Sorbitol Dehydrogenase Activity Research Articles

Rutin attenuated hexachlorobenzene-induced testicular injury via regulation of oxidative stress, steroidogenic enzymes and apoptotic process in male rats

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is a pesticide that is constantly produced as a by-product in many industrial processes. Rutin (RUT) is a flavonoid found in many plants with numerous biological and pharmacological properties. However, there is no scientifical information on the impact of RUT on HCB-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Thus, we investigated the effect of rutin on HCB-induced reproductive toxicity. Rats were divided into four groups consisting of control administered with corn oil, HCB alone (16 mg/kg), RUT alone (100 mg/kg) and HCB + RUT that were treated orally by gavage for 28 days. Hexachlorobenzene caused a significant reduction in epididymal sperm count, sperm progressive motility, viability, number of hypo-osmotic tail swelled spermatozoa and increased sperm morphological abnormalities (head, midpiece and tail). Furthermore, HCB decreased the activities of gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, levels of glutathione and total protein with increased malondialdehyde level. Additionally, HCB increased the levels of total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone but decreased high density lipoproteins, serum testosterone, steroidogenic enzymes (3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase), B-cell lymphoma and increased pro-apoptotic markers (Bcl-2 associated protein (Bax), caspases-3 and-9) alongside histological and histomorphometrical abnormalities. Nevertheless, RUT prevented all the aberrations caused by HCB. Our result showed that HCB induced reproductive toxicity in rats and RUT protected against HCB-induced r reproductive toxicity.

Crucial roles of sorbitol metabolism and energy status in the chilling tolerance of yellow peach

In this study, we compared sorbitol metabolism, energy metabolism, and CI development in yellow peach fruit at 1 °C (less susceptible to CI) and 8 °C (more susceptible to CI) storage to elucidate potential connections between them. The results indicated that storage at 1 °C effectively maintained the textural quality of yellow peach fruit and delayed the onset of CI by 12 days compared to 8 °C. This positive effect might be attributable to 1 °C storage maintaining higher sorbitol content throughout the storage duration, thus sustaining the higher adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level and energy charge. The regulation of sorbitol accumulation by 1 °C storage was closely linked to the metabolic activity of sorbitol, which stimulated sorbitol synthesis by enhancing sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (S6PDH) activity after 12 days while suppressing sorbitol degradation via decreased sorbitol oxidase (SOX) and NAD+-sorbitol dehydrogenase (NAD+-SDH) activities before 24 days. In addition, the notable up-regulation in the NAD+-SDH activity in the late storage period promoted the conversion of sorbitol to fructose and glucose under 1 °C storage, thereby providing ample energy substrate for ATP generation. Moreover, sorbitol acts as a vital signaling molecule, and substantially up-regulated expressions of sorbitol transporters genes (PpeSOT3, PpeSOT5, and PpeSOT7) were observed in fruit stored at 1 °C, which might promote sorbitol transport and improve cold tolerance in peach fruit. Taken together, these findings suggested that 1 °C storage delayed CI by enhancing sorbitol metabolism and transporter activity, promoting sorbitol accumulation, and finally elevating the energy status in yellow peach fruit.

Uncompetitive Inhibition of Polyol Pathway Enzymes by Daucus carota Linn. Extract and Management of Diabetes Mellitus

Background: The growing occurrence of complications associated with diabetes calls for the unending exploration of natural products for more efficient therapeutic substances. The polyol pathway is a foundational scheme involved in the development of diabetic complications. Retarding the activities of enzymes in the polyol pathway is, therefore, a potent method of managing these complications. Objective: This work assessed the ability of four non-leafy vegetables, namely Daucus carota Linn. (carrot), Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench (okra), Allium cepa Linn. (onion), and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (tomato), to inhibit the activities of aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase. Method: The vegetables’ ability was evaluated by incubating the vegetables with suitable enzymes and substrates. Sample(s) with the lowest inhibitory concentration (IC50) was utilized to determine the mechanism of action of the enzymes by constructing the Lineweaver-Burk graph. Results: Results showed that the aqueous extract of carrot exhibited the lowest IC50 value for the inhibition of both aldose reductase (135.17 μg/mL) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (14.64 μg/mL), respectively. The double reciprocal plot also showed that the aqueous extract of carrot inhibited both aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase in an uncompetitive fashion. Conclusion: Aqueous extract of carrot successfully retarded the action of polyol pathway enzymes, which may result in the recovery of diabetic complications. This activity may due to the availability of phytochemicals, including carotenoids and phenylacetylenes.

