Sonneratia Alba Research Articles

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MANGROVE DENSITY AND SEDIMENTATION RATE IN COASTAL KUALA JAMBI DISTRICT TANJUNG JABUNG TIMUR JAMBI PROVINCE

This research was carried out from March to April 2021 in the coastal area of ​​Kuala Jambi District, Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency, Jambi Province. The samples were processed at the Marine Biology and Marine Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Universitas Riau, which aims to examine the density of mangroves, analyze the sedimentation rate, and know the relationship between mangrove density and sedimentation rate. A survey method was used in this study. The results showed that the dominant mangrove species in the coastal waters of Kuala Jambi was Sonneratia alba with an Important Index Value (INP) of 103.5%. Mangrove density in the coastal waters of Kuala Jambi was included in good criteria with moderate and very dense mangrove cover. The bottom sediment of the coastal waters of Kuala Jambi was dominated by the type of sandy mud with a percentage of 42.23 - 55.63%. The value of the sedimentation rate in the coastal waters of Kuala Jambi at station 1 ranged from 94.401 to 141.602 mm/year. At station 2, the sedimentation rate was between 98.692 and 168.778 mm/year, while at station 3 the sedimentation rate was from 100.122 to 145.893 mm/year. Mangrove density had a very close relationship with the sedimentation rate, where the higher the mangrove density, was followed by the higher the sedimentation rate.

Mangroves leaves phyllosphere bacteria community and its ability to survive under pyrene stress during the acclimation process

Plants in general and mangroves in particular can harbor hyper-diverse microorganisms in their different compartments including the phyllosphere area. This study used the leaves of three mangrove species; black mangrove (Avicenia germinans), red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) and mangrove apple (Sonneratia alba) in order to evaluate the phyllosphere epiphytic bacterial community on their leaves surface and assess the ability of some epiphytic bacteria to tolerate and survive under pyrene stress. Through the 16S rRNA genes sequencing, 380203, 405203 and 344863 OTUs were identified respectively in the leaves of mangroves apple, black and red mangroves. The identified OTUs was positively correlated with leaves-wax (p < 0.05, r2 = 0.904), nitrogen (r2 = 0.72), phosphorus content (r2 = 0.62) and the water factor (r2 = 0.93). It was however highly and negatively correlated with the canopy cover (r2 = 0.93). The pyrene degradation rate in the mineral salt medium (MSM) containing pyrene as external stress was different in each mangrove species and varied depending on various factors. Therefore, through the succession culture in MSM, several bacteria strain belonging to Rhizobiales and Enterobacteres were found to be abundant in red mangroves. Bacteria belonging to Bacilliales and Sphingobacteriales were more abundant in mangroves apples and bacteria from Xanthomonadales and Sphingomonadales were more presents in back mangroves. The important finding was to reveal that the black mangrove at the non-submerged substrate, recorded the highest number of OTU, coinciding with its highest leaf's nitrogen and phosphorus content and most importantly, its highest rate of pyrene degradation. The general result of this study join previous research results and get place in the mangrove agenda, as part of a better understanding insight into the role of plant identity in driving the phyllosphere epiphytic microbial community structures in mangrove ecosystems.

Mangrove litter production in Sei Carang waters of Tanjungpinang City, Riau Island Province

Sei Carang waters are a mangrove ecosystem area with a fairly wide area coverage, Sei Carang waters have mangrove ecosystems. This study aims to determine the level of mangrove density and production of mangrove litter in Sei Carang. This research was conducted May-June 2022 located in Sei Carang. Observation locations were determined by survey methods and point selection using purposive sampling. Then observations using line transects using a plot measuring 10x10 m. There were 6 species found at the study site, namely: Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Bruguiera sexangula, Sonneratia alba, Xylocarpus granatum. The most common types were found at station 1 where there were 6 of them, and at station 3 there were only 4 types. With density levels ranging from 1633.33 ind/ha to 2300 ind/ha. And also the highest litter production value occurs at station 3 with an average value of 7.21 (gbk/m2) and the lowest occurs at station 2 with an average value of 2.27 (gbk/m2), and the parameters of the Sei Carang waters are still relatively low. good for the life of the mangrove ecosystem when compared to seawater Quality Standards Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 22 of 2021 concerning the Implementation of Environmental Protection and Management, Attachment VII.

