Sonic Application Research Articles

EFEKTIVITAS PENERAPAN SONIC BLOOM DAN TANAMAN REFUGIA DALAM MENINGKATKAN PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL SAWI HIJAU (Brassica juncea L.)

The study was to examine the application of sonic bloom and refugia plants to increase growth and yield of mustard greens (Brassica juncea L.). This study used a Factorial Time Series Randomized Block Design (FTSRBD) with 3 replications. The application factor of refugia plants (R) are 3 levels: R0 = control, R1 = Ocimum basilicum, and R2 = Zinnia elegans with different locations consisting of (S0) = no sound, (S1) = heavy metal music with a frequency of 21 -14000 Hz and (S2) = classical music sound with a frequency of 21-13500 Hz. Data analysis was continued according to Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% confidence level. The results showed that the application of sonic bloom with classical music influenced plant growth and yield through parameters of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of chlorophyll and number of stomata. Refugia plants with the type of plant O. basilicum affect the growth and yield of plants through the number of leaves parameter. The application of sonic bloom with rock music affects the growth and yield of plants through parameters of pest attack intensity. The interaction of sonic bloom application and refugia plants did not have a significant effect on the observed parameters measured.

Sonic application of one-step self-etch adhesive in composite restorations of non-carious cervical lesions: A double-blind randomized clinical trial.

To evaluate the influence of the sonic device on the clinical performance of one-step self-etch adhesive systems in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) after 18 months. Forty patients participated in this study. Eighty restorations were assigned to two groups (n=40): Sonic application and Manual application. After the adhesive application (iBond Self-Etch, Kulzer, Hanau, Germany), NCCLs were restored using composite resin (Charisma, Kulzer, Hanau, Germany). The restorations were evaluated at baseline and after 18 months both according to the Word Dental Federation (FDI) and the United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. Friedman repeated measures analysis of variance by rank and Wilcoxon test for significance in each pair were applied (α=0.05). After 18 months, 38 patients were evaluated. Twenty-three restorations were lost (19 for manual vs. 4 for sonic application). The retention rates (95% confidence interval) were 50% (CI 34.8%-65.1%) for manual application and 84.2% (CI 69.6%-92.6%) for sonic application (p < 0.05). Twelve restorations showed marginal staining (nine for manual vs. three for sonic application; FDI, p < 0.05) and nine some marginal discrepancy (seven for manual vs. two for sonic application; FDI, p < 0.05). No restorations showed postoperative sensitivity and caries recurrence at the time. The sonic application increases the retention rate of iBond Self-Etch after 18 months of clinical evaluation in NCCLs. The application of a simplified self-etch adhesive (iBond Self-Etch) associated to a sonic device seems to be an alternative to improve the clinical behavior in NCCLs.

The effectiveness of in-office dental bleaching with and without sonic activation: A randomized, split-mouth, double-blind clinical trial.

This study was aimed at comparing the bleaching efficacy and bleaching sensitivity (BS) of two higher-concentration in-office bleaching gels (37% carbamide peroxide [CP] and 38% hydrogen peroxide [HP]) applied under two conditions: alone or in association with sonic activation. Fifty-six volunteers were randomly assigned in the split-mouth design into the following groups: CP, CP with sonic activation (CPS), HP, and HP with sonic activation (HPS). Two in-office bleaching sessions were performed. Color was evaluated using Vita Classical, Vita Bleachedguide, and digital spectrophotometer at baseline and at 30 days post-bleaching. Absolute risk and intensity of BS were recorded using two pain scales. All data were evaluated statistically (color changes [t test], BS [Chi-square and McNemar test], and BS intensity [VAS; t test; NRS; Wilcoxon; α=0.05]). Significant and higher whitening was observed for HP when compared with CP (p < 0.04). However, higher BS intensity was observed in the former (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in whitening effect or BS when the HP or CP bleaching gels were agitated (sonic application) compared with when they were not (p > 0.05). The 37% CP gel demonstrated lower bleaching efficacy and lower BS compared with the 38% HP bleaching gel. The whitening effect was not influenced by the use of sonic activation. The use of 37% CP gel did not achieve the same whitening effect when compared to 38% HP gel used for in-office bleaching. The use of sonic activation offers no benefit for in-office bleaching.