In vivo exposure to bisphenol F induces oxidative testicular toxicity: role of Erβ and p53/Bcl-2 signaling pathway.

Bisphenol F (BPF), an alternative to bisphenol A has been implicated as a gonadotoxic substance. BPF has been shown to induce hormonal imbalance and testicular oxidative damage. However, the mechanism associated with BPF-induced testicular toxicity has not been fully explored. This study was designed to explore the role of tumor protein (p53)/ B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCl-2) signaling and oestrogen receptor beta (Erβ) in BPF-induced testicular toxicity. Male Wistar rats were randomized into control (Cntrl), BPF-treated (10, 30, and 50 mg/kg for low dose (BPF-L), medium dose (BPF-M), and high dose (BPF-H) respectively), and BPF-treated recovery (Cntrl-R, BPF-L-R, BPF-M-R, and BPF-H-R). The administration was via gavage and lasted for 28 days and the animals in the recovery groups were allowed 28-days exposure free period for recovery from BPF exposure. BPF resulted in the distortion of the testicular histoarchitecture, which was accompanied by a significant rise in testicular gamma-lutamyl transferase and lactate dehydrogenase activities but a decline in sorbitol dehydrogenase activities. Also, BPF caused a significant reduction in plasma gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and testosterone, which was associated with the downregulation of testicular 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. Furthermore, BPF induced testicular inflammation, redox imbalance, and apoptosis, accompanied by distortion in p53/BCl-2 signaling and overexpression of Erβ. Again, the observed toxic effects of BPF were dose-dependent and not completely reversed by BPF cessation. Bisphenol F induced gonadotoxicity by distorting p53/BCl2 signaling and the expression of Erβ. These observed alterations were not completely reversed after the cessation of BPF exposure.

Changes in physicochemical property and its potential regulatory mechanism for the formation of water core of the Fuji apples post‐harvesting

SummaryThis study analysed the factors for influencing the occurrence of water core in apples and proposed a potential metabolism following its post‐harvesting. By comparing the ordinary pulp and the region within the water core in different post‐harvesting stages of the Fuji apples, although the occurrence of water core did not significantly change the appearance of the apples, its interior firmness decreased with increased cell permeability. Furthermore, fructose content decreased, and sorbitol content increased rapidly accompanied by a reduction of sorbitol dehydrogenase activity at the site of water core. The cell morphology also demonstrated that the cells became denser and the blue aggregates formed. It indicated that the cell walls were saturated with locally highly accumulated sorbitol, followed by visualised transparent spots. In summary, the occurrence of water core during the post‐harvesting of Fuji apples was found to be related to the increased sorbitol content and the corresponding decreased dehydrogenase activity.

Assessment of hypolipidemic and anti-inflammatory properties of walnut (Juglans regia) seed coat extract and modulates some metabolic enzymes activity in triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia in rat kidney, liver, and heart.

Atherosclerosis and cognitive impairment are both influenced by hyperlipidemia. Due to their high margin of safety and low cost, natural chemicals have recently attracted particular attention in the context of the treatment of disease. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the possible amendatory impact of ethanol extract walnut (Juglans regia) seed coat (E-WSC) on some metabolic enzymes (glutathione reductase (GR), paraoxonase-1 (PON1), aldose reductase (AR), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE)) activity in the liver, kidney, and heart of rats with Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemia. Rats were divided into five groups: control group, HL-Control group (Triton WR-1339 400 mg/kg, i.p administered group), E- WSC + 150 (150 mg/kg,o.d given group), E- WSC + 300 (E- WSC 300 mg/kg, o.d given group) and HL+ E-WSC + 300 (Group receiving E- WSC 300 mg/kg, o.d 30 min prior to administration of Triton WR-1339 400 mg/kg, i.p). In HL-Control, AR, SDH, and BChE enzyme activity was significantly increased in all tissues compared to the control, while the activity of other studied enzymes was significantly decreased. The effects of hyperlipidemia on balance were improved and alterations in the activity of the investigated metabolic enzymes were prevented by E-WSC. As a result, promising natural compounds that can be used as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of cognitive disorders and hyperlipidemia may be found in E-WSC powder.

