Sonneratia Caseolaris Research Articles

Analysis of PH, foam stability, and antioxidant activity in soap formulation from extract of pedada leaves (Sonneratia caseolaris) and pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius)

Plant-based antioxidant soap formulations need to continue to be developed. Soap formulated from extracts of pedada leaves (Sonneratia caseolaris) and pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius) has been observed using 5-15 mL acetone or ethanol solvents for pedada leaf extraction, and extract concentrations of 0-40% and cocamide-DEA 2-8% for pandan leaves. The formulation results obtained from observing soap products from pedada leaf and pandan leaf extracts have pH, foam stability, antioxidant activity, and detergency power that comply with standards. Contour plot analysis for both formulations shows that the pH of the soap will decrease as the amount of solvent used decreases. Meanwhile, the addition of cocamide DEA increases the pH of liquid soap. Foam stability increases with increasing solvent amount but slightly decreases with the addition of cocamide-DEA.

Mangroves and Associated Flora of Vashista Godavari Estuary from Darbharevu to Biyyaputippa, West Godavari District, AP, India

Mangrove ecosystem is one of the productive ecosystems in aquatic environment. Mangrove populations occurring along the Vashista branch of Godavari River were studied using line transect with 16 m² quadrates and the quadrate samples were analyzed. In the present investigation a total of 16 mangrove species were reported, out of which four are true mangrove species, six associated mangroves and six halophytes were reported. Transect studies revealed that mangroves were distributed up to 10 to 20 meters in Darbharevu and 30 to 40 meters in Biyyaputippa region. Most of the forest in Darbharevu is in form of long strip and in Biyyaputippa forest extends and density of species was high than Darbharevu. In both study sites (Darbharevu and Biyyaputippa) the species with the highest density was Suaeda monoica whereas the species with lowest density was Sonneratia caseolaris. The maximum height in these two stations varied from 5 to 10 meters only. Percentage frequencies of DBH (Density at Breast Height) classes were estimated. In the present study only two diameter classes in Darbharevu and 4 classes in Biyyaputippa were reported. This is an indicative of the small and bushy mangrove vegetation in station 1 and little bit larger canopy was reported in station 2. Anthropogenic and aqua industry play a critical impact on the survival of this mangrove ecosystems.

Antioxidant Activity of Lotion From Sonneratia caseolaris Leaves and Trigona sp. Propolis Extract

Daily activities can trigger free radicals due to air pollution and increase the decline in skin health. One of the prevention efforts by using a lotion that made from natural ingredients. Natural ingredients such as Sonneratia caseolaris leaves and Trigona sp. bee propolis are still limited used in the form of lotion combination preparations. The purpose of this study was to explore the antioxidant activity of a combination lotion of S. caseolaris leaves and Trigona sp. bee propolis. Antioxidant activity was detemine by used the DPPH technique with lotion formula combination of S. caseolaris leaves and Trigona sp. bee propolis. F1 (1:1), F2 (2:1) and F3 (1:2) accompanied by a physical stability test of the lotion. The results showed that preparations F1, F2, F3 had strong antioxidants in the concentration range of 60-100 ppm. The three formulas met the criteria for a stable lotion preparation. The combination lotion formula has potential in the development of cosmetic products from natural ingredients.

MANGROVE HEALTH INDEX IN MARTAJASAH MANGROVE ECOTOURISM, BANGKALAN REGENCY, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA

Mangrove areas need to be considered from the condition of distribution and density of mangrove forests for future mangrove forest management planning, especially on Madura Island, especially Martajasah mangrove ecotourism. The purpose of this study is to determine the type of mangrove, canopy cover, and mangrove health index. The method used in this study is observation, which is to know the general overview of the research to be carried out. The selection of the research location was determined by the stratified random sampling method. The canopy cover on the mangrove was measured using the Hemispherical Photography method using the front camera of the OPPO Reno 6 phone with a camera resolution of 8 megapixels with a 180° angle of view at the point of taking the photo. The results of this study found 7 types of mangroves, including Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, and Lumnitzera racemosa. The percentage of canopy cover obtained an average score of 63.44% or in the solid category. This indicates that the mangrove ecosystem found in Martajasah mangrove ecotourism is in a good category. The Mangrove Health Index in Martajasah Mangrove Ecotourism is included in normal (33-66%).

