sono-Fenton Process Research Articles

Modified sono-Fenton process for oxidative degradation of chloramphenicol.

Oxidative degradation of chloramphenicol (CAP) using a hybrid approach (US/HA+/n-Fe2O3/SPC) involving sodium percarbonate (SPC; "solid H2O2" carrier), Fe2O3 nanoparticles (n-Fe2O3; H2O2 decomposition catalyst), hydroxylamine in its protonated form (HA+; Fe (III) to Fe (II) reducer), and ultrasonic cavitation (to increase the generation of hydroxyl radicals) has been studied for the first time. The average size of n-Fe2O3 synthesized by the sonochemical method, as calculated according to the Debye-Scherrer equation, was ~ 18nm. The maximum degradation degree of CAP (83.1%) and first-order oxidative degradation rate constant of CAP as 1.253 × 10-3s-1 were achieved using the modified sono-Fenton process under the optimized conditions as the initial concentration of CAP - 50mg/L, the molar ratio of CAP:HA+:n-Fe2O3:SPC of 1:100:100:100, pH as 3, the temperature as 318K, the specific ultrasonic power as 53.3 W/L, and the treatment duration of 7200s. In general, the efficiency and intensity of CAP degradation increased with a decrease in the pH value, an increase in the molar ratio of CAP:HA+:n-Fe2O3:SPC, a decrease in the initial concentration of CAP, an increase in temperature, and showed a minor change with the specific power of US. The synergistic coefficient for the combination of the US and the heterogeneous Fenton process was 17.9. The active participation of hydroxyl radicals in the oxidative degradation of CAP using the modified sono-Fenton process was confirmed by scavenging experiments performedusing tert-butyl alcohol. The proposed process can be a promising direction in the remediation of pharmaceutical effluents with significant potential for commercial exploitation.

Application of the sono-Fenton/UV process on the treatment of table olive processing wastewater

AbstractThe Mediterranean Basin economies of Spain, Italy, Greece, and Turkey depend on the table olive and olive oil industries. Table olive processing wastewater characteristics and quantity depend on olive varietal and processing methods. Olives and processing methods provide phenol, suspended particles, dissolved inorganic solids, and refractory organics. Due of its complexity, conventional methods struggle to tackle table olive processing wastewater. A novel approach to enhanced oxidation processes integrates many ways to boost hydroxyl radical formation and scale up efficiency. UV assisted sono-Fenton process as a modified Fenton process was applied to table olive washing wastewater to achieve high formation of hydroxyl radicals. When UV assisted sono-Fenton experiments executed to determine the optimum reaction conditions, the effects of hydrogen peroxide, ferrous ion concentrations and reaction time on the oxidation of table olive washing wastewater investigated by using a statistical experimental design. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and phenol removal efficiencies were examined by keeping the pH constant. The UV assisted sono-Fenton process achieved 53% phenol, 68% TOC, and 80% COD removal efficiencies. The results show that the UV assisted sono-Fenton process can treat effectively table olive processing wastewater. Optimum reaction conditions for the UV assisted sono-Fenton process were determined. UV assisted sono-Fenton process provides a significant reduction in reaction time and minimizes the costs of process associated with low chemical requirements. So, these optimum reaction conditions were resulted in low sludge production at the UV assisted sono-Fenton process while treating table olive processing wastewater.

Usage of MnFe2O4-rGO Nanocomposite as efficient Fenton catalyst for Tetracycline removal by heterogeneous sono Fenton process: Characterizations, catalytic performance assessment, and mechanism

In this study, monodisperse MnFe2O4/rGO nanoparticles was prepared and used as Fenton catalyst for Tetracycline (TC) degradation combining with ultrasonic process. The physicochemical properties of the resulted NPs were detected transmission electron microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy techniques. The effect of operational parameters containing amount of catalyst, H2O2 concentration, initial TC concentration, initial pH of solution, ultrasonic power, and process time on the TC removal efficiency during heterogeneous sono-Fenton process was studied. The best sonocatalytic efficiency of 92.85% was attained by using 0.3 g/L MnFe2O4/rGO nanocatalyst, 10 mg/L TC, 12 mM H2O2, 450 W ultrasonic power, and at pH = 3 after 120 min. By using organic and inorganic scavengers, the primary active species was determined for TC removal during heterogeneous sono-Fenton oxidation.The results showed that ROS species were effective in TC removal in the order h+ > •OH > O2•−. Moreover, MnFe2O4/rGO nanocomposite were reusable up to the five consecutive cycles without any notable loss in activity.