Stowaway City: An Immersive Audio Experience for Multiple Tracked Listeners in a Hybrid Listening Environment

Stowaway City is an immersive audio experience that combines electroacoustic composition and storytelling with extended reality. The piece was designed to accommodate multiple listeners in a shared auditory virtual environment. Each listener, based on their tracked position and rotation in space, wirelessly receives an individual binaurally decoded sonic perspective via open-back headphones. The sounds and unfolding narrative are mapped to physical locations in the performance area, which are only revealed through exploration and physical movement. Spatial audio is simultaneously presented to all listeners via a spherical loudspeaker array that supplements the headphone audio, thus forming a hybrid listening environment. The work is presented as a conceptual and technical design paradigm for creative sonic application of the technology in this medium. The author outlines a set of strategies that were used to realize the composition and technical affordances of the system.

The Effect of Viscosity and Application Mode of Phosphoric Acid on Bond Strength of GlassFiber Post.

BackgroundWhen a phosphoric acid is used, before applying an adhesive system, it is known that obtaining an effective adhesion to the root canal walls is a challenge. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of phosphoric acid viscosity and application mode on the push-out bond strength (BS) values of fiberglass post to root dentin. The conditioning pattern on the root dentin was also evaluated.Materials and MethodsThe roots of 44 endodontically treated premolars were divided into 4 groups, of eleven teeth each, according to the combination of the main factors: phosphoric acid viscosity (liquid or gel) and application mode (passive or sonic). After application of the two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system, the fiberglass posts were cemented with a dual-cure resin-cement. Roots were sectioned transversely into six 1-mm slices for push-out BS test at 0.5 mm/min. Some roots of each group were selected for evaluation of the conditioning pattern by scanning electron microscopy. BS results (three-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test) and the conditioning pattern (Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney test) were statistically evaluated (α= 0.05).ResultsThe highest BS value was observed with a liquid phosphoric acid under sonic application mode (p < 0.05), being all other groups similar to one another (p < 0.05). Also, the highest BS value was observed in the cervical third, followed by the medium and the apical thirds (p < 0.05). The sonic application produced better smear layer removal and opening of dentinal tubules for both viscosities (p = 0.015).ConclusionA better bonding of fiberglass posts to root canals can be achieved when the post spaces are conditioned with a liquid phosphoric acid under sonic application.

Efeito da vibração sônica na película de cimento para união de pinos de fibra de vidro à dentina radicular – avaliação por MEV Effect of sonic vibration on cement film for bonding fiberglass posts to root dentin – SEM evaluation

Introduction: The loss of retention of prefabricated fiber pins is a relatively frequent clinical complication. Different techniques for cementation have been studied and developed in order to reduce the chances of failure. In this context, the technique that uses a sonic vibration for cementing fiber pins appears. Objective: To evaluate by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the sonic vibration effect on the cementation line between fiberglass pins and root dentin in bovine roots. Material and methods: Roots of bovine incisors wereendodontically treated and randomly distributed into four groups: SVS (conventional application of the system and cement), VSA (sonic application of adhesive system + conventional application of cement), VSP (conventional application of the information system + sonic application of cement) and VSAP (sonic application of the information system + sonic application of cement). Subsequently, slices of each root were obtained, corresponding to the cervical,middle and apical thirds. The slices were submitted to SEM analysis to evaluate the cementation line, verifying distribution and size of defects, considering three different locations: cement/pine interface (CP); internal layer of cement (LC); cement/dentin interface (CD). Results: An analysis of the results allowed to verify the incidence of minor faults in the apical region and suffered a gradual increase from apical to cervical in all the studied groups. Regardless of theused technique the greatest absolute number of defects was in the cement/dentin interface. Conclusion: The application and assembly technique can influence the characteristics of the cementation line between the fiberglass pin and dentine walls of the root canal.

Effect of Sonic Application of Self-Adhesive Resin Cements on Push-Out Bond Strength of Glass Fiber Posts to Root Dentin.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a sonic application of self-adhesive resin cements on the bond strength of glass fiber posts to root dentin. Eighty bovine incisors were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 10). Four self-adhesive resin cements were used—RelyX U200 (3M/ESPE), Bifix SE (Voco), seT PP (SDI), and Panavia SA (Kuraray). The cements were inserted into the root canal in two different modes—Centrix syringe (control) or with a sonic device (Sonic Smart). The roots were sectioned and taken to a universal test machine (Instron 3342) to perform the push-out test. The fracture pattern was evaluated by stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope. The bond strength data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). The interaction between the main factors was significant (p = 0.002). The sonic application increased the bond strength in comparison with the conventional application for the RelyX U200 (p < 0.001) and Bifix SE (p < 0.017) cements. However, for the seT PP and Panavia SA cements, the bond strength values did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The fracture pattern showed adhesive at the interface between the luting cement and the dentin. Using a sonic device in the application of self-adhesive resin cement helpedpromote an increase in the bond strength for RelyX U200 and Bifix SE.