Carbon Sequestration of Above Ground Biomass Approach in the Rehabilitated Mangrove Stand at Jepara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia

Highlight Research Mangrove rehabilitation area has a better potential for carbon sequestration The more trees that grew and developed with a large DBH size the more affected the biomass, carbon content and carbon sequestration of mangroves. Among the four species studied, mucronatais characterized by highest carbon density storage Temperature and salinity affect the value of mangrove biomass, carbon content, and carbon sequestration Abstract Among its many advantages, mangroves have a function as carbon sequestration and storage. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the ability of various rehabilitated mangrove species of carbon Sequestration of Above-Ground Biomass. This study was conducted from June 2020 to December 2021 in Kedung, Mlonggo, and Keling Subdistricts, Jepara Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The mangrove plantation was a result of a rehabilitation programme sponsored by a society and the local government since 2009. Carbon sequestration measurement in tree biomass was estimated by a non-destructive method i.e., by measuring the Diameter at Breast Height (DBH). Statistical analysis to determine the relationship between carbon storage in several species of mangroves and the environmental factors were performed using XL stat 2022. There were 4 (four) mangrove species found i.e., Avicennia marina (Forssk) Vierh, Rhizophora apiculata (Blume), Rhizophora mucronata (Lamk), and Sonneratia alba Sm. The highest CO2 absorption (397.21 tons ha-1) was obtained both in Kedung and Mlonggo stations with R. mucronata, whereas in Keling station with R. apiculata the absorption was 54.27 tons ha-1. The results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that the number of trees and DBH had a relationship with biomass, carbon content, and carbon absorption. Diameter at Breast Height in mangrove species can be used as indicators to assess carbon sequestration in Above Ground Biomass.

Potential of Leaf Extracts Sonneratia alba and Avicennia alba as a Biolarvacide of Aedes aegypti Mosquito

The continuous use of synthetic larvacides as an effort to control the vector mosquito population of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) can cause negative impacts on the environment and humans. Bioactive compounds from animals and plants can be used as an alternative to natural larvacides (biolarvacides). Mangrove species Sonneratia alba and Avicennia alba are known to have several bioactive types, so they are potential as biolarvacides. This study aimed to determine the potential of S. alba and A. alba leaf extracts as biolarvacides against Aedes aegypti mosquito larvae. This research was true experimental with a post-test-only group design. The larvicidal toxicity test of the leaf extracts of S. alba and A. alba against Ae. aegypti larvae to obtain the LC50 value was carried out by treating the extract concentrations at 500 ppm, 1,000 ppm, and 1,500 ppm. Synthetic larvicide (abate) was used as a positive control and Aquadest as a negative control. Data analysis was carried out descriptively and statistically (probit analysis). The results showed that the leaf extracts of S. alba and A. alba had potential as biolarvacides. Based on the LC50 value, the extracts of A. alba (LC50: 1,053 ppm) were more potent as biolarvacides than the extracts of S. alba (LC50: 14,112 ppm). Physical damage and behavioral changes in mosquito larvae movement indicated that the toxicity of A. alba leaf extract was acute while that of S. alba leaf extract was chronic.

The Ecological Risk Assessment of Mercury Contamination in a Mangrove Ecosystem of the Segara Anakan Cilacap, Indonesia

Ecological risk assessment of mercury contaminant has a means to analyze the ecological risk aspect of ecosystem using the potential impact of mercury pollution in soil, water and organism. The ecological risk assessment in a coastal area can be shown by mangrove zonation, clustering and interpolation of mercury accumulation. This research aims to analyze ecological risk assessment of potential mercury (including bioaccumulation and translocation) using indicators of species distribution, clustering, zonation and interpolation of mercury accumulation. The results showed that the Segara Anakan had a high risk of mercury pollution, using indicators like as the potential of mercury contaminant in water body was 0137±0.0137 ppm, substrate and sediment were 0.0134±0.0212 ppm. To reduce the impact of mercury pollution could be conducted by mangrove planting, following the ability of mercury accumulation in stem and bark between 0.011 and 0.064 ppm, in mangrove roots between 0.0260 and 0.0690 ppm and in mangrove leaves between 0.0020 and 0.0120 ppm,. The second indicator of mangrove ability to reduce the impact of mercury contaminant used the indicator of bioaccumulation factors, which had a range between 0.0210 and 0.4751, and the translocation factors were between 0.0459 and 1.0547. The results also showed that: Avicennia marina, Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculate, Rhizophora mucronata and Nypa frutican had a good ability to accumulate and reduce the impact of mercury contamination.