Ultrasound assisted Sono-Fenton process including FeMnO3 nanocatalysts for degradation of phenazopyridine

This study describes the synthesis of FeMnO3 magnetic nanocatalysts using a hydrothermal method. The nanocatalysts were used to degrade phenazopyridine hydrochloride (PhP) through the Sono-Fenton method, an advanced oxidation technique. The fabricated FeMnO3 nanocatalysts underwent various characterization techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) analysis. Based on the XRD pattern and FE-SEM images, the cubic crystal structure and particle uniformity were confirmed. The catalytic performance of FeMnO3 nanocatalysts was examined in terms of their ability to remove PhP. Additionally, the impact of various parameters on the degradation rate of phenazopyridine was investigated. The optimal values for pH, nanocatalyst dosage, H2O2 concentration, and sonication time were found to be 10, 1 g/L, 1.2 mol/L, and 30 min, respectively. The degradation efficiency was eventually found to be 97 %. The most significant advantages of these nanocatalysts include their reusability without any significant decrease in reaction efficiency, rapid reaction time, ease of synthesis, and lack of requirement for complex systems.

Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater by Sono Fenton Process Utilizing the in-Situ Generated Hydrogen Peroxide

Combining ultrasonic irradiation and the Fenton process as a sono-Fenton process, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in refinery wastewater was successfully eliminated using response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD). The impact of two main influential operational parameters (iron dosage and reaction time) on the COD removal from wastewater generated by an Iraqi petroleum refinery facility was explored. Removal of 85.81% was attained under the optimal conditions of 21 minutes and 0.289 mM of concentration. Additionally, the results revealed that the concentration of has the highest effect on the COD elimination, followed by reaction time. The high R2 value (96.40%) validated the strong fit of the model equation and the successful adopting RSM in the treatment of wastewaters from petroleum refineries. Furthermore, a comparison among sono-Fenton, sono-Fenton with addition of externally, classical Fenton and sonolysis processes showed that the combined process of sono-Fenton is better than individual processes and the external addition of .

Synthesis and optimization of a selective treatment network of wastewater streams contaminated with paracetamol

The synthesis and optimization of a selective treatment system for contaminated wastewater using Fenton and sono-Fenton oxidation processes is addressed in this work. The problem investigated can be useful for the selective treatment of hospital effluents contaminated with traces of some drug, and the removal of paracetamol is used as a study case. A nonlinear programming model (NLP) that uses a single treatment unit with a defined volume is proposed for the removal of paracetamol by using reported degradation kinetics for each advanced oxidation process evaluated. The cost of the treatment system is considered to be directly proportional to the treated flow. The use of the proposed model is illustrated with the solution of a case study that shows its versatility to achieve optimal treatment systems. Results show that, for the same set of effluents to be treated, the sono-Fenton process exhibits a better paracetamol remotion efficiency, i.e., requires less flow through the treatment unit. As higher concentrations of paracetamol are demanded in the discharge, the lesser is the flow of contaminant effluent that is sent to the treatment unit as well. Whilst, as lower concentrations of paracetamol are demanded in the discharge, an opposing effect is observed. Finally, a discussion of the removal ratio of paracetamol in the overall process and in the treatment unit as a function of the discharged limit of paracetamol in the effluent is addressed.

Mechanism analysis of hydroxypropyl guar gum degradation in fracture flowback fluid by homogeneous sono-Fenton process.