Effect of Conditioning Protocols and Ultrasonic Application of an Infiltrant Resin in White Spot Lesions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate different conditioning protocols and sonic/ultrasonic application of an infiltrant resin (IR) in artificial white spot lesions (AWSL). the V/L surfaces of 48 molars were induced to an AWSL and divided in 6 groups, according to the conditioning protocols and application technique: 15% hydrochloric acid (HA) + manual application of the IR; HA + 37% phosphoric acid (PA) + manual application of the IR; HA + ultrasonic application (U) of the IR; HA + sonic application (S) of the IR; PA+HA+S; and PA+HA+U. For the Penetration Depth (PD), the crowns were etched with HA for 120s. The IR Icon® (DMG) was applied according to the manufacturer`s instructions. The crowns were dye penetrated (0.1% red fluorophore rhodamine B isothiocyanate for 12h) and bleached with 30% hydrogen peroxide for 12 h. The discs were immersed in a 50% ethanol solution, containing 100 µM of sodium fluorescein. The PD (in µm) was measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy (20x). The bond strength (BS) was performed by michoshear test (0.5 mm/min). Data were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and Tukey (α=0.05). For BS, the interaction was not significant (p>0.05). For PD, the main factors were significant (application - p<0.001; conditioning technique - p=0.003). The ultrasonic application showed the highest PD values. PA+HA presented higher results than HA. The sonic/ultrasonic applications and the use of phosphoric acid prior to hydrochloric acid improved PD of the infiltrant resin. Conditioning protocols or application techniques did not influence BS values.

Effect of a sonic device on bonding of fiberglass posts to root canals

Aim: This study evaluated the effect of a sonic device on the bonding of fiberglass posts cemented with a self-etching adhesive combined with conventional cement or a self-adhesive cement to root dentin. Methods: Forty single-rooted bovine incisors were endodontically prepared using a step-back technique. Gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer were used for root canal filling, combined with a thermoplasticization technique. After 1 week, the post space was prepared and the roots were divided into four groups according to the following factors: adhesive system/resin cement (Ambar/ AllCem Core [FGM] and RelyX U200 [3M]) and application mode (manual or sonic). The posts were cemented and the roots were cut into discs and submitted to push-out bond strength (POBS) test. The failure mode was evaluated using a stereoscope at 25x magnification. The data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (α = 0.05). Results: The sonically activated RelyX U200 group was superior to the other groups. RelyX U200 manually applicated showed similar results to those of sonically activated Âmbar/AllCem. These three groups outperformed the Âmbar/AllCem manually applicated group. Adhesive failure between dentin and resin cement was the most predominant pattern. Conclusion: Sonic application of self-etching adhesive and self-adhesive cement improved the POBS of fiber posts to the root canal.

The sonic application of universal adhesives in self-etch mode improves their performance on enamel

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sonic application of universal adhesives on the enamel microshear bond strengths (µSBS), in situ degree of conversion (DC) and etching pattern. Ninety-six extracted third molars were sectioned in four parts (buccal, lingual, proximal) and divided into 12 groups, according to the combination of 1) adhesive system (All-Bond Universal [ABU], G-Bond Plus [GBP], Prime&Bond Elect (PBE), and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU]), and 2) adhesive application mode (manual active etch-and-rinse [M-ER], manual active self-etch [M-SE], and sonic vibration self-etch [S-SE]). Specimens were stored in water at 37 °C during 24 h and tested at 1.0 mm/min (µSBS). DC was evaluated in the enamel-resin interfaces using micro-Raman spectroscopy. The enamel-etching pattern was evaluated under a field- emission scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). S-SE application increased µSBS and DC for all universal adhesives when compared to M-SE (p < 0.05). S-SE application resulted in mean bond strengths that were statistically similar to those obtained with the respective ER application mode (p > 0.05). A deeper enamel-etching pattern was observed for all universal adhesives in the etch-and-rinse strategy. An improvement in etching ability was observed in S-SE application compared to M-SE application. In light of the improved performance of universal adhesives when applied sonically in SE mode, selective enamel etching with phosphoric acid may not be crucial for their adhesion to enamel. The sonic application of universal adhesives in self-etch mode may be a practical alternative to enamel etching.

