Methods: A quasi-randomized controlled trial was conducted in a maternity ward of a medical center in northern Taiwan. Eighty breastfeeding mothers were recruited, and randomly assigned to the olive oil or breast milk group. Visual analogue pain scale (intensity of nipple pain) and nipple soreness scores were collected at 24, 48, and 72 hours after delivery. Differences in postintervention outcomes between groups were examined using the Generalized Estimating Equation model. Results: The results indicated that both olive oil and breast milk groups reported a significant increase in the intensity of nipple pain and nipple soreness at 24, 48, and 72 hours after delivery. However, differences in the outcome measurements between olive oil and breast milk groups were statistically insignificant at p-value >0.05. Conclusion: This study found that olive oil had similar effects on nipple pain and soreness to breast milk. In addition, most breastfeeding mothers provided positive feedback on using olive oil. Olive oil can be a safe, accessible, and alternative choice for breastfeeding mothers in treating nipple pain and soreness, especially early in the breastfeeding period. The Clinical Trail Registration Number: NCT03568370.

PENGARUH KOMPRES LIDAH BUAYA TERHADAP PENURUNAN INTENSITAS NYERI PADA IBU POSTPARTUM YANG MENGALAMI MASTITIS DI KLINIK PRATAMA KASIH IBU DELI TUA TAHUN 2022

Problems that often arise in postpartum mothers' breasts are sore nipples, swollen nipples, mastitis or breast abscess. Mastitis cases are estimated to occur in the first 12 weeks, but can also occur until the second year of breastfeeding. Interventions that relieve symptoms of breast pain using nonpharmacological methods are aloe vera compresses. This research was conducted at the Pratama Kasih Ibu Clinic, Deli Tua, from February to June 2022. This type of research was a quasi-experimental using a one group pretest-posttest. The population determined in this study were postpartum mothers who experienced mastitis at the Pratama Kasih Ibu Clinic, Deli Tua. The number of available samples is 16 samples taken by purposive sampling from the population. The results of bivariate analysis of the effect of aloe vera compress on decreasing pain intensity of postpartum mothers who experience mastitis obtained p-value (0.000). From the results of the bivariate p-value <α (0.05) analysis, it can beconcluded that there is an effect of aloe vera compress on reducing painintensity in postpartum mothers who experience mastitis at the Pratama KasihIbu Clinic, Deli Tua in 2022. It is recommended to mothers postpartum to makemore use of non-pharmacological therapies such as aloe vera compresses toreduce the intensity of pain due to mastitis and reduce the use of medical drugsthat can cause side effects.

PENGARUH PIJAT OKETANI TERHADAP PEMBENGKAKAN PAYUDARA (BREAST ENGORGEMENT)

Breast engorgement is a problem that is often found in breastfeeding mothers. A further impact breast engorgement of experienced by mothers is severe breast pain so that mothers give up breastfeeding and switch to formula milk. Oketani massage is an alternative to overcome lactation problems such as breast swelling, mastitis, and not enough milk or sore nipples. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of Oketani massage on breast engorgement in breastfeeding mothers in Trimulyo Health Center. This study used a quantitative method with a randomized controlled trial (RCT) post test only control group design. The subjects of this study were breastfeeding mothers on days 1-14 postpartum in Trimulyo who met the inclusion criteria and did not meet the exclusion criteria. Subjects were divided into 2 groups: 30 control groups and 30 treatment groups. The control group consisted of 30 people who were given KIE breast care, while the treatment group was breastfeeding mothers 1-14 days postpartum who were given Oketani massage. Data were collected using the Visual Analog Scale. The results of the analysis using the T-Test obtained p-value of 0,000 (? 0,05), which means that there was an effect of giving Oketani massage on reducing breast engorgement in breastfeeding mothers at the Trimulyo Health Center. In addition, the results of the analysis used the Chi-square test with a value of p = 0,000 with an RR of 10,3 (95% CI). This means that the group that was not given Oketani massage had a risk of 10,3 times breast engorgement compared to the treatment group. Oketani massage is effective for reducing breast engorgement in breastfeeding mothers.

SmartLact8: A Bio-Inspired Robotic Breast Pump for Customized and Comfort Milk Expression.

According to the 2018 National Immunization Survey conducted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 83.9% of the breastfeeding mothers in the United States have used a breast pump at least once. However, the majority of existing products use a vacuum-only mechanism to extract milk. This causes common breast injuries such as nipple soreness, breast-tissue damage, and lactation complications after pumping. The objective of this work was to develop a bio-inspired breast pump prototype, named as SmartLac8, that can mimic infant suckling patterns. The input vacuum pressure pattern and compression forces are inspired from term infants' natural oral suckling dynamics captured in prior clinical experiments. Open-loop input-output data are used to perform system identification for two different pumping stages that facilitates controller design for closed-loop stability and control. A physical breast pump prototype with soft pneumatic actuators and custom piezoelectric sensors was successfully developed, calibrated, and tested in dry lab experiments. Compression and vacuum pressure dynamics were successfully coordinated to mimic the infant's feeding mechanism. Experimental data on sucking frequency and pressure on the breast phantom were consistent with clinical findings.