An effective hybrid system was applied as the first report for the successful treatment of key pollutants (hydroxypropyl guar gum, HPG) in fracturing flowback fluid, and the synergistic index of the hybrid system was 20.45. In this regard, chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal ratio was evaluated with various influencing operating factors including reaction time, H2O2 concentration, Fe2+ concentration, ultrasonic power, initial pH, and temperature. The optimal operating parameters by single-factor analysis method were: the pH of 3.0, the H2O2 concentration of 80mM, the Fe2+ concentration of 5mM, the ultrasonic power of 180W, the ultrasonic frequency of 20-25kHz, the temperature of 39℃, the reaction time of 30min, and the COD removal rate reached 81.15%, which was permissible to discharge surface water sources based on the environmental standards. A possible mechanism for HPG degradation and the generation of reactive species was proposed. Results of quenching tests showed that various impacts of the decomposition rate by addition of scavengers had followed the order of EDTA-2Na<BQ<t-BuOH, therefore OH radicals had a dominant role in destructing the HPG. Based on the kinetic study, it was concluded that Chan Kinetic Model was more appropriate to describe the degradation of HPG. Identification of intermediates by GC-MS showed that a wide range of recalcitrant compounds was removed and/or degraded into small molecular compounds effectively after treatment. Under the optimal conditions, the sono-Fenton system was used to treat the fracturing flowback fluid with the initial COD value of 675.21mg/L, and the COD value decreased to 80.83mg/L after 60min treatment, which was in line with the marine sewage discharge standard. In conclusion, sono-Fenton system can be introduced as a successful advanced treatment process for the efficient remediation of fracture flowback fluid.

Possibilities and Limitations of the Sono-Fenton Process Using Mid-High-Frequency Ultrasound for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants.

Mid-high-frequency ultrasound (200-1000 kHz) eliminates organic pollutants and also generates H2O2. To take advantage of H2O2, iron species can be added, generating a hybrid sono-Fenton process (sF). This paper presents the possibilities and limitations of sF. Heterogeneous (a natural mineral) and homogeneous (Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions) iron sources were considered. Acetaminophen, ciprofloxacin, and methyl orange were the target organic pollutants. Ultrasound alone induced the pollutants degradation, and the dual competing role of the natural mineral (0.02-0.20 g L-1) meant that it had no significant effects on the elimination of pollutants. In contrast, both Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions enhanced the pollutants' degradation, and the elimination using Fe2+ was better because of its higher reactivity toward H2O2. However, the enhancement decreased at high Fe2+ concentrations (e.g., 5 mg L-1) because of scavenger effects. The Fe2+ addition significantly accelerated the elimination of acetaminophen and methyl orange. For ciprofloxacin, at short treatment times, the degradation was enhanced, but the pollutant complexation with Fe3+ that came from the Fenton reaction caused degradation to stop. Additionally, sF did not decrease the antimicrobial activity associated with ciprofloxacin, whereas ultrasound alone did. Therefore, the chemical structure of the pollutant plays a crucial role in the feasibility of the sF process.

Ultrasound-assisted heterogeneous Fenton-like process for efficient degradation of tetracycline over SmFeO3/Ti3C2Tx catalyst

The relatively low performance of Fe(II) regeneration is an important problem of the conventional Fenton system. Novel SmFeO3/Ti3C2TX (SFO/TCT) catalysts were synthesized using a self-assembly method to address this shortcoming. XRD, FT-IR, XPS, SEM, HR-TEM, and BET-BJH analyses confirmed the successful synthesis of the SFO/TCT-10 composite material. The synthesized catalysts were used to degrade tetracycline (TC) under sonocatalytic and sono-Fenton catalytic processes. The SFO/TCT-10 catalyst showed excellent efficiency (99 % in 30 min) for the degradation of TC compared to SFO and TCT bare materials under the sono-Fenton process. In fact, TCT acted as the electron trapper to boost the separation and transition of generated carriers in composite material and improved its catalytic activity. The effects of different parameters on the degradation of TC with SFO/TCT-10 catalyst were studied, and the catalytic mechanism was explained. In addition, the possible degradation pathways were proposed. This study provides new insights into the synergy between SFO perovskite nanoparticles and TCT MXene in the sono-Fenton catalytic system for the degradation of TC.

The effect of media ion and nitrogen gas dissolved in water on color removal with sonolysis, Fenton and sono-Fenton in the continuous flow ultrasonic reactor