Effect of Different Protocols in Preconditioning With EDTA in Sclerotic Dentin and Enamel Before Universal Adhesives Applied in Self-etch Mode.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different protocols of 17% ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) conditioning on the etching pattern and immediate bond strength of universal adhesives to enamel and sclerotic dentin. Forty bovine teeth with sclerotic dentin and 20 human third molars were randomly divided into eight groups resulting from the combination of the main factors surface treatment (none, two-minute EDTA conditioning manual application, 30-second EDTA manual application, 30-second EDTA sonic application) and adhesives systems (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU] and Prime & Bond Elect [PBE]). Resin-dentin and enamel-dentin bond specimens were prepared and tested under the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and microshear bond strength (μSBS) tests, respectively. The etching pattern produced on the unground enamel and the sclerotic dentin surfaces under the different protocols and adhesive systems was evaluated under scanning electron microscopy. For enamel, only the main factor adhesive was significant (p<0.0001), with SBU showing the highest μSBS. In sclerotic dentin, the lowest mean was observed for the group without EDTA application and the highest mean in the group with EDTA application with the sonic device for 30 seconds. Regardless of the EDTA protocol, the highest means of μTBS were observed for SBU (p<0.05). EDTA conditioning improves the bonding performance of universal adhesives in the self-etch mode on sclerotic dentin, mainly when applied for 30 seconds with the aid of a sonic device. EDTA pretreatment also improves the retentive etching pattern of enamel, but it does not result in higher enamel bond strength.

Effect of Sonic Application of Self-etch Adhesives on Bonding Fiber Posts to Root Canal Dentin.

To evaluate the effect of sonic application of 5 different self-etch adhesives on the push-out bond strength of fiber posts in root canals. In a preliminary test, 24 teeth were treated with manual and sonically assisted bonding, then a composite cylinder was built up to test the shear bond strength as a proof of principle. In the main test, 120 root canals were endodontically prepared and divided into 10 groups: 5 self-etch adhesives (Futurabond DC, Futurabond M, Futurabond U, Optibond XTR, Universalbond), each applied under manual and sonic application modes. After insertion of the fiber posts using the specific adhesive and a dual-curing composite, the teeth were sectioned and the push-out test was performed. The specimens were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, one-way ANOVA and the Tamhane test. Sonic application of self-etch adhesive systems did not increase the bond strength of fiber posts in root canals. In general, the bond strength decreased from the coronal to the apical part of the root canal, irrespective of the applied method. The best post retention was achieved with Futurabond U and Optibond XTR. Sonic application of self-etch adhesives did not improve the fiber post retention in the root canal and can therefore not be recommended. Nevertheless, sonic application of etch-and-rinse adhesives can increase the bond strength to coronal dentin.

Efeito da aplicação sônica do adesivo na resistência de união de pinos de fibra cimentado à dentina exposta ao hipoclorito de sódio

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação sônica do adesivo na resistência de união de pinos de fibra cimentado à dentinapreviamente exposta ao hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl). Material e Métodos: Trinta dentes bovinos unirradiculares foram utilizados. Os dentes foram seccionados produzindo espécimes com 7mm, referente ao terço cervical e parte do terço médio da raiz. Os canais foram preparados e as amostras divididas em três grupos (n=10). No grupo 1, as raízes foram irrigadas com água destilada e secas com cone de papel. Nos grupos 2 e 3, as raízes foramimersas em NaOCle, em seguida, irrigadas e secas como descrito no grupo 1. Para cimentação do pino, nos grupos 1 e 2, o adesivo foi aplicado manualmente e no grupo 3 com o dispositivo sônico Smart Sonic. Após cimentação dos pinos, os espécimes foram segmentados em slicese submetidos ao teste de push-out para análise deresistência de união. Os dados foram avaliados estatisticamente pelos testes Kruskal-Wallis e Mann Whitney (p&lt;0,05). Resultados: Os resultados de resistência de união expressos em mediana (MPa) foram: Grupo 1 (4,12 MPa) =Grupo 3 (3,41 MPa)&#x0D; ?Grupo 2 (2,71 MPa).Conclusão: Conclui-se que a aplicação sônica do adesivo afetou os níveis de resistência de união do sistema Âmbar/AllCem à dentina exposta ao NaOCl, atingindo valores significativamente semelhantes ao grupo sem NaOCl.

Effect of Sonic Application of Universal Adhesive Systems on Bond Strength of Fiber Posts to Root Canal.

This study evaluated the push-out bond strength (BS) of fiber posts in root canals and the nanoleakage (NL) pattern at the bonding interface when universal adhesives were applied in etch-and-rinse mode to root dentin using an oscillating sonic device. Fifty-four roots of human premolars were endodontically prepared and divided into 6 experimental groups according to the main factors: adhesive system/resin cement (Ambar Universal/AllCem, Scotchbond Universal/RelyX ARC, Prime&Bond Elect/Enforce) and application mode (vigorous manual or sonic). Fiber posts were cemented and roots were transversally sectioned into six 1-mm-thick serial slices, which were subjected to BS testing (n = 7 per group) at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, and the rest (n = 2 per group) were subjected to NL analysis using scanning electron microscopy after slice immersion in silver nitrate. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-hoc test (α = 5%). Sonic application significantly increased BS only on the coronal third when Ambar Universal was used. When Scotchbond Universal was used, higher BS was observed when the adhesive was manually applied than when the sonic device was used. For Prime&Bond Elect, no significant difference in BS was noted when the application methods were compared. Manual application also produced lower NL values than did sonic application when Ambar Universal was used, while no significant difference in NL was noted using the other adhesive systems. Sonic application did not improve the bond strength of posts in root canals in comparison to vigorous, manual application.