Pembuatan Sabun Transparan Berbasis Minyak Kelapa dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Buah Pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris) sebagai Bahan Antioksidan

Mangrove Apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) is a fruit native from tropical area that has antioxidant activity. This study aims to produce transparent soap with pedada fruit antioxidant enhancing agents and the observation of transparent soap quality in accordance with SNI 03-3532-1994 and antioxidant activity of transparent soap. Research began with pre-treatment process, namely extraction of mangrove apple enhancing agent by maceration and infundation method using methanol and water solvent. The obtained extracts were then added as variation of coconut oil soap production formula. The obtained soaps were then tested for free alkali rate, free fatty acid rate, moisture content, foam stability, pH and antioxidant activity by DPPH method. The antioxidant activity of the obtained soap shows that with the formulation by 0.5 g of methanol maceration extract of mangrove apple resulted in soap with IC50 antioxidant activity of 122.30 μg/mL.

The potential of Sonneratia caseolaris mangrove leaves extract as a bioactive food ingredient using various water extract

Background Sonneratia caseolaris, known as the red pidada, has been widely utilized by the Indonesian. S. caseolaris leaves contain various active compounds, contributing to their popularity in the treatment of various diseases. Mangrove leaves are also known to exhibit very high antioxidant activity. This study aims to assess the antioxidant activity of S . caseolaris leaves extracted using different solvents. The resulting extract was evaluated for antioxidant activity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH) techniques. Methods Analysis of total flavonoids, total phenols, identification of active compounds with Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and bioinformatics were also carried out to obtain temporary conclusions about the antioxidant activity of S. caseolaris leaf extract. Results The results indicated that S. caseolaris leaves extracted with methanol and distilled water exhibited the highest antioxidant activity compared to other extracts. The analysis of total flavonoids and total phenols yielded results consistent with the antioxidant activity tests. LC-HRMS results identified three compounds in all S. caseolaris leaf extracts with antioxidant activity, namely Tempo, Choline, and Betaine. Tempo demonstrated a higher antioxidant activity than Choline and Betaine, as indicated by the binding affinity values in the bioinformatics analysis. Conclusions It is evident that S. caseolaris leaf extract has the potential to serve as an effective an antioxidant agent. Further research is needed to elucidate confirm the potential compounds in Sonneratia caseolaris leaves water extract interact with the target protein Keap1. S. caseolaris, in order to utilize them as active components in food and enhance antioxidant consumption among consumers.

Aktivitas Antioksidan Formula Nano Gel Kombinasi Daun Sonneratia caseolaris dan Trigona sp. Propolis

Sonneratia caseolaris and Kelulut propolis (Trigona sp.) are used by people to protect the face from sun exposure. Both have antioxidant potential, but until now no one has used the combination of these two natural ingredients as an antioxidant. The aims of this research were to obtain antioxidant activity from nano gel formula combination of Sonneratia caseolaris and Trigona sp Propolis extracts. The nano gel formulation was made into 3 formulations with concentrations of F1 (1:1), F2 (1:2) and F3 (2:1) by evaluating the preparation and antioxidant activity by using DPPH method. The evaluation results showed that all of the nano gel formulas were in accordance with the standard characteristics of the preparation and strong antioxidant activities with IC50 (µg/mL) result : F1 (17.568), F2 (35.112) and F3 (14.503). Based on the IC50 results, the greatest antioxidant activity was obtained in Formula 1.

The natural food composition of long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis Raffles, 1821) inhabiting the Muara Angke Wildlife Reserve in North Jakarta

Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) is one species of wild animals inhabits Muara Angke Wildlife Reserve (SMMA), a wetland reserve predominantly grown by mangrove swamp forest. As there is high encounter of M. fascicularis with human and high incident of human-given food, it is important to understand the composition of natural food of M. fascicularis. The method used was quantitative with data collection techniques using scan sampling technique with 5-minute intervals. Natural food source for M. fascicularis in SMMA is provided by 17 species of plants. The main natural food sources providing both leaves and fruits are Ficus benjamina (54.62%) and Sonneratia caseolaris (28.9%). The most common plant parts eaten by M. fascicularis are leaves (61%) and fruit (21%), resembles to those of leaf monkeys (langurs). However, is a high possibility that nutrient needed to supplement high leaf consumption in SMMA monkeys is provided by non-natural human-given food.