Ultrasound has been reserced as an alternative technique for color removal methods from water and wastewater. In this study the colar removal from water using sonolysis, Fenton and Sono-Fento was investigated and the effects of power intensity, media ions and nitrojen gas dissolved in water were investigated in model working solution with Basic Red 29 Dye in the continous flow ultasonic reactor. The experimentation was performed at 22 kHz ultrasonic frequency with different power intensity application in the ultrasonic system. The optimum color removal efficiency was achieved with 0.45 W/cm2 power intensity. The color removal efficiency of Basic Red 29 was raised to two times with the coexistent effect of media ions while the media ions and dissolved gas increased four times simultaneusly. To conclude, the color removal efficiency follewed from this order in sonolysis: N2+ SO4-2+ HCO-3+NO3-2 &gt; HCO-3&gt; SO4-2+ HCO-3+NO3-2&gt; SO4-2 &gt;N2&gt; NO3-2. In Fenton process, the effects of Fe+2 and H2O2 concentration on system performance were examined obtaining 89% color removal efficiency by using 20 mg/L Fe+2 and 1000mg/L H2O2. With the hybrid Sono-Fenton process, the required Fe+2 amount decreased by 1/5, when the color removal efficiency increased to 98 % and there is no significant effects of media ions and dissolved gas on Fenton and Sono-Fenton treatment. As a result of toxicity studies, it was seen that the initial toxicity of wastewater decreased with treatment and the Sono-Fenton method was the most effective method on toxicity removal.It was determined that color removal using Sono-Fenton can be accomplished successfully, economicly and environmental friedly.

Optimization and statistical analysis of sono-Fenton treated wastewater of food industry using reactor by response surface method

Abstract The present study deals with the treatment of complex waste (WW) treated for removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the food industry by a sono-Fenton process using a batch reactor. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the five independent variables, such as reaction time, the molar ratio of H2O2/Fe2+, volume ratio of H2O2/WW, pH of waste, and ultrasonic density on COD removal. The experimental data was optimized. The optimization yields the conditions: Reaction time of 24 min, HP:Fe molar ratio of 2.8, HP:WW volume ratio of 1.9 ml/L, pH of 3.6 and an ultrasonic density of 1.8 W/L. The predicted value of COD was 91% and the experimental result was 90%. The composite desirability value (D) of the predicted percent of COD removal at the optimized level of variables was close to one (D = 0.991).

Enhanced sonocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A with a magnetically recoverable biochar composite using rice husk and rice bran as substrate

Ultrasound (US)-assisted heterogeneous Fenton process can be effective in treating organic compounds. In this study, magnetic biochars were synthesized as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for bisphenol A (BPA) removal using rice bran (RB-MBC), rice husk (RH-MBC), and their mixture (RBH-MBC). The synthesized catalysts were characterized using a field emission scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, N2 adsorption–desorption, and X-ray diffractometry. The magnetic biochars had round crystalline maghemite grains with well-developed pores. The BPA degradation efficiency of RB-MBC (94.25%) was compared with that of RH-MBC (94.25%) and RBH-MBC (94.25%) in heterogeneous sono-Fenton triple system as well as single (RB-MBC (adsorption): 10.46%, H2O2: 2.45%, US (sonolysis): 1.45%) and dual (RB-MBC + US: 14.46%, RB-MBC + H2O2 (heterogeneous Fenton): 13.46%, H2O2 + US: 3.45%) system. The enhanced hydroxyl radical generation in the heterogeneous sono-Fenton process was quantified via photoluminescence analyses. According to artificial neural network analysis, the significance of the operating parameters for BPA degradation was in the following order: initial H2O2 concentration (27.79%), initial BPA concentration (20.87%), ultrasonic power (19.38%), RB-MBC dose (19.18%), and solution pH (12.78%). These findings can facilitate an understanding of the application of magnetic biochar derived from rice bran as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for degrading organic compounds under US irradiation.

Understanding the effects of mineral water matrix on degradation of several pharmaceuticals by ultrasound: Influence of chemical structure and concentration of the pollutants

Degradation of seven relevant pharmaceuticals with different chemical structures and properties: acetaminophen (ACE), cloxacillin (CXL), diclofenac (DCF), naproxen (NPX), piroxicam (PXC), sulfacetamide (SAM) and cefadroxil (CDX), in distilled water and mineral water by ultrasound was studied herein. Firstly, proper conditions of frequency and acoustic power were determined based on the degradation ability of the system and the accumulation of sonogenerated hydrogen peroxide (24.4 W and 375 kHz were found as the suitable conditions for the sonochemical treatment of the pharmaceuticals). Under such conditions, the pharmaceuticals degradation order in distilled water was: PXC > DCF ~ NPX > CXL > ACE > SAM > CDX. In fact, the initial degradation rate showed a good correlation with the Log P parameter, most hydrophobic compounds were eliminated faster than the hydrophilic ones. Interestingly, in mineral water, the degradation of those hydrophilic compounds (i.e., ACE, SAM and CDX) was accelerated, which was attributed to the presence of bicarbonate ions. Afterwards, mineral water containing six different initial concentrations (i.e., 0.331, 0.662, 3.31, 16.55, 33.1, and 331 µM) of selected pharmaceuticals was sonicated, the lowest concentration (0.331 µM) always gave the highest degradation of the pollutants. This result highlights the great ability of the sonochemical process to treat bicarbonate-rich waters containing pollutants at trace levels, as pharmaceuticals. Finally, the addition of ferrous ions to the sonochemical system to generate a sono-Fenton process resulted in an acceleration of degradation in distilled water but not in mineral water. This was attributed to the scavenging of sonogenerated HO• by bicarbonate anion, which decreases H2O2 accumulation, thus limiting the Fenton reaction.

