Sonochemical Co-precipitation Research Articles

Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Doxorubicin-Loaded Magnetite Nanoparticles on Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Lines.

In this study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded magnetic nanofluids on 4T1 mouse tumor epithelial cells and MDA-MB-468 human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using sonochemical coprecipitation by applying electrohydraulic discharge treatment (EHD) in an automated chemical reactor, modified with citric acid and loaded with DOX. The resulting magnetic nanofluids exhibited strong magnetic properties and maintained sedimentation stability in physiological pH conditions. The obtained samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro studies using the MTT method revealed a synergistic effect of the DOX-loaded citric-acid-modified magnetic nanoparticles on the inhibition of cancer cell growth and proliferation compared to treatment with pure DOX. The combination of the drug and magnetic nanosystem showed promising potential for targeted drug delivery, with the possibility of optimizing the dosage to reduce side-effects and enhance the cytotoxic effect on cancer cells. The nanoparticles' cytotoxic effects were attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species and the enhancement of DOX-induced apoptosis. The findings suggest a novel approach for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs and reducing their associated side-effects. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential of DOX-loaded citric-acid-modified magnetic nanoparticles as a promising strategy in tumor therapy, and provide insights into their synergistic effects.

Sonochemical synthesis of Ce-TiO2 nanocatalyst and subsequent application for treatment of real textile industry effluent

Treatment of real textile industry effluent using photocatalysis, sonocatalysis, sonophotocatalysis and H2O2 assisted sonophotocatalysis have been studied based on the use of Ce-TiO2 nanocatalyst synthesized using sonochemical co-precipitation method. Characterization studies of the obtained catalyst revealed crystallite size as 1.44 nm with particles having spherical morphology. A shift of the absorption edge to the visible light range was also observed in UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-DRS) analysis. The effects of different operational parameters viz catalyst dose (0.5 g/L-2 g/L), temperature (30 °C-55 °C) and pH (3–12) on the COD reduction were studied. The reduction in the COD was higher at lower pH and the optimum temperature established was 45 °C. It was also elucidated that the required catalyst dose was lesser in combined sonophotocatalysis when compared with individual photocatalysis and sonocatalysis. Combination of processes and addition of oxidants increased the COD reduction with the sonophotocatalytic oxidation combined with H2O2 treatment showing the best results for COD reduction (84.75%). The highest reduction in COD for photocatalysis was only 45.09% and for sonocatalysis, it was marginally higher at 58.62%. The highest reduction in COD achieved by sonophotocatalysis was 64.41%. Toxicity tests coupled with Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis revealed that there were no additional toxic intermediates added to the system during the treatment. Kinetic study allowed establishing that generalized kinetic model fits the experimental results well. Overall, the combined advanced oxidation processes showed better results than the individual processes with higher COD reduction and lower requirement of the catalyst.

Influence of nonmagnetic cation substitution on magnetic order temperature in Y-type hexaferrites: Ba0.5Sr1.5Zn2Fe12O22 and Ba0.5Sr1.5Zn2Al0.08Fe11.92O22

With a view to the proven multiferroic properties of the title representatives of the Y-type hexaferrites as single crystals we present here a comparative study of their microstructure and magnetic properties for powders. The polycrystalline materials of Ba0.5Sr1.5Zn2Fe12O22 (S1) and its doped with aluminium derivative Ba0.5Sr1.5Zn2Al0.08Fe11.92O22 (S2) were synthesized by two different techniques: citric-acid sol-gel auto-combustion and sonochemical co-precipitation. Their atomic-level structure determination was checked by X-ray and neutron diffraction, electron diffraction and imaging methods, and their physical characterization was carried out by magnetometry. SEM images show that the microstructure strongly depends on the method of synthesis: non-uniform hexagonal grans are formed in case of auto-combustion whereas particles of nearly perfect hexagonal shape are observed in case of sonochemical co-precipitation. With lowering the temperature to 5 K several magnetic phase transitions were observed, more clearly pronounced in S2 powders. Neutron diffraction data in vicinity and above room temperature help in revealing the effect of magnetic dilution on the observed magnetic properties.