Characterization of heterogeneous groups of fungal endophytes isolated from mangroves in Negombo, Sri Lanka

Mangroves are well known for their adaptability to extreme conditions; thus, mangrove habitats help to manage coastlines and carbon cycling against anthropogenic stresses. Fungal endophyte is a type of microorganism that typically has a mutualistic relationship with its plant hosts. These endophytes can be found in several parts of the plant and play a positive role in the production of enzymes, nutrients and secondary metabolites, along with other processes such as toxin assembly and phyto-stimulation. The exploitation of these bioactive substances from endophytic fungi is beneficial in several fields such as pharmaceuticals and agriculture. The objective of the current investigation was to isolate and identify fungal endophytes present in ten mangrove species from Negombo, Sri Lanka: Acanthus ilicifolius, Acrostichum aureum, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia alba and Sonneratia caseolaris. A standard potato dextrose agar culturing was used to obtain fungal colonies from leaves, roots and twigs, whose morphological characteristics were used for their identification. Out of the 42 fungal isolates extracted from the samples, nine endophytic genera such as Aspergillus, Candida, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Phyllosticta, Rhizopus and Trichoderma were found. The highest number of isolates was obtained from Sonneratia alba. Each mangrove species held varying types of fungal colonies, with the genus Penicillium being isolated the highest number of times and the genus Aspergillus being highly diverse. The findings of this study have helped to confirm the presence of endophytic fungi in all the sample mangroves tested.

Exploring the potential ofSonneratia albaleaf boiling extract as a natural preventive measure against causing white spot syndrome virus in tiger shrimp fingerlings

The possibility of mass mortality in farmed shrimp populations is a risk posed by WSSV. Vaccines and chemical drugs have been created to stop WSSV infection, but they can be harmful to the environment and human health. Therefore, natural prevention options are needed. 1% boiled S. alba extract was used in this study to test the technique of immersing tiger shrimp fry at different times before WSSV infection. The study was designed in RAL with eight treatments and three repetitions: These were A) 12-hour immersion; B) 24 hours; C) 36 hours; D) 48 hours; E) 60 hours; F) 72 hours; G) WSSV infection without soakingS. albaand H) without WSSV infection andS. albaextract. Treatment C had the best survival rate (85%) while the positive control had the lowest percentage (43.33%). Tiger prawns can increase resistance to WSSV infection by soaking them in 1% extract of boiled S. alba leaves. Water quality parameters were also measured, and the experimental results showed no significant changes. According to the results, immersion of tiger shrimp fry in 1% boiled S. alba extract for 36 hours was the most efficient way to increase fry survival from WSSV infection.

Carbon Stock Sequestration in the Mangrove Forest of Barangay Camudmud MPA, Island Garden City of Samal, Davao Del Norte

The study mainly determined the potential of Barangay Camudmud mangrove forest to sequester carbon dioxide. Five sampling plots were established using the transect line in the study area parallel to the shore. Every sampling plot measured 20 m x 20 m, spaced at 20-m intervals, and covered 2,000 m2. Two true mangrove species were found, namely: Rhizophora stylosa (bakhaw bato) and Sonneratia alba (pagatpat). R. stylosa was more abundant on the site and had a higher value of relative density, frequency, dominance, and importance value index compared to S. alba. Moreover, species diversity in the study area, including the saplings, was low (0.094). Furthermore, based on allometric equations computation for aboveground biomass and belowground organic carbon, R. stylosa sequestered 5.621 Mg ha and 12.528 Mg ha for S. alba. Generally, Barangay Camudmud Marine Protected Area (MPA) mangrove forest had the potential to sequester carbon with a total of 18.149 Mg ha. Although R. stylosa dominated the study area, it sequestered less atmospheric carbon than S. alba. On the other hand, S. alba sequestered more carbon and was less dominant in the area. As a result, the value of r in the Pearson Correlation Coeffi- cient was computed as -0.1717 and was interpreted as a negative correlation that exhibited an inversely proportional relationship between Importance Value Index (IVI) and total carbon sequestration values.

Antibacterial activity of hexane and methanol fractions of some selected plants against Klebsiella pneumoniae.