Environmentally superior cleaning of diatom frustules using sono-Fenton process: Facile fabrication of nanoporous silica with homogeneous morphology and controlled size.

Existing techniques for the preparation of silica structures from diatom cells include cleaning of frustules through baking at high temperature and oxidant cleaning using concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). In this study, sono-Fenton (SF) process was examined to prepare nanoporous silica through cleaning diatom frustules, while preserving their structural features. Single colonies of Cyclotella sp. were cultivated in batch mode f/2-enriched seawater. Combination of Fenton process with ultrasonication was found to be more efficient than the sum of individual processes in the removal of organic compounds from Cyclotella sp. structure. The optimized amounts of operational parameters were determined as suspension pH of 3, diatom cell density of 4.8×105 cell mL-1, H2O2 concentration of 60mM, Fe2+ concentration of 15mM, ultrasound irradiation power of 400W and the temperature of 45°C. The results of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and thermal gravimetry (TG) analyses proved that organic materials covering the cell wall were significantly removed from the frustules through SF process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that after SF treatment, silica nanostructures were produced having uniform pores less than 15nm in diameter. N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms demonstrated that almost non-porous structure of diatom frustules became mesoporous during removing the organic matrix. Lipids, amino acids, carbohydrates and organic acids or their oxidized products were identified using GC-MS analysis as the main organic compounds released from diatom cells to the solution after SF treatment. Treated frustules exhibited adsorption capability of 91.2mg/g for Methylene Blue, which was almost 2.5 times higher than that of untreated frustules (34.8mg/g).

Degradation of emerging contaminants by sono-Fenton process with in situ generated H2O2 and the improvement by P25-mediated visible light irradiation

Developing advanced treatment methods to minimize the release of emerging contaminants to natural water has become a matter of considerable interest. Sono-Fenton process was investigated to degrade bisphenol A (BPA) and sulfadiazine (SDZ). The H2O2 generated in situ was used as the exclusive source. Results showed that, the 400 kHz ultrasound is more efficient in creating homogeneous sono-Fenton than the 20 kHz apparatus due to the higher production of OH. Influence of Fe2+ was more remarkable on the degradation of hydrophilic SDZ, and its degradation kinetics was well fitted by two-stage kinetic model. However, the Fe2+ and H2O2 were unproductively wasted, which could not be improved by changing the dosing modes of Fe2+. The presence of P25 under visible light irradiation could significantly accelerate SDZ degradation at small amount of iron precursors, mainly via promoting the Fe2+/Fe3+ cycling by the photoelectrons. Moreover, SDZ degradation in sono-Fenton process was significantly inhibited at pH > 7, but the inhibition was very weak in P25-assisted sono-Fenton process. The presence of P25 also improved the mineralization. Three primary degradation pathways of SDZ degradation were proposed, including the attacking of the benzene ring, the oxidation of the amino group and the extrusion of SO2.

Optimization and evaluation of the efficiency of sono-Fenton and photo-Fenton processes in the removal of 2, 4, 6 trinitrotoluene (TNT) from aqueous solutions