Nano-engineered ZnO/CNF-based epoxidized natural rubber with enhanced strength for novel Self-healing glove fabrication

Rubber with excellent mechanical properties and self-healing ability could have great applicability in the next generation of glove fabrication. Developing durable gloves with improved safety is essential for better protection of workers against a broad range of common risks found in industrial fields. Therefore, this paper establishes a facile synthesis of zinc oxide-cellulose nanofiber (ZnO-CNF)-reinforced epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) composite for novel fabrication of a self-healing glove with high mechanical strength to promote product endurance with extended shelf-life. In this study, ZnO-CNF was first prepared via sonochemical co-precipitation and subsequently incorporated into the ENR matrix via latex mixing and casting methods to form an ENR/ZnO-CNF composite. The effect of ZnO-CNF as reinforcing filler on ENR morphology and properties were systematically studied and characterized by FESEM, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, TGA and DSC analyses. It was observed that the addition of ZnO-CNF filler resulted in a 6-fold improvement in tensile strength with enhanced thermal stability compared to neat ENR. The resultant ENR/ZnO-CNF demonstrated thermo-responsive self-healing behavior with high strength and strain recovery, of 70% and 92%, respectively. The feasibility of our proposed approach was confirmed by the successful fabrication of a novel ENR/ZnO-CNF composite glove with proven self-healing ability. Our work offers a facile yet innovative strategy to fabricate a self-healable reinforced rubber glove by integrating a multifunctional nanofiller into a complex polymer network.

Folic acid conjugation of magnetite nanoparticles using pulsed electrohydraulic discharges

The sonochemical coprecipitation reaction with moderate ultrasound irradiation in a low vacuum environment was used to obtain aqueous colloidal suspensions of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs). The synthesized magnetite nanoparticles were conjugated directly by folic acid using electrohydraulic discharges as a processing technique before modification of the surface of the nanoparticles. Electrohydraulic discharges were applied in two operational modes with high and low power pulsed direct currents between the electrodes. The physical and chemical properties of the obtained samples were studied using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The investigation proved an inverse cubic spinel structure of magnetite with folic acid attachment to the magnetite surface (mean crystallite diameter in the samples, D, ranges 25?31 nm by XRD and SAXS). It was found that the processing with electrohydraulic discharges increased the colloidal stability of the folic acid-magnetite nanoparticle dispersions.

Facile sonochemical synthesis of Ag2O-guar gum nanocomposite as a visible light photocatalyst for the organic transformation reactions

Silver Oxide (Ag2O)-Guar gum nanocomposite was fabricated via a simple sonochemical co-precipitation method. The obtained photocatalyst was characterized with various techniques such as X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy along with energy dispersion X-ray spectroscopy. The findings have demonstrated that Ag2O nanoparticles are spherical of 5−20 nm and were dispersed on the surface of polysaccharide guar gum to form Ag2O-guar gum nanocomposite. The as-synthesized nanocomposite was enacted as a competent photocatalyst for the reduction of nitrobenzene and oxidation of benzyl alchohol. The conversion efficiency for the reduction of nitrobenzene was 96 % with the addition of sodium borohydride, and the conversion of benzyl alcohol was 98 %. The highly efficient photocatalytic activity was due to the exceedingly dispersed Ag2O-guar gum nanocomposite where effective separation rate of energy driven electron-hole pairs and stronger light absorption occurs. The possible mechanism of the reactions was implicated in understanding the active species involved in the photocatalytic study.