Besides adenovirus, pneumonia can also be caused by bacteria. One of the most common bacteria causing the pneumonia is Klebsiella pneumoniae. Currently, treatment by antibiotics has been widely used. Nevertheless, the increasing failure of existing antibiotics because of antibiotic resistance resulted by bacterial pathogens has become a serious problem to human health. Hence, there is a need for a new antibacterial potential agent against K. pneumoniae as an alternative treatment to the pneumonia to prevent the risk of a severe pneumonia for both healthy people and those already infected with the pneumonia. This study, therefore, investigated the antibacterial activity of some selected plants (Pandanus tectorius, Nypa fruticans, Sonneratia alba, Phaleria macrocarpa, Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Pongamia pinnata) against K. pneumoniae. In this study, samples were extracted successively by cold maceration using hexane and methanol. Antibacterial activity was determined by well and disc diffusion methods. Each fraction was prepared by two-fold dilutions from 20 mg/mL to 0.156 mg/mL. All data were analyzed in triplicate replication and presented as mean values ± standard deviation. Results showed that all methanol fractions of selected plants had antibacterial activity against K. pneumoniae, and well-diffusion method showed better antibacterial results compared to the agar well-diffusion method. The strongest activity was obtained by methanol fraction of S. alba leaf, followed by P. pinnata leaf, Nypa fruticans bark, H. tiliaceus leaf, P. macrocarpa leaf, and P. tectorius leaf with the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) value between 0.625 and 5.0 mg/mL. Phytochemical screening revealed that all methanol fractions were rich in flavonoid content, which could have contributed to their antibacterial activity.

Struktur Vegetasi Mangrove dan Fekunditas Rhizophora apiculata Di Pesisir Atapupu Kabupaten Belu

Mangroves are plants community that live in the tidal zone and are adaptive to saline, mud, and tidal. Fecundity data and environmental factors influenced mangrove sustainability. The data would support mangroves management including in the Atapupu beach Belu Regency. But, we still have no data. This research aims to study mangrove distribution patterns and fecundity of Rhizophora apiculata and also to study environmental factors that impacted mangroves. Data was collected on December 2022 – March 2021 by observing, sampling, and documenting. Method using plot quadrat 20m x 20m in Motain, Pasir Putih, and Kolam Susuk. For environmental factors, we collected air temperature, air moisture, soil moisture, soil pH, and light intensity in the canopy and without the canopy. Data analysis is done to calculate significant index, diversity index, and evenness index. The distribution of mangroves pattern is randomly spread. The results showed that the highest INP for the trees in Motaain was Sonneratia alba (172.74%), the highest INP for the pole in Pasir Putih was Rhizophora apiculata (208.07%) and the highest INP for the stake in Motaain was Rhizophora apiculata (179.20%). The Shannon-Wiener indexes are low (0.035-0.155) and evenness indexes were low until the middle (0.006-0.030). R. apiculata fecundity for flowers was the highest with an average of 3410.8 the average of fruits was 107 and the average of propagules was 69.2. Mangroves in Atapupu must be planted with plant species of them with consideration of the environmental parameters.

Mangrove Chocolate Food be Observed from the Nutritional Values Found in the Coast of South West Aceh

South west Aceh has potential natural resources in the form of mangrove fruit, one of which is Sonneratia sp or pedada fruit. Pedada fruit has not been used optimally, therefore it is necessary to provide training and assistance for the use of pedada fruit as a processed food ingredient in the form of mangrove chocolate. The purpose of this research is (1) To provide knowledge to the public about the importance of the benefits of mangroves in terms of nutrition of mangrove fruit as food. (2) To introduce various types of processed mangrove foods to the community. Descriptive analysis method using a qualitative approach. Descriptive proximate analysis by knowing the nutritional content of mangrove chocolate. The parameters measured were the content of protein, vitamin C, fat, water, ash, and carbohydrates. The chemical characteristics of mangrove chocolate for 100g with 40% Sonneratia alba fruit composition contains 7.65% protein, 12.30% vitamin C, 14.6% fat, 12.5% water, 0.7% ash content, and 52.25% carbohydrate.

Determination of the antibacterial properties of crude extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from &lt;em&gt;Acrostichum aureum&lt;/em&gt; and &lt;em&gt;Sonneratia alba&lt;/em&gt;