Structure and composition of mangrove vegetation in the coastal area of Mandalika International Street Circuit, Central Lombok, Indonesia

Abstract. Jayadi EM, Rahman FA, Ihsan MS, Fitriah L, Agustini D. 2024. Structure and composition of mangrove vegetation in the coastal area of Mandalika International Street Circuit, Central Lombok, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 2719-2728. Mangrove is one of the coastal vegetation that has an ecological role as a buffer for essential areas such as the Mandalika International Street Circuit Special Economic Zone located around the coastal area of Central Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This research, conducted with a rigorous methodology, aims to determine the current condition of the diversity of mangrove vegetation and their vegetation structure as a buffer ecosystem in the Mandalika International Street Circuit area, West Nusa Tenggara. The study utilized the quadrant transect method, a widely accepted approach, with plots measuring 2×2 m2 (seedling strata), 5×5 m2 (sapling strata), 10×10 m2 (pole strata), and 20×20 m2 (tree strata). The total number of observation plots was 49 measuring plots in a total area of the mangrove ecosystem of 38.68 ha. The research results showed that four families and five genera were found consisting of 11 species of mangroves: Avicennia alba Blume, Avicennia lanata Ridl., Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.Rob., Rhizophora apiculata Blume, Rhizophora mucronata Lam., Rhizophora stylosa Griffith, Scyphiphora hydrophyllaceae C.F.Gaertn., Sonneratia alba Sm., Sonneratia caseolaris (L.) Engl., and Sonneratia ovata Backer. Rhizophora apiculata is the species with the highest density in the strata of seedlings (261 individuals/ha), saplings (312 individuals/ha), poles (444 individuals/ha), and trees (160 individuals/ha); this condition is in line with the importance value index R. apiculata with the highest values in seedlings (105.21%), saplings (89.14%), poles (129.61%), and trees (119.60%). Shannon-Wiener diversity index in the mangrove ecosystem in the Mandalika International Street Circuit is in the quite good category with an even diversity value with an H' value of no less than 1 (1.425).

Ethnobotanical Analysis of Mangroves as Food Resources in East Lampung

The world is experiencing a food crisis due to climate change, and mangroves as a blue ecosystem have a significant potential to mitigate this crisis. This research seeks to record the ethnobotanical practices of utilising mangroves, as a food source in East Lampung. We employed the snowball sampling method in Margasari village, Purwerejo village, and Karya Makmur village. In addition, we gathered data on mangrove species, parts of used, processing methods, products, and their properties, through interviews and observations. Also, we analysed the data using descriptive analysis to provide a comprehensive overview of the varieties of mangroves, their processing, and the resulting products. This research revealed that the communities employs five distinct varieties of mangroves as sustenance sources. Mangroves produce various food products from their four components: fruit, juvenile leaves, old leaves, and propagules. Notably, processed products, including pidada fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris), are anti-hypertensive, canker sores, and heartburn treatments. Jeruju leaves (Acanthus ilicifolius) are known to improve stamina, and seeds without the root of Rhizophora mucronata propagules act as anti-gastritis agents, improve blood circulation, and prevent anaemia. Although there are ten processed mangrove products, they are still considered traditional and are not as popular among the newer generation.

DIVERSITY OF MANGROVES AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS IN MANDANGISIAO ESTUARY, MISAMIS ORIENTAL, PHILIPPINES

The study aimed to assess the diversity status of mangroves and associates. Four transect lines were established perpendicular to the shoreline, ranging from 20 to 100 meters based on mangrove stand size. Along these transects, three 10 m × 10 m quadrat plots were set up to evaluate mangrove trees, and within each quadrat, a 2 m × 2 m regeneration plot was established. The study calculated the di-versity indices, such as relative frequency, relative density, and relative dominance to determine the species im-portance value. A total of four mangrove species and two associated plants were identified, representing three mangrove families and three genera, as well as three plant families and three genera for associated plants. The record-ed species included Avicennia marina, Nypa fruticans, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Acanthus ebrac-teatus, and Acrostichum speciosum. The overall diversity value of the mangroves and associated plants was 0.87, indi-cating relatively low species richness. The true mangroves, Rhizophora mucronata exhibited the highest values for relative density (68.07%), while Nypa fruticans is the highest in terms of relative dominance (42.20%). Both have the same highest value in relative frequency (32.43%). All in all, the highest species importance value for true mangroves is Rhizophora mucronata with 126.23%. In associated plants, highest value of relative density and relative frequency belongs to Acanthus ebracteatus with 58% and 60%, respectively. Subsequently, the highest species importance value for associated plants is 118% for Acanthus ebracteatus. The study concluded that the Mandangisiao Estuary in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental has a limited species diversity, contrary to the initial hypothesis. Furthermore, the mangrove forest in the estuary faces potential threats from garbage dumping, tree cutting, boat mooring, and human encroachment, despite all the recorded species having a Least Concern conservation status.

Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Pedada Fruit Extract (Sonneratia Caseolaris) to Prevent Stunting

Stunting is a problem that still cannot be resolved throughout the world, especially in Indonesia. Children who are malnourished show high levels of blood oxidative stress biomarkers as well as inhibition in growth. To understand prevention of stunting, research was conducted using pedada fruit (Sonneratia caseolaris) which is a mangrove plant taken at the Wonorejo Magrove Ecotourism, Rungkut District, Surabaya City, East Java. The results of the research were used to reveal that there are bioactive compounds in pedada fruit extract to prevent stunting. This research used One Shot Experimental Study. The variables studied used primary data from screening of phenolic and flavonoid antioxidant metabolite compounds at the FK UHT Pharmacy Laboratory and screening for Cu, Fe, Zn mineral content at the UPT East Java Nutrition Laboratory. Result: Based on the results of qualitative phytochemical screening, pedada fruit contained phytochemical compounds, namely phenolics and flavonoids. Mineral screening of pedada fruit was carried out using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Pedada fruit extract contained zinc (Zn) of 1.057 mg, while copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) of 0 mg.

The potential of Sonneratia caseolaris mangrove leaves extract as a bioactive food ingredient using various water extract

Background Sonneratia caseolaris, known as the red pidada, has been widely utilized by the Indonesian. S. caseolaris leaves contain various active compounds, contributing to their popularity in the treatment of various diseases. Mangrove leaves are also known to exhibit very high antioxidant activity. This study aims to assess the antioxidant activity of S . caseolaris leaves extracted using different solvents. The resulting extract was evaluated for antioxidant activity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH) techniques. Methods Analysis of total flavonoids, total phenols, identification of active compounds with Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and bioinformatics were also carried out to obtain temporary conclusions about the antioxidant activity of S. caseolaris leaf extract. Results The results indicated that S. caseolaris leaves extracted with methanol and distilled water exhibited the highest antioxidant activity compared to other extracts. The analysis of total flavonoids and total phenols yielded results consistent with the antioxidant activity tests. LC-HRMS results identified three compounds in all S. caseolaris leaf extracts with antioxidant activity, namely Tempo, Choline, and Betaine. Tempo demonstrated a higher antioxidant activity than Choline and Betaine, as indicated by the binding affinity values in the bioinformatics analysis. Conclusions It is evident that S. caseolaris leaf extract has the potential to serve as an effective an antioxidant agent. Further research is needed to elucidate confirm the potential compounds in Sonneratia caseolaris leaves water extract interact with the target protein Keap1. S. caseolaris, in order to utilize them as active components in food and enhance antioxidant consumption among consumers.

Floristic diversity of mangroves and mangrove associate species of Kali River Estuary, Karwar, Karnataka, India

This study assessed the mangrove flora of the Kali River estuary, Uttara Kannada district, Karnataka. Fourteen true mangrove species belonging to eight families and 11 genera were documented from four locations: Devbagh, Mavinhole, Kalimatha Island, and Halgejoog. The mangrove species show a discontinuous distribution pattern in the Kali River estuary. The highest IVI in true mangroves was recorded for Avicennia officinalis at Devbagh, Acanthus ilicifolius at Mavinhole, Sonneratia caseolaris (after Oryza coarctata) at Kalimatha Island, and S. caseolaris (after Derris trifoliata) at Halgejoog. Of the four sites, Devbagh has the highest Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and with regard to species composition, Devbagh and Kalimatha Island are the most similar sites. Kalimatha island has the most well-preserved mangrove community.