Heterogeneous degradation of stabilized landfill leachate using persulfate activation by CuFe2O4 nanocatalyst: an experimental investigation

Landfill leachate, is a contaminated liquid consisted of different toxic and hazardous pollutants which could penetrate the ground and reach the groundwater, leading to the soil and water resources pollution. Hence, it is regarded as a substantial risk to the environment. Accordingly, in this work, a sustainable and efficacious sulfate radical-based oxidation approach using persulfate and heterogeneous magnetic CuFe2O4 nanocatalyst was suggested to treat municipal stabilized landfill leachate. In this study, CuFe2O4 catalyst was synthesized through the straightforward sonochemical co-precipitation method, and it was characterized by FTIR, EDX, VSM, XRD, and TEM analysis techniques. The dominant mechanism of the degradation process was discussed in detail, and the influence of various operating conditions such as pH, persulfate dosage and catalyst loading was investigated on the treatment performance of the process based on COD, ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) and color removal efficiencies. Under optimized condition (pH = 2, persulfate amount = 5 g/L and catalyst dosage = 1.5 g/L), the treatment process showed acceptable efficiency removals (COD, NH3-N and color removal efficiencies of 57%, 71%, and 63%, respectively). Moreover, performance of the current system was compared with performances of distinct persulfate-based and CuFe2O4-based treatment systems. The reusability of the catalyst was also evaluated over the sequential treatment runs, and the catalyst showed high reactivity over four repeated cycles. To prove the capability of the treatment process in pollutants degradation ATR-FTIR analysis of the leachate samples before and after the oxidation process was conducted, and the results showed that aromatic compounds were converted to aliphatic components after the oxidation.

Novel heterogeneous degradation of mature landfill leachate using persulfate and magnetic CuFe2O4/RGO nanocatalyst

Landfill leachate is a contaminated liquid containing an extensive range of organic and inorganic pollutants. Therefore, it could pose serious risks to the environment by polluting soil and groundwater. In this study, the application of magnetic CuFe2O4/RGO nanocatalyst for persulfate activation was investigated in mature landfill leachate remediation. In this regard, CuFe2O4/RGO was synthesized through straightforward sonochemical co-precipitation method, and was characterized by different analysis approaches (FTIR, XRD, EDX, Raman, VSM, and TEM). A reaction mechanism for persulfate activation in this process was elucidated, and the influence of initial pH, persulfate concentration and catalyst loading were evaluated on the efficiency of the process as well. Under optimum condition, final COD, NH3-N and color removal efficiencies reached to 65.1%, 65%, and 58% respectively, and regenerability of the catalyst was assessed during five consecutive runs. Furthermore, a comparison between functional groups of the initial and degraded leachate samples was performed using ATR-FTIR analysis. In this way, the degraded products after the oxidation process were studied, and the results showed that the treatment system was capable of degrading aromatic compounds to aliphatic ones.

Study of the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Co-Substituted Ba2Mg2Fe12O22 Hexaferrites Synthesized by Sonochemical Co-Precipitation

Ba2Mg0.4Co1.6Fe12O22 was prepared in powder form by sonochemical co-precipitation and examined by X-ray diffraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy and magnetization measurements. Careful XRD data analyses revealed the Y-type hexaferrite structure as an almost pure phase with a very small amount of CoFe2O4 as an impurity phase (about 1.4%). No substantial changes were observed in the unit cell parameters of Ba2Mg0.4Co1.6Fe12O22 in comparison with the unsubstituted compound. The Mössbauer parameters for Ba2Mg0.4Co1.6Fe12O22 were close to those previously found (within the limits of uncertainty) for undoped Ba2Mg2Fe12O22. Isomer shifts (0.27–0.38 mm/s) typical for high-spin Fe3+ in various environments were evaluated and no ferrous Fe2+ form was observed. However, despite the indicated lack of changes in the iron oxidation state, the cationic substitution resulted in a significant increase in the magnetization and in a modification of the thermomagnetic curves. The magnetization values at 50 kOe were 34.5 emu/g at 4.2 K and 30.5 emu/g at 300 K. The zero-field-cooled (ZFC) and field-cooled (FC) magnetization curves were measured in magnetic fields of 50 Oe, 100 Oe, 500 Oe and 1000 Oe, and revealed the presence of two magnetic phase transitions. Both transitions are shifted to higher temperatures compared to the undoped compound, while the ferrimagnetic arrangement at room temperature is transformed to a helical spin order at about 195 K, which is considered to be a prerequisite for the material to exhibit multiferroic properties.