Short term deuterium depletion in drinking water reduced tumor induced oxidative stress in mice liver.

The aim of current work was able to show the oxidant effect of cancer cells found in any part of the body on the liver and to investigate the possible protective effect of deuterium-depleted water (DDW) on this oxidant effect by determining of some liver parameters. Ehrlich ascites tumor bearing BALB/c mice were used for this purpose. BALB/c mice were selected randomly and divided into four groups (n=5 in each group) as control group, tumor group, control+DDW group, tumor+DDW group, fifteen days after tumor cell injection, liver tissue samples were taken for all groups. In the tumor group, liver lipid peroxidation, sialic acid and protein carbonyl levels, xanthine oxidase, myeloperoxidase, catalase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities, were significantly higher than those in the control group while glutathione levels and paraoxonase1, sodium potassium ATPase, glutathione-S-transferase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase activities decreased significantly. Compared with the tumor group, the changes in all parameters except sialic acid, catalase, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase were reversed in the DDW given tumor groups, while sialic acid and catalase values continued to increase, and alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase values continued to decrease. In conclusion, the consumption of DDW may be beneficial and protective against excessive oxidative stress in cancer complications.

Transient increases in glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) activity occur in neonatal foals.

Liver analyte measurement is important in the evaluation of sick animals. Liver injury in horses is recognized by increased glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, whereas biliary pathology is identified by increased alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities or bilirubin concentrations. We have observed high GLDH, but not SDH, activities in neonatal foals admitted for conditions other than liver disease. Only one previous study have evaluated GLDH activity over time in healthy neonatal foals; however, SDH activity was not measured. We aimed to evaluate changes in liver analytes in neonatal foals over time. We measured serum liver analytes (GLDH, SDH, GGT, AST, total, direct, and indirect bilirubin) and creatine kinase activity of 11 clinically healthy foals before and at various times after suckling until 46 days of age. Analytes were also measured in colostrum and mare serum. Median GLDH activities increased after birth to peak at 3-4 days of age (106 U/L, reference interval, 0-8U/L). Median SDH activities had a lower peak at 3-4 days (15 U/L, reference interval, 0-11 U/L) and were frequently discordant with GLDH. There was no association between foal and mare serum or colostral enzyme activities. AST activity plateaued at 5-6 days, whereas GGT activity and total and indirect bilirubin concentrations peaked at 14 and 3-4 days of age, respectively. Transient increases in GLDH, SDH, and GGT activities and total and indirect bilirubin concentrations occur in clinically healthy neonatal foals and do not necessarily indicate relevant liver disease.

Reproductive damage and compensation of wild earthworm Metaphire californica from contaminated fields with long-term heavy metal exposure

Reproduction is a significant biological process for organisms responding to environmental stresses, however, little is known about the reproductive strategies of invertebrates under long-term exposure to contaminations. In this study, earthworm Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867) from contaminated fields with an increased metal gradient were collected to investigate their reproductive responses. The results showed heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb) induced histological damage to earthworms’ seminal vesicles, including tissue disorders and cavities, and decreases in mature spermatozoa. Sperm morphology analysis indicated deformity rates were up to13.2% (e.g. head swollen or missing) for worms from the most contaminated site, which coincided with DNA damages. Furthermore, the computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) system was employed for the evaluation of sperm kinetic traits. Results suggested earthworms exposed to higher contamination showed a lower sperm viability rate but faster sperm velocity after re-exposure with Cd solution (like the curvilinear velocity and straight-line velocity paraments) compared with those from relatively clean sites. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase and sorbitol dehydrogenase showed the highest 32.5% and 12.5% up-regulation respectively with the increased metal gradient. In conclusion, this study elucidated the earthworm reproductive toxicity, underlying reproductive compensation, metal stress-induced damages, and adaptive responses caused by heavy metal exposure, while also providing the possibility of sperm trait analysis (CASA) for related earthworm toxicological studies.

Phytochemical Composition and In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anticancer, and Enzyme-Inhibitory Activities of Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp.

