Sonneratia Research Articles

The Effect of Hydroquinone Extracted from Sonneratia caseolaris Fruit on the Hemolymph of Tiger Prawn, Penaeus monodon Fab., Infected by Vibrio harveyi

<p>Study on the effect of hydroquinone extracted from 5. <em>caseolaris </em>fruit on <em>Penaeus monodon </em>immune system was carried out. Hydroquinone was extracted by methanol and chloroform using a soxhlet apparatus. Two kinds of <em>in vivo </em>experiments were conducted that were (1) shrimps were only injected with hidroquinone and (2) shrimps were injected with hidroquinone and challenged with <em>Vibrio harveyi. </em>Total hemocyte, differential hemocyte and phagocytic index were examined on shrimp injected with only hidroquinone and shrimp injected with hidroquinone and challenged with <em>V. harveyi. </em>Total hemocyte of hydroquinone injected shrimp increased significantly by day 5 from 8.33xl06 to 4,93 x 107 cells/ml. Hyaline and semi granular hemocyte cells by day 7 decreased from 61,15% to 27,84% and 8,14% to 2,53%, respectively. However, granular hemocyte cells increase significantly from 30,71% to 69,63%. Phagocytic index increased significantly by day 7 from 0.41 to 0,76. These findings indicated that crude hydroquinone can increase non spesifik imune response of <em>P. monodon </em>against <em>V. harveyi </em>infection.</p> <p>Key words: hydroquinone. <em>Sonneratia caseolaris. Vibrio harveyi, Penaeus monodon, </em>immune system</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Kajian tentang efek hidrokuinon yang diekstraksi dari buah <em>S. caseolaris </em>pada sistem imun udang windu, <em>Penaeus monodon, </em>dilakukan. Hidrokuinon diekstraksi dengan methanol dan kloroform. Dua jenis percobaan <em>in vivo </em>dilakukan yaitu (1) udang hanya diinjeksi dengan hidrokuinon (2) udang diinjeksi dengan hidrokuinon kemudian diuji tantang dengan bakteri <em>Vibrio harveyi. </em>Total hemosit, diferensial hemosit dan indeks pagositas diperiksa pada udang yang dinjeksi dengan hidrokuinon saja dan pada udang yang diinjeksi dengan hidrokuinon dan diuji tantang dengan bakteri <em>V. harveyi. </em>Total hemosit meningkat secara nyata sampai hari ke 5 dari 8,33 x I06 ke 4,93 x 107 sel/ml. Hyaline dan sel-sel semi granular sampai hari ke 7 masing-masing turun dari 61,15% ke 27,84% dan 8,14% ke 2,53%. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa hidrokuinon dapat meningkatkan respon imun spesifik pada udang terhadap infeksi <em>V. harveyi. </em></p> Kata kunci: hidrokuinon, <em>Sonneratia caseolaris, Vibrio harveyi, Penaeus monodon, </em>sistem imun

Prevention of White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection on Penaeus monodon by Immersion in CEPM Extract of Avicennia sp. and Sonneratia sp.