Synthesis and Characterization of α-MnO2/Graphene Nanocomposites for Applications to in High Performance Super Capacitors

In recent years, supercapacitors have attracted a lot of attention due to their applications in portable electronic devices such as mobile phones, laptops, digital camera and also for power applications in hybrid electric vehicles, engine start, and solar energy storage, etc. [1-3]. Transition metal oxides and carbon materials are widely being used in supercapacitors. Among transition metal oxides, MnO2 has been one of the most studied electrode materials because of its cost effectiveness, natural abundance and environmental compatibility. In spite of its various advantages, MnO2 in its pure state is not very useful for supercapacitor applications because of its poor electrical conductivity and electrochemical dissolution upon cycling. On the other hand, graphene has drawn considerable interest because of its ultrahigh surface area (up to 2630 m2/g), and excellent conductivity. Up to now, composites of graphene and MnO2 have been used to improve their capacitance. We have synthesized hetero-structured - nanorods using the low temperature hydrothermal technique [4]. Finally -/graphene nanocomposite was synthesized by sonochemical co-precipitation method as reported earlier [5]. Graphene oxide power, suspended in sulfuric acid solution (1mg/ml), and manganese sulfate (dissolved in sulfuric acid) were mixed together and potassium permanganate solution was added to this solution drop by drop. After 2 hours -/graphene nanocomposite was filtered using centrifuge, washed with DI water and ethanol and dried. The phase structure of - nanorods and -/graphene nanocomposites were studied using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of physical, thermal and electrochemical characterization of -/graphene nanocomposite will be presented during 231st Electrochemical Society Meeting.

Fuel cell-grade hydrogen production from methanol over sonochemical coprecipitated copper based nanocatalyst: Influence of irradiation power and time on catalytic properties and performance

A series of ceria promoted copper based nanocatalysts were synthesized by conventional and sonochemical co-precipitation methods at different irradiation power and time. Their performance was investigated for fuel cell-grade hydrogen production from methanol. The nanocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, specific surface area, and energy dispersive X-ray analyses. According to crystallography analysis by increasing irradiation power and time, the copper oxide crystallinity reduced and smaller and fully dispersed crystals produced. The nanocatalyst which sonicated at 90W for 15min had small spherical nanoparticles which their size range varied between 1nm to 125nm. The performance of nanocatalysts was examined through the methanol steam reforming process at 160–260°C and atmospheric pressure with space velocity of 10,000cm3/gcath in a U-shape fixed bed reactor. Among all nanocatalysts, the sample synthesized by conventional co-precipitation showed the weakest activity. But the others which synthesized by the ultrasound assisted co-precipitation method represented higher activity in terms of methanol conversion as the irradiation power and time enhanced. Complete methanol conversion achieved at 200°C for the nanocatalyst which sonicated at 90W for 15min during co-precipitation which is ideal for application in fuel cell vehicles.

Approach to Rapid Synthesis and Functionalization of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for High Gene Transfection

Surface functionalization of theranostic nanoparticles (NPs) typically relies on lengthy, aqueous postsynthesis labeling chemistries that have limited ability to fine-tune surface properties and can lead to NP heterogeneity. The need for a rapid, simple synthesis approach that can provide great control over the display of functional moieties on NP surfaces has led to increased use of highly selective bioorthoganol chemistries including metal-affinity coordination. Here we report a simple approach for rapid production of a superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (SPIONs) with tunable functionality and high reproducibility under aqueous conditions. We utilize the high affinity complex formed between catechol and Fe((III)) as a means to dock well-defined catechol modified polymer modules on the surface of SPIONs during sonochemical coprecipitation synthesis. Polymer modules consisted of chitosan and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) copolymer (CP) modified with catechol (CCP), and CCP functionalized with cationic polyethylenimine (CCP-PEI) to facilitate binding and delivery of DNA for gene therapy. This rapid synthesis/functionalization approach provided excellent control over the extent of PEI labeling, improved SPION magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast enhancement and produced an efficient transfection agent.