Plants have been employed in therapeutic applications against various infectious and chronic diseases from ancient times. Various traditional medicines and folk systems have utilized numerous plants and plant products, which act as sources of drug candidates for modern medicine. Artemisia is a genus of the Asteraceae family with more than 500 species; however, many of these species are less explored for their biological efficacy, and several others are lacking scientific explanations for their uses. Artemisia nilagirica is a plant that is widely found in the Western Ghats, Kerala, India and is a prominent member of the genus. In the current study, the phytochemical composition and the antioxidant, enzyme-inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities were examined. The results indicated that the ethanol extract of A. nilagirica indicated in vitro DPPH scavenging (23.12 ± 1.28 µg/mL), ABTS scavenging (27.44 ± 1.88 µg/mL), H2O2 scavenging (12.92 ± 1.05 µg/mL), and FRAP (5.42 ± 0.19 µg/mL). The anti-inflammatory effect was also noticed in the Raw 264.7 macrophages, where pretreatment with the extract reduced the LPS-stimulated production of cytokines (p < 0.05). A. nilagirica was also efficient in inhibiting the activities of α-amylase (38.42 ± 2.71 µg/mL), α-glucosidase (55.31 ± 2.16 µg/mL), aldose reductase (17.42 ± 0.87 µg/mL), and sorbitol dehydrogenase (29.57 ± 1.46 µg/mL). It also induced significant inhibition of proliferation in breast (MCF7 IC50 = 41.79 ± 1.07, MDAMB231 IC50 = 55.37 ± 2.11µg/mL) and colon (49.57 ± 1.46 µg/mL) cancer cells. The results of the phytochemical screening indicated a higher level of polyphenols and flavonoids in the extract and the LCMS analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive constituents including artemisinin.

THE EFFECTS OF ALPHA LIPOIC ACID ON LENS INJURY IN RATS ADMINISTERED WITH VALPROIC ACID

Objective: Valproic acid (2-propyl valeric acid; VPA) is an effective short-chained fatty acid which is used for the treatment of migraine and schizophrenia. Though it provides effective treatment, its side effects are associated with free radicals and in this way it affects many organs and tissues. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is known to be a powerful antioxidant. Material and Methods: The aim of this current study was to investigate the protection of ALA on VPA induced lens injury. Female rats were split into four groups as follows: 1st group, control animals (corn oil per day for 15 days); 2nd group, ALA administered group (50 mg per kg each day for 15 days); 3rd group, VPA administered group (500 mg per kg each day for 15 days) and 4th group, VPA and ALA administered group to which the same dose was given at the same time each day. On the 16th day, lens tissues were taken. Results: Lens glutathione levels and glutathione-S-transferase activities were decreased while lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl levels, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and reductase, aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were elevated after VPA administration. ALA reversed these levels and activities in the VPA group. Conclusion: We can conclude that ALA used its antioxidant property and ameliorated VPA induced lens injury.

Bazı İlaç ve Metallerin Keçi (Capra aegagrus hircus) Böbreğinde Aldoz Redüktaz ve Sorbitol Dehidrogenaz Enzimleri Üzerine Etkilerinin Araştırılması

The effects of some antibiotics and metals on goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) kidney aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activities were examined. For drugs and metals that exhibit inhibitory effect, Ki constants were calculated and inhibition types were determined by using Lineweaver-Burk curves. In our study, the highest inhibition showed ceftriaxone antibiotic in AR enzyme with an IC50 value of 0.0274 mM. More potent AR inhibitors can be synthesized from the ceftriaxone compound. This compound is followed by amikacin sulfate and ciproflaksasin compounds with IC50 values of 0.061 and 0.25 mM, respectively. The highest inhibition of metals showed Co+2 ion with IC50 value 0.000445 mM. This metal is followed by Fe+2 and Zn+2 with IC50 values of 0.0286 and 0.084 mM, respectively. In SDH enzyme, the highest inhibition showed rifamycin sodium antibiotic with an IC50 value of 0.016 mM. More potent SDH inhibitors can be synthesized from the rifamycin sodium compound. This compound is followed by ceftriaxone and cefuroxime compounds with IC50 values of 0.025 and 0.16 mM, respectively. The highest inhibition of metals showed Co+2 ion with IC50 value 0.00044 mM. This metal is followed by Fe+2 and Zn+2 with IC50 values of 0.009 and 0.16 mM, respectively.