<p class="Default">Current issues associated with drug resistance and the adverse effects of synthetic agents have prompted researchers to focus on natural, medicinal agents such as mangroves and their associated fungal endophytes. The current study was developed to determine the antibacterial activities of crude extracts of endophytic fungi isolated from leaves, roots and stems of <em>Acrostichum aureum</em>, Karan koku in Sinhala and <em>Sonneratia alba</em>, Kirala in Sinhala. The endophytic fungal isolates were identified as <em>Aspergillus niger</em>, <em>Aspergillus ochraceus</em>, <em>Aspergillus fumigatus</em>, <em>Aspergillus terreus</em>, <em>Penicillium citrium </em>and <em>Penicillium resticulosum </em>and the respective crude extracts were generated using ethyl acetate. The crude extracts were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity tests (ABSTs) against two test organisms: <em>Staphylococcus aureus </em>(ATCC ®: 25923) and <em>Escherichia coli </em>(ATCC ®: 25922). The highest inhibitory action was exerted by <em>Penicillium resticulosum </em>against both the test organisms (<em>E. coli</em>: 15+0.05 mm; <em>S</em>. <em>aureus </em>22+0.05 mm) which was the most abundantly identified endophyte in this study. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the crude extracts was detected to be 1. 25 mg/ ml. However, the highest bactericidal action was noted from <em>Penicillium citrinum</em>. It is evident that the fungal endophytes isolated from mangrove plants possess antibacterial properties that can be used as a natural source for the generation of antimicrobial therapeutics.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Mangrove di Kawasan Hutan Lindung Pakonjawai Kabupaten Sumba Timur

The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of mangrove species in the Pakonjawai Protected Forest area, East Sumba Regency. The type of research in this study was an ecological descriptive study with a quantitative approach. The sampling technique used was a purposive sampling technique with sampling locations covering 3 observation stations using the line transect method (transect line plot). The results showed that the composition of the mangrove species found consisted of 5 families, 5 genera and 9 species with a total of 337 individuals consisting of 237 individual tree categories, 68 individual saplings and 32 individual seedlings. The mangrove species found were Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizopora stylosa, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia ovata, Avicennia alba, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Sscyphiphora hydrophyllaceae. The diversity index at the tree growth rate was 1.9518, the sampling level was 2.0496 and the seedling level was 1.9588 which means that the diversity of mangrove species is "moderately abundant". The highest Important Value Index (IVI) at tree level was Sonneratia ovata with a value of 71.98 while the sapling level was for Rhizophora mucronata with a value of 38.15 and the seedling level for Rhizophora mucronata with a value of 45.41.

New Record of Marine Wood-Borer Species in Mangrove Forest of Nusa Lembongan, Bali, Indonesia

Research has been carried out on the presence of wood-borer species in the mangrove forest of Nusa Lembongan, in May-June 2022. The study was conducted at five representative sites of mangrove forests in Nusa Lembongan. The data collection of the mangrove wood-borer was carried out by purposive sampling, which directly searches for dead mangrove stems, twigs, or roots that were attacked by the marine wood-borer found at each site. A total of There were new record four species of mangrove wood-borer, namely, Phaenops sp. beetle group (Coleoptera) and Cenoloba sp. moth group (Lepidoptera), two species of Mollusks, namely, Bankia minima and Bactronophorus sp. were identified. The larval stages of Phaenops sp. were found within the dead mangrove stems of Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba. Cenoloba sp. which was found in the larvae phase, the host plant was the dead stems of the mangrove Sonneratia alba. Bankia minima, the host plants are dead stems of mangroves Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora stylosa and Avicennia sp. Bactronophorus sp., the host plant is dead wood from the mangrove Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora apiculata. The most widely distributed wood-borer species in the mangroves of Nusa Lembongan is Bankia minima. The results showed that four species of marine wood-borer are new records in the mangrove forest of Nusa Lembongan.

Formulasi Detergen Cair Ekstrak Buah Pedada (Sonneratia alba)

The pedada fruit extract (Sonneratia alba) contains saponin compounds which can be used as a natural foam in liquid detergents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pedada fruit extract as an additive to produce natural detergents that are environmentally friendly according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). This research consisted of preparation and extraction of pedada fruit with 96% ethanol, preparation of liquid detergent, and characterization the physical properties of liquid detergent. The formulation of liquid detergent used three treatments of adding pedada fruit extract, namely the addition of 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3). Data analysis used a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, namely the difference in the addition of pedada fruit extract to liquid detergent. The analysis was carried out in two repetitions. The results showed that the ethanol extract of pedada fruit was detected contain saponins. The treatment with ethanol extract of 5% (F1) is closest to the requirements of SNI 06-4075-1996 for liquid detergent with a pH value of 8.29 ± 0.04, viscosity of 37.7 ± 1.55 cPs, foam height of 2.5 cm, foam stability was 88.5±0.70%, specific gravity was 2.6±0.14 g/mL, and sedimentation volume was 0.975±0.021 mL.