The effectiveness of adding antioxidant compounds from pedada leaves extract (Sonneratia Caseolaris) in antiseptic soap production

Pedada leaves (Sonneratia caseolaris) are plants from tropical areas with relatively high antioxidant content. This research aims to make antiseptic soap with the addition of pedada leaves and see the quality of the antiseptic soap by SNI 03-3532-1994. This research includes the pre-treatment process, namely taking pedada leaf extract by maceration using ethanol and acetone solvents using a variety of evaporation tools in the form of a water bath and soxhlet, then making soap with coconut oil with variations used in the form of evaporation methods and the amount of extract used. This research analyzed water content, free alkali, and free fatty acids. The observations showed that using a water bath would produce a more significant amount of extract. The results of the soap-free alkali analysis produced ranged from 0.061% to 0.088%, which shows that the free alkali content is still below the limit determined by SNI. The lowest water content analysis results obtained were 11.30%.

Possibility Of Using Sonneratia Caseolaris (L.) Engl) In the Aquaponic Model with White Shrimp combined with Tilapia

The Aquaponic system has been widely implemented in various locations, primarily in freshwater environments, requiring adaptation to be compatible with saltwater ecosystems. The objective of this research is to explore the wastewater treatment capability of the Sonneratia caseolaris in a saltwater environment when applied to a recirculating aquaponic model for white-leg shrimp cultivation. The investigative process involves cultivation and determination of the water treatment coefficient of the Sonneratia caseolaris. The environmental parameters under scrutiny include NH4 +, NO2 −, NO3 −, and total phosphorus per gram of plant biomass. Phase 1 consists of seedling production and model design; when the plants reach three months old, they will be tested with shrimp wastewater to assess their treatment capabilities. The results will provide parameters for operating the model in Phase 2. In Phase 2, the aquaponic model involves shrimp tanks (300 shrimp/1 m3), fish tanks (50 fish/0.5 m3), and the plant’s cultivation system. In Phase 1, the plant demonstrated treatment efficiencies of 90% for NH4 +, 95% for NO2-, 32% for NO3 −, and 27% for total phosphorus after 7 days. The treatment coefficients achieved were as follows (mg/g plants biomass): NH4 +: 0.006, NO2 − 0.005, NO3 − 0.017, total phosphorus: 0.057. Transitioning to Phase 2, the results confirm that the aquaponic model, incorporating Sonneratia caseolaris for water recirculation in shrimp farming, is not only technically feasible for small-scale aquaponic models but also scalable for large-scale farm production. Furthermore, the leaves and fruits of Sonneratia caseolaris can serve as a supplementary herbal source for aquaculture species, enhancing the economic sustainability of the recirculating model.

The potential of Sonneratia caseolaris mangrove leaves extract as a bioactive food ingredient using various water extract

Background Sonneratia caseolaris, known as the red pidada, has been widely utilized by the Indonesian. S. caseolaris leaves contain various active compounds, contributing to their popularity in the treatment of various diseases. Mangrove leaves are also known to exhibit very high antioxidant activity. This study aims to assess the antioxidant activity of S . caseolaris leaves extracted using different solvents. The resulting extract was evaluated for antioxidant activity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH) techniques. Methods Analysis of total flavonoids, total phenols, identification of active compounds with Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS), and bioinformatics were also carried out to obtain temporary conclusions about the antioxidant activity of S. caseolaris leaf extract. Results The results indicated that S. caseolaris leaves extracted with methanol and distilled water exhibited the highest antioxidant activity compared to other extracts. The analysis of total flavonoids and total phenols yielded results consistent with the antioxidant activity tests. LC-HRMS results identified three compounds in all S. caseolaris leaf extracts with antioxidant activity, namely Tempo, Choline, and Betaine. Tempo demonstrated a higher antioxidant activity than Choline and Betaine, as indicated by the binding affinity values in the bioinformatics analysis. Conclusions It is evident that S. caseolaris leaf extract has the potential to serve as an effective an antioxidant agent. Further research is needed to elucidate confirm the effectiveness of S. caseolaris leaves as an antioxidant substance, in order to utilize them as active components in food and enhance antioxidant consumption among consumers.