P-002 Zinc restores testicular integrity and function in HAART-treated male Wistar rats via modulation of Nrf2/NFkB pathway and downregulation of caspase 3 signaling

Abstract Study question Will zinc treatment attenuate highly active antiretroviral drugs (HAART)-induced testicular dysfunction when used concomitantly? Summary answer Zinc blunted HAART-induced reproductive toxicity by attenuating testicular and epididymal oxido-inflammatory injury via modulation of Nrf2/NFkB signaling and downregulation of caspase 3-mediated apoptosis. What is known already The use of HAART has been established to be effective in the management of HIV; however, it has also been reported to induce male reproductive dysfunction. Studies have revealed that HAART impairs fertility by reducing libido and inducing testicular and sperm damage via an oxidative stress-sensitive pathway. On the other hand, zinc has been shown to enhance reproductive function by improving testicular redox state. Till date, no study has reported the impact of zinc co-administration with HAART on testicular integrity and function, spermatogenesis and sperm quality, and sexual behaviour. Study design, size, duration This is a prospective experimental study using animal model. Forty sexually mature inbred male Wistar rats of comparable age and weight were used for the study. The study lasted 8 weeks. Participants/materials, setting, methods Animals were acclimatized for two weeks, then randomly assigned into four groups (n = 10). The control rats received 0.5mL of distilled water as vehicle, zinc-treated animals received zinc supplement, HAART-treated rats received a cock-tail of antiretroviral drugs (Efavirenz, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir), while the Zn + HAART-treated rats received treatment as zinc-treated as well as HAART-treated. The doses of drugs used were the Human Equivalent doses for rats. Main results and the role of chance Zinc blunted HAART-induced rise in testicular activities of gamma glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase activity, concentrations of lactate, and reduced testicular sorbitol dehydrogenase activity. Also, zinc ameliorated HAART-induced decline in the activities of testicular and epididymal superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase, as well as glutathione and Nrf2 concentrations, and rescued HAART-induced increase in testicular and epididymal concentrations of uric acid, malondialdehyde, 8-OHdG, xanthine oxidase and MPO activities, and TNF-α, IL-1β, and NF-kB levels. This was associated with dampening of HAART-led upregulation of caspase 3 activity by zinc. Furthermore, zinc alleviated HAART-led reduction in spermatogenesis and sperm quality, serum nitric oxide and penile cGMP, and circulatory levels of FSH, LH, and testosterone, as well as testicular concentrations of 3β-HSD, 17β-HSD, and testosterone. In addition, zinc prevented HAART-induced sexual dysfunction and poor fertility indices. Limitations, reasons for caution This study was conducted in a rat model; hence findings should be extrapolated to human with care. Thus, clinical trials are recommended to validate these findings. Wider implications of the findings For the first time, we demonstrated the protective role of zinc treatment on HAART-induced male reproductive dysfunction. These findings provide further mechanisms through which HAART induces male infertility, and the possible protective role of zinc. Trial registration number not applicable

P-001 L-arginine ameliorates maternal and pre-pubertal codeine exposure-induced dysregulation of testicular cytoprotective and spermatogenic genes and improves steroidogenesis in adult rat offspring