Struktur Vegetasi Mangrove dan Produksi Serasah Mangrove Sonneratia alba di Telaga Wasti Kabupaten Manokwari, Papua Barat

The productivity of mangrove litterfall is the most important part of the transfer of organic materials from mangrove vegetation into the waters and soils. This research was conducted in July-August 2021 in three stations on mangrove ecosystem at Wasti Lake, Manokwari Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the mangrove vegetation, litterfall production of Sonneratia alba, relation of Diameter at Breast High with litterfall production, and physical chemistry of the environment. The quadrant transect was used to sample mangrove vegetation and the litter trap to measure litter production. The results showed 5 types of mangroves, namely Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Bruguiera sexangua. The highest density values ​​at each station was Sonneratia alba, namely 360 ind/ha, 540 ind/ha and 520 ind/ha with important value indexes are 268.08%, 255.59%, and 247.96%. The total litterfall production of Sonneratia alba during a period of 28 days was 79.19 gr/m². The highest litter contribution components came from leaves (87.6%), twigs (8.1%), and flowers (4.3%). Correlation and regression analysis showed a very strong positive relationship between DBH and litter production. The environmental parameter values ​​for DO ranged from 6.2-8.4 mg/L, water temperature 28.7 – 35.6⁰C, pH ranged from 7.06 – 7.47, salinity 25 – 27.5, substrate pH 6.1 – 6.3, the air temperature is 29-32⁰C, and the humidity is 70-80%.

Characteristics of Young Mangrove (Sonneratia alba) Leaf Extract as A Biosalt Preparation

Mangrove (Sonneratia alba) leaves contain bioactive compounds, macro and micro minerals, and NaCl content. However, the potential of the young mangrove leaves has not been explored. This research aimed to determine the characteristics of young mangrove leaf extract as a biosalt preparation. The sample used in this research was young mangrove leaves extracted using aquadest with 1:5 ratio. The parameters were tested for yield, moisture content, ash content, the mineral content of Natrium and Kalium, Na:K ratio, and NaCl content. The results showed that the biosalt characteristics of the mangrove leaf extract consisted of a brown appearance with a salty flavor, 6.96% yield, 5.07% moisture, 36.59% ash, 1.27 Na:K ratio, and 19.53% NaCl. Based on the NaCl content, the resulting biosalt required the dietary salt quality standard according to Standard National Indonesia of dietary salt.

Mangroves in Southeast Aru Marine Protected Area

Southeast Aru Marine Protected Area (MPA) is a 114,000 hectares reserve-type national conservation area in Arafura Sea, Maluku Province, Indonesia where the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries managed since 2009. Its mangrove is the largest coastal ecosystem which is important for sustainable fisheries and coastal disaster mitigation. The main objective of this study is to understand the condition of mangrove community, its impact on fisheries and threats to its continuity. Stratified random sampling on three plots of 10 m x 10 m and hemispherical photography are employed on 13 observation sites across four zones. Local fishermen are interviewed about their activities related to mangroves. From 13 observation sites, 19 species from 8 families and 10 genera are identified. The average of mangrove density and its canopy coverage were respectively 2,997 stand/ha and 74.66%. These values can be interpreted as in good condition and moderate coverage (KepmenLH 201/2004). Rhizophora mucronate and Sonneratia alba are the two most dominant species in all observation sites. Local fishermen’s activities in the mangrove area are catching crabs, trap-fishing, and cutting mangrove woods for firewood and/or simple non-permanent housing. Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Phemphis acidula, Rhizophora mucronate and Ceriops tagal are their favourites.

Use of Sonneratia alba leaf extract solution for White Spot Syndrome Virus prevention in tiger shrimp postlarvae

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) is one of the leading causes of mass mortality in tiger shrimp culture. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of different immersion times in 1% Sonneratia alba extract on the ability of WSSV infected tiger shrimp to survive as post-larvae. Eight treatments were used in this study, with three replications for each. The treatments were as follows: A) 12 hours of immersion; B) 24; C) 36; D) 48; E) 60; F) 72; G) Positive control (infected with WSSV but without mangrove extract); and H) Negative control (without WSSV infection and mangrove extract). with three replications in each treatment. Tiger prawn post-larvae were stocked at a density of 20 squares per jar. At a rate of 20% of the daily biomass, they were being fed three times per day. Tiger shrimp post-larvae mortality was examined every day for eight days. At the beginning and conclusion of the study, analyses of water quality such as Total Organic Matter, NH3-N, and NO2-N, were made. The findings revealed that treatment F seemed to have the best survival rate (85.0%) and positive control had the lowest survival rate (0%). (treatment G). The shrimp were more resistant to WSSV due to the longer immersion in the herbal extracts.