The spatial variability of physicochemical parameters of mangrove soil and mangrove species in Negombo Lagoon, Sri Lanka

Mangrove forests are unique and invaluable ecosystems due to their role in biodiversity, coastal protection, and carbon sequestration. This study examined spatial variability of selected physicochemical parameters of mangrove soil and species distribution at the Negombo lagoon. Eighteen sampling sites were selected based on judgmental sampling techniques. A 10 m x 10 m area was selected within the 1 km x 1 km grid to get the replicate soil samples from 0 − 15, 15–30 and 30–45 cm depths from the surface. Further, a vegetation survey was conducted to identify mangrove species in the same 10 m x 10 m area. Soil temperature, pH, salinity, and soil organic matter (OM) were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. Results show that temperature varied spatially from 25.2 °C to 30.0 °C, with the highest temperature recorded in the topsoil layer. Soil pH and salinity spatially varied from 5.39 to 8.31 and 0.56 % to 8.83 %, respectively. Soil organic matter spatially varied from 2.56 % to 15.7 % and increased with the increasing depth. Soils with high salinity tend to reduce OM by accelerating the mineralization of OM. Correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between salinity and OM (r = 0.57; P < 0.05). Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronate and Avicennia marina were associated more in soils with high salinity (3.72 % − 7.15 %) and neutral to weakly alkaline pH. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza was more prevalent in soils with higher salinity (7.69 % − 8.83 %) and lower pH, while Lumnitzera racemosa was found in acidic to slightly alkaline pH but with low salinity (1.35 % − 1.92 %) soils. Sonneratia caseolaris was recorded in soils with the lowest salinity (0.83 % − 1.04 %). The findings offer valuable insights for decision-making processes for conserving and restoring mangrove forests, providing effective and sustainable environmental management strategies.

The role of inulin extract from mangrove apple (Sonneratia caseolaris) and Lactobacillus plantarum combination as a synbiotic

Synbiotic yogurt products can be developed using mangrove apple extract inulin as a prebiotic in combination with Lactobacillus plantarum to form a probiotic. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the optimal concentrations of inulin extracted from mangrove apple for the viability of L. plantarum as a synbiotic in vitro and its antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The samples were divided into 5 groups and 4 replicates consisting of different concentrations of inulin extracted from mangrove apple (IEMA) at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12% w/v, which was combined with L. plantarum as a synbiotic. The result showed that the addition of IEMA with different concentrations had a significant effect (p&lt;0.05) on the viability of L. plantarum in gastric juice and bile salt after 5 h of exposure. The total bacteria significantly decreased (p&lt;0.05) after 4 weeks of storage period. The antibacterial activity of IEMA at concentrations of 9% and 12% was higher than other treatments as demonstrated by p&lt;0.05. IEMA increased the viability with the concentration of 9% being the most effective (p&lt;0.05) on acid, bile salt, resistance, and storage periods. Based on the results, IEMA can also inhibit the growth of S. aureus.

ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF RAMBAI (Sonneratia Caseolaris) LEAVES EXTRACT AGAINST STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS

Background: The 2018 Riskesdas data stated that dental caries prevalence in Indonesia was 88.8%. Dental caries is a multifactorial disease characterized by hard tissue damage to the enamel, dentin, and cementum of the teeth. One of the causes of caries is the presence of a microorganism called Streptococcus mutans. Rambai leaf extract (Sonneratia caseolaris) is a typical plant of South Kalimantan with content flavonoids, tripernoids, tannins, phenols, steroids that have antibacterial properties against the growth of Streptococcus mutans which can prevent caries. Purpose: To determine the difference in the effectiveness of the antibacterial extract of rambai leaves (Sonneratia caseolaris) against bacteria Streptococcus mutans in vitro. Methods: This research was a true experimental with a post-test-only design and a control group, using six treatment groups, namely 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, positive control (povidone iodine 1%), and negative control (aquadest) respectively. Each treatment got 3 repetitions. The antibacterial test method used in this study was the liquid dilution method to determine the Minimun Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by using Spectrophotometer and solid dilution to determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) by using tools Colony Counter. Results: Based on the results and data analysis, it can be seen that the rambai leaf extract has a MIC of 20% and a MBC of 60%. Conclusion: Rambai leaf extract (Sonneratia caseolaris) can inhibit and have antibacterial activity against the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Keywords: Antibacterial, Rambai leaf extract, Streptococcus mutans