Abstract Study question Will maternal exposure to codeine cause transgenerational effect on testicular function and what role will pre-pubertal codeine-exposure and L-arginine treatment play? Summary answer L-arginine treatment blunted maternal and pre-pubertal codeine exposure-induced downregulation of testicular cytoprotective and spermatogenic genes and distortion of steroidogenesis. What is known already Codeine, a common drug of abuse, has been reported to impair male infertility by eliciting testicular and sperm damage via oxidative stress-sensitive pathway. On the other hand, L-arginine has been shown to improve testicular perfusion and testicular redox state, thus enhancing male reproductive function. However, no study has evaluated the effect of maternal codeine exposure and concurrent pre-pubertal codeine and L-arginine administration on male reproductive health viz a viz testicular steroidogenesis, spermatogenesis, and sperm quality. Study design, size, duration This is a prospective experimental study using animal model. Forty pre-pubertal female Wistar rats of comparable age and weight were used for the study. The study lasted two generations. Participants/materials, setting, methods Forty pre-pubertal female Wistar rats were randomized into vehicle-treated or codeine-treated. After 8 weeks of administration via gavage, animals were paired with stud male Wistar rats (1: 1). Administration continued throughout pregnancy and lactation. Male offsprings were weaned at post-natal day (PND) 21 and each cohort was randomized into vehicle treated, codeine-treated, L-arginine-treated, and codeine with L-arginine-treated. Offspring intervention commenced at PND 28 and lasted for 8 weeks. Main results and the role of chance Maternal codeine exposure caused increased testicular lactate dehydrogenase activity, concentrations of lactate and uric acid, and reduced testicular sorbitol dehydrogenase activity. In addition, maternal codeine exposure reduced testicular activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione and Nrf2 concentrations, but increased testicular concentrations of malondialdehyde, 8OHdG, TNF-α, IL-1β, and NFkB, MPO and caspase 3 activities, and DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, codeine exposure reduced steroidogenic markers (3β-HSD, 17β-HSD, FSH, LH, and testosterone), indices of spermatogenesis, and sperm quality. This was associated with reduced expression of regulatory genes for spermatogenesis (mRNA of Ndrg4, Kit, Rhcg, Lrrc34, and Lgals1), and cytoprotection (mRNA SOD, mRNA GPx, and mRNA Nrf2), and increased mRNA TNF-α, mRNA NFkB, and mRNA caspase 3. The observed codeine-induced perturbations were worsened by pre-pubertal codeine exposure in offsprings damned by mothers with codeine exposure but blunted by L-arginine treatment. Limitations, reasons for caution This study is an animal model; therefore, findings should be extrapolated to human with care. Thus, human studies are recommended. Wider implications of the findings This study demonstrates for the first time the transgenerational effect of maternal codeine exposure, and the impact of concomitant pre-pubertal codeine use and L-arginine treatment. The present findings add to the available literature by providing further molecular mechanisms through which codeine impairs male reproductive function. Trial registration number not applicable

Primary metabolism changes in transgenic apple plants with reduced activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase

Primary metabolism changes in transgenic apple plants with reduced activity of sorbitol dehydrogenase

Syzygium aromaticum bud (clove) essential oil is a novel and safe aldose reductase inhibitor: in silico, in vitro, and in vivo evidence.

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of clove essential oil (CEO) and to elucidate its mode of action, using selected biochemical targets, relevant to diabetes, and, specifically, its inhibitory effect on the polyol pathway. In the current study, CEO was examined for its inhibitory effects on aldose reductase in silico, in vitro, and in vivo, as well as its antioxidative activity. In silico docking studies showed that all the selected major compounds of CEO have an energy change ranging between - 5.5 and - 8.8kcal/mol and an inhibition constant ranging between 357.08nM and 93.12µM. CEO significantly inhibits aldose reductase with an IC50 value of 58.55 ± 5.84µg/mL in a noncompetitive manner. The supplementation of CEO at 20mg/kg BW decreases retinal sorbitol dehydrogenase activity via decreased aldose reductase activity in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Sprague Dawley rats. Moreover, diabetic rats injected with CEO have exhibited improved levels of glycemia. The IC50 values for ABTS, hydroxyl, and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities of CEO were found to be 34.42, 277.4, and 39.99µg/mL, respectively. Reducing power assay and phosphomolybdate assay exhibited a reduction force with the A0.5 values of 50.25 and 140.16µg/mL, respectively. CEO potentially exerts a beneficial effect on diabetes-related complications due to its antioxidant and inhibitory effect on aldose reductase activity.

Postharvest melatonin dipping maintains quality of apples by mediating sucrose metabolism

Senescence is a pivotal factor that causes quality breakdown and economic loss of fruit after harvest. In this study, ‘Golden Delicious’ apples were used as the materials to investigate the effect of melatonin dipping on quality parameters and sucrose metabolism during room temperature storage. Postharvest melatonin treatment inhibited respiratory intensity and ethylene release, increased flesh firmness, soluble sugar, ascorbic acid, and soluble solid contents, and titratable acid in apples. Furthermore, melatonin treatment inhibited acid invertase and neutral invertase activities, increased sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase activities, and repressed the activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase, sorbitol oxidase and sucrose synthase cleavage in apple fruit. All these findings suggest that exogenous application of melatonin could maintain quality of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples by mediating the enzyme activity in sucrose metabolism.