The adverse health effects of trinitrotoluene (TNT) include allergies, liver and blood damage, and carcinogenesis. The present study aimed to optimize the sono-Fenton and photo-Fenton processes for the removal of TNT from aqueous solutions. TNT removal was evaluated at various pH (acidic, neutral, and alkaline), pollutant concentrations (10, 30, 50, 100, and 120 mg/l), H2O2 concentration (10-80 mM), and ferrous ions (0.5-4 Mm). After the optimization of the parameters, the appropriate UV irradiation time and optimal time of ultrasonic waves were determined for the removal of this compound. TNT concentration was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Increased hydrogen peroxide from 10 to 40 mMole/l led to higher TNT degradation (45.3% to 88.4% and 40 to 80 mMole/l), while the removal rate decreased from 88.4% to 79%. At the optimal H2O2 concentration, increased pH (3±0.2 to 11±0.2) decreased TNT decomposition from 88.4% to 23.5%. In addition, increased time (5 to 60 minutes) led to the higher photo-Fenton process efficiency (68.6% to 89%). The maximum photo-Fenton efficiency was achieved in optimal conditions at the TNT concentration of 10 mg/L (97%) and 60 minutes, while the efficiency of the sono-Fenton process in optimal conditions was 100% at 20 minutes. Therefore, it was concluded that the sono-Fenton process was effective in the removal of TNT.

Degradation of Reactive Red 120 dye by a heterogeneous Sono-Fenton process with goethite deposited onto silica and calcite sand

The degradation of Reactive Red 120 dye (RR-120) in synthetic waters was studied. Two processes were considered: homogeneous sono-Fenton with iron(II) sulfate and heterogeneous sono-Fenton with synthetic goethite and goethite deposited onto silica and calcite sand (modified catalysts GS and GC, respectively). In 60 min of reaction, the homogeneous sono-Fenton process allowed a degradation of 98.10 %, in contrast with 96.07 % for the heterogeneous sono-Fenton process with goethite at pH 3.0. The removal of RR-120 increased when the modified catalysts were used instead of bare goethite. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon (TOC) measurements showed that the highest TOC and COD removals were achieved with the homogeneous sono-Fenton process. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) measurements allowed confirmed that the highest value of BOD5/COD was achieved with a heterogeneous sono-Fenton process (0.88?0.04 with the modified catalyst GC), demonstrating that the biodegradability of the residual organic compounds was remarkably improved.

Highly efficient catalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol by Mn3O4.CuO nanocomposite as a heterogeneous fenton-like catalyst

In this work, nano-sized mixed oxides of Mn3O4 and CuO were successfully prepared by a simple hydrothermal method and used as an effective heterogeneous sono-Fenton catalyst for p-nitrophenol (PNP) degradation at the neutral condition. The prepared nanocomposite was characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and N2 adsorption–desorption analysis. The results showed that the Mn3O4.CuO nanocomposite can catalyze efficiently the decomposition of PNP under ultrasonic irradiation in comparison with pristine Mn3O4 and CuO. The almost complete degradation of PNP was achieved within 20 min at pH 8.0 by using 0.1 mol/L of H2O2 and 0.01 g of the catalyst. Also, the stability and reusability test showed that the prepared nanocomposite had good stability during the Fenton process. Finally, the main oxidative species involved in the sono-Fenton process based on the results of radical species trapping experiments were identified.

A detailed examination on natural chromite as a heterogeneous catalyst in sono-Fenton process for removal of a cationic dye: Characterization and utilization potential

A detailed examination on natural chromite as a heterogeneous catalyst in sono-Fenton process for removal of a cationic dye: Characterization and utilization potential

Efficient Rapid Deodorization of Mercaptan-Contaminated Soil by Sono-Fenton Process: Response Surface Modeling and Optimization

The entry of mercaptans into the environment as an odor pollutant has always been considered as one of the environmental concerns. In this research, a sonochemical oxidation (sono-Fenton) method was used for rapid deodorizing of tert-butyl mercaptan (TBM) contaminated soil. The design of the experiments was conducted by CCD method and the effect of four different factors was investigated on the remediation efficiency. The complete remediation of the soil was achieved at a concentration of hydrogen peroxide equal to 1g/l, the weight ratio of iron sulfate to soil, 0.004, the sonication power of 100W, and the pollution charge of 25000 ppm. Pareto analysis showed that the factor of H2O2 concentration with an effect of 43% and sonication power with a 26% effect had the greatest effect on the efficiency of mercaptan removal. Based on the experimental results, increasing the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and sonication power through increasing hydroxyl oxidation radicals result in enhancing the removal efficiency. Further, increasing the pollution load decreases the remediation efficiency although the intensity and heat generated by the oxidation reaction increases. The fitted quadratic model with correlation coefficient of 98% can accurately predict the removal efficiency.