<p>The quality and survival rate are still being the problem that hampers the productivity of black tiger shrimp, <em>Penaeus monodon</em> culture. Impaired quality of larval shrimp and environmental conditions can confer shrimp be infected by diseases, including viruses such as w<em>hite spot syndrome virus</em> (WSSV). Prevention of disease infection using chemicals can offer negative impacts on water, pathogen resistance and consumers. This study was conducted to examine the efficacy of an alternative prevention compound as liquid mangrove extract (CEPM) from <em>Avicennia </em>sp<em>. </em>and <em>Sonneratia </em>sp. By immersion in different dose of CEPM, i.e. 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm, the patogenicity of WSSV was found to be different. Patogenicity of WSSV decreased after treatment by CEPM, hence this could be used to induce shrimp immunity. Optimum dose of CEPM was 250 ppm, which could increased survival rate of shrimp after challenging by WSSV, up to 98.4% shrimp survived.</p> <p>Keywrods: WSSV, black tiger shrimp, extract, <em>Avicennia</em> sp., <em>Sonneratia</em> sp.</p> <p> </p> <p>ABSTRAK</p> <p>Kualitas dan kelangsungan hidup merupakan masalah yang masih membatasi produktivitas budidaya udang windu <em>Penaeus monodon</em>. Kondisi udang dan kualitas lingkungan yang kurang baik dapat menyebabkan udang terserang penyakit, termasuk yang disebabkan oleh virus termasuk w<em>hite spot syndrome virus</em> (WSSV). Upaya pengendaliannya menggunakan bahan kimia secara berlebih dapat menimbulkan dampak negatif bagi lingkungan perairan, kesehatan konsumen dan menimbulkan resistensi patogen. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui efektivitas bahan alternatif berupa cairan ekstrak pohon mangrove (CEPM) dari jenis<em> Avicennia </em>sp<em>. </em>dan <em>Sonneratia </em>sp. sebagai upaya pencegahan. Dengan perendaman beberapa konsentrasi yang berbeda (250, 500, 750 dan 1000 ppm) penggunaan cairan ekstrak pohon mangrove (CEPM) <em>Avicennia </em>sp.<em> </em>dan <em>Sonneratia </em>sp<em>.</em>, memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda terhadap patogenitas WSSV dan udang uji pada setiap perlakuan. Tingkat patogenitas WSSV relatif menurun setelah perlakuan tersebut sehingga dapat digunakan untuk merangsang kekebalan tubuh udang. Perlakuan yang optimal yaitu pada dosis 250 ppm, dimana pada perlakuan ini dapat meningkatkan kelangsungan hidup udang uji yang diuji tantang dengan w<em>hite spot syndrome virus</em> (WSSV) dengan tingkat kelangsungan hidup 98,4 %.</p> <p>Kata kunci: WSSV, udang windu, ekstrak, <em>Avicennia</em> sp., <em>Sonneratia</em> sp.</p> <p> </p>

An attempt to recover economic losses from decadal changes in two lagoon systems of Sri Lanka through a newly patented mangrove product

Kahandamodara and Kalametiya are two estuarine lagoons located within about 12 km distance along the Southern coast of Sri Lanka. According to a socio-economic survey, both lagoons have been moderately to high saline water bodies and the latter was an important center of prawn fishery until the late 1960s. Two irrigation projects upstream (Udawalawe irrigation scheme and Muruthawela Wewa), which came into operation in 1967 and 1968 respectively, increased freshwater inflows to these two lagoons and altered flora, fauna, and water quality, with a decline of lagoon fishery as a result. At the same time, the increase in freshwater favorised the Mangrove Apple Sonneratia caseolaris to expand spontaneously. Following many hectares of vegetation increase of this species, our study focused on recovering the economic loss of fisheries decline by using new ethnobotanic information on this species. We found that the pulp of the fruit of the Mangrove Apple is tasty and can be used to prepare a fruit drink. However, it has not been commercialised, or even practiced widely at homes, due to the fact that numerous small seeds in the fruit release certain phenolic compounds when damaged, giving a bad colour and an astringent taste to the pulp. We developed a method to get the fruit pulp from the Mangrove Apple minimising the addition of phenolic compounds. This fruit pulp was then used to produce ice cream and fruit drinks, and the whole procedure has been patented in Sri Lanka for the favour of the local people. Apparently this is a novel mangrove product reported for the first time in mangrove ethnobotany. In addition, analysis of the fruit pulp of the S. caseolaris for nutritional composition revealed that it is very rich in phosphorus and dietary fiber, indicating that these new products may have an even higher potential as a supplementary food. Its use as a health food and as a commercialised eco-product is expected to bring new gains in spite of the former ecosystem and fishery decrease. It is however not known to which extent these novel ethnobiological/socio-economical uses outbalance functions lost by ecosystem degradation.

Preface

Biocomplexity Research Team, c/o laboratory of General Botany and Nature Management, Mangrove Management Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Begium e-mail: fdahdouh@vub.ac.be Fig. 1 Due to degradation of a coastal mangrove lagoon in Southern Sri Lanka an adverse canopy turnover was observed from typical and vulnerable mangrove trees species with particular physical, ecological and ethnobiological functions to species that do not have similar functions such as the Mangrove Apple Sonneratia caseolaris. However, the degradation was balanced by the commercialisation of this species for and by local people. Although this is a nice example of how traditional ethnobiological knowledge has been patented for the benefit of the people, it is not yet known to which extent this novel use outbalances ecological functions lost. For more information see Jayatissa et al. (this issue)

The Breathing Roots of Sonneratia and Bruguiera: A Review of the Recent Work by Troll and Dragendorff

The Breathing Roots of Sonneratia and Bruguiera: A Review of the Recent Work by Troll and Dragendorff