P–075 HAART exacerbates anti-Koch-induced reproductive toxicity via suppression of androgen and down-regulation of cGMP signaling

Abstract Study question Will highly active antiretroviral drugs (HAART) and antikochs impair reproductive function when used singly and concurrently? Summary answer HAART exacerbates antikoch-induced reproductive toxicity by stimulating testicular and penile oxido-inflammatory response. This was associated with suppression of androgen and down-regulation of cGMP signaling. What is known already Although the advent of HAART and antikochs has significantly improved the clinical status, life expectancy and quality of life of patients with HIV/tuberculosis, these drugs are with shortcomings. Studies have reported that HAART induces testicular toxicity and impairs sperm quality. Similarly, antikochs has been shown to trigger oxidative testicular and sperm damage. Available data have implicated HAART and antikoch in the pathogenesis of male infertility via oxidative stress-mediated mechanism. However, no study has reported the impact of the concurrent administration of both HAART and antikochs as seen in patients with TB/HIV co-infection on testicular function, sexual behaviour and fertility outcome. Study design, size, duration This is a prospective experimental study using animal model. Forty sexually mature inbred male Wistar rats of comparable age were used for the study. The study lasted 8 weeks. Participants/materials, setting, methods Animals were acclimatized for two weeks after which they were randomly allotted into four groups (n = 10). The control rats 0.5mL of distilled water as vehicle, anti-Koch-treated rats received a cocktail of anti-tuberculosis drugs (Rifampicin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol), HAART-treated animals received a cock-tail of antiretroviral drugs (Efavirenz, Lamivudine, and Tenofovir), while the HAART+antikochs-treated rats received treatment as HAART-treated as well as antikoch-treated. The doses of drugs used were the Human Equivalent doses for rats. Main results and the role of chance HAART exaggerated antikoch-induced increase in testicular lactate dehydrogenase activity, concentrations of lactate and uric acid, and reduced testicular sorbitol dehydrogenase activity. Furthermore, HAART worsens antikoch-induced decline in the activities of testicular and penile superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase, as well as glutathione concentration, but increased malondialdehyde levels in testicular and penile tissues, as well as penile and testicular DNA fragmentation. Similarly, HAART aggravates antikoch-driven reduction in penile cGMP, circulatory and testicular testosterone, serum prolactin, LH and FSH, impaired sperm quality, sexual behaviour, and fertility outcome. Limitations, reasons for caution This is a prospective study using animal model; hence findings should be extrapolated to human with care. Human studies are thus recommended. Wider implications of the findings: This study demonstrates for the first time the impact of HAART and antikoch, when used singly or in combination, on sexual behaviour, sperm quality and penile and testicular integrity. The findings add to the available literature by providing the molecular mechanism through which HAART and/or antikoch possibly impair reproductive function. Trial registration number N/A

Allium sativum mitigates oxidative damages induced by Microcystin-LR in heart and liver tissues of mice

Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic cyanotoxins implicated in several incidents of human and animal toxicity. Microcystin-(Lysine, Arginine) or MC-LR is the most toxic and encountered variant of MCs where oxidative stress plays a key role in its toxicity. This study investigated the oxidative damages induced in the liver and heart of Balb/C mice by an intraperitoneal injected acute dose of MC-LR. Thereafter, the potential protective effect of garlic (Allium sativum) extract supplementation against such damages was assessed through the evaluation of oxidative stress and cytotoxicity markers. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), carbonyl content (CC), glutathione content (GSH), alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activities were measured.Results showed important oxidative damages in hepatic and cardiac cells of mice injected with the toxin. However, these damages have been significantly reduced in mice supplemented with garlic extract. Thus, this study demonstrated for the first time the effective use of garlic as an antioxidant agent against oxidative damages induced by MC-LR. As well, this study supports the use of garlic as a potential remedy against pathologies related to toxic agents.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF COMPLEX TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS ACCORDING TO THE CHANGES IN THE ACTIVITY OF BLOOD SERUM ENZYMES

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF COMPLEX TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH GENERALIZED PERIODONTITIS ACCORDING TO THE CHANGES IN THE ACTIVITY OF BLOOD SERUM ENZYMES