Sonochemical Co-Precipitation Synthesis of Gallic Acid-Modified Magnetite

Gallic acid-modified magnetites were synthesized by one and two-step reactions via the newly developed sonochemical co-precipitation method. The two-step reaction included the formation of magnetite powder and mixing the magnetite powder with gallic acid solution, while the one-step reaction did not go through the formation magnetite powder. The obtained gallic acid-modified magnetites were characterized by the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). More over, the magnetic properties were studied by using a Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The characterization results showed that there were differences in crystalinity, surface morphology and magnetic properties of products that were formed by one and two-step reactions.

Sonochemical Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Magnetite (Fe3O4) and Zn0.5Fe0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via sonochemical coprecipitation reactions with moderate ultrasound irradiation. The structure and crystalline/particle sizes of the synthesized NPs were determined by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the magnetic properties were measured by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The results show that NPs of smaller size and narrower size distribution can be synthesized via coupling of moderate ultrasound irradiation in coprecipitation reactions. In addition, magnetic NPs prepared in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation exhibit improved magnetic properties.

Synthesis of zinc molybdate and zinc phosphomolybdate nanopigments by an ultrasound assisted route: Advantage over conventional method

In the present study, zinc molybdate (ZM) and zinc phosphomolybdate (ZMP) nanoparticles of white color were synthesized using conventional and innovative sonochemical co-precipitation method without any emulsifier. This new class of pigment is environmental friendly which can be used as an alternative to lead, cadmium and chromium pigment which contain carcinogenic species. Zinc chloride and sodium molybdate precursors were used during synthesis of ZM, and ZMP nanoparticles synthesis was accomplished using sodium molybdate, zinc sulfate and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. The synthesized materials were characterized by XRD, FTIR and TEM to determine the structure, the general type of atom bound in the compound and the morphology of the formed compounds respectively. The rapid saturation of the Zn2+ ions takes place during the synthesis of ZM and ZMP nanoparticles due to ultrasonic irradiation, leading to a faster nucleation of ZM and ZMP nanoparticles with improved solute transfer rate. The average particle size is found to be significantly lower in case of ultrasound assisted synthesis compared to conventional precipitation method. The possible reasons are, improved solute transfer rate and rapid nucleation in the presence of cavitations generated by ultrasonic irradiations.

Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue in water using CoFe 2O 4–Cr 2O 3–SiO 2 fluorescent magnetic nanocomposite

A CoFe 2O 4–Cr 2O 3–SiO 2 fluorescent magnetic nanocomposite (FMNC) has been synthesized by a combined sonochemical co-precipitation method. Remarkable feature of the FMNC is its high band gap energy (3–4 eV). Photocatalytic activity of the FMNC has been examined for degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution under UV irradiation (12 mW Hg lamp, major wavelength 400 nm). The catalyst could be separated from aqueous media by applying external magnetic field and hence could be reused without any significant loss of its activity.

Ultra-Small Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as MRI Contrast Enhancing Agents

Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPION) as magnetic resonance imaging were synthesized through a sonochemical co-precipitation method with poly (ethyleneimine) (PEI). The size of the USPION was controlled by poly (ethyleneimine) (PEI) contents, ultrasonic exposure time, and Na4OH concentration. The characteristics of PEI-USPION were studied by X-ray diffractometry, magnetic property measurement system, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and particle size analysis. The PEI-USPION had an average size of 5~10nm with a narrow size distribution, a perfect magnetite crystal structure, and high saturation magnetization.