ADAPTATION OF SONIC-FILL VERSUS BULK-FILL RESIN COMPOSITE RESTORATIONS

This study was performed to evaluate adaptation of sonic-fill versus bulk-fill resin composite restorations. Materials and Methods: A total number of 80 standardized Class II cavities were prepared on both proximal walls of total number of 40 premolars. The teeth were randomly divided into two equal groups, of 20 teeth each, according to the material; either SonicFill or X-tra Fil resin composite in bulk (5mm). Each group was divided into two equal subgroups, of 10 teeth each, according to sonic vibration applied; either application of resin composite using sonic vibration or without sonic vibration. Each subgroup was divided into 2 classes, of five teeth each (with 10 proximal restorations), according to the aging duration; either after 24 hours or 12 months in artificial saliva at 37˚C. The specimens were observed after tracing by caries detecting dye under 70X magnification. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between Sonicfill and X-tra Fil resin composite materials either used with the use of sonic vibration or manual packing. Moreover, aging has no significant effect on voids formation in the composite/tooth interface. Conclusion: Application techniques either using sonic application or manual packing. Moreover, aging revealed no difference for both materials regarding adaptation.

Effects of Sonic Application of Adhesive Systems on Bonding Fiber Posts to Root Canals

IntroductionLuting posts inside the root canal is still a challenge because of the difficulty of bonding adhesive materials in the apical third of roots. This study evaluated the effect of the application mode of 3 simplified etch-and-rinse adhesives on the push-out bond strength (PBS), nanoleakage (NL), and in situ degree of conversion (DC) of fiber posts in the root canal. MethodsThe roots of human premolars were endodontically prepared and divided into 6 groups according to the combination of the main factors: adhesive (Ambar, FGM, Joinville, SC, Brazil; Adper Single Bond 2, 3MESPE, St Paul, MN; and XP Bond+self-cure activator, DeTrey Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany) and application mode (manual or sonic). The posts were cemented and the PBS tested at 0.5 mm/min. The NL was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy after the immersion of specimens in 50% silver nitrate. Micro-Raman spectroscopy was used to measure the in situ DC. Root third was also considered in the statistical evaluation. Data were analyzed by 3-way repeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey tests (5%). ResultsUnder sonic application, the PBS and the in situ DC increased, whereas NL decreased significantly for all groups in the middle and apical thirds (P < .05). ConclusionsThe application of simplified adhesives by sonic mode in the root canal is a feasible tool to increase the fiber post bond to root canals.

Effect of sonic application mode on the resin–dentin bond strength and nanoleakage of simplified self-etch adhesive

This study aims to evaluate the effect of different application modes on the immediate and 6-month resin-dentin bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage in the hybrid and adhesive layers. Three 1-step self-etch adhesives (One Coat 7.0 (OC), Clearfil S(3) Bond (CS), and FuturaBond NR (FB)) were applied on a flat superficial dentin surface of 30 human molars under manual mode or sonic vibration at a frequency of 170 Hz (SV). Composite build-ups were constructed incrementally; specimens were sectioned to obtain resin-dentin sticks with cross-sectional area of 0.8 mm(2) and tested in tension (0.5 mm/min) immediately (IM) or after 6 months (6M) of water storage. Two bonded sticks, from each tooth at each storage time, were immersed in a silver nitrate solution, photo-developed, and analyzed under scanning electron microscopy. The amount of nanoleakage was measured using the ImageTool 3.0 software. Data, from each adhesive, were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). OC and CS showed higher μTBS and lower nanoleakage in the IM period when applied with SV groups. For FB, no significant difference was observed between the two modes of application. All materials showed lower nanoleakage in the SV groups. Higher nanoleakage was observed after 6M for OC and FB. The sonic application mode at an oscillating frequency of 170 Hz can improve the resin-dentin μTBS, reduce the nanoleakage, and retard the degradation of the resin-dentin μTBS of Clearfil S(3) Bond and One Coat 7.0 adhesives. Sonic application mode at an oscillating frequency of 170 Hz can be helpful and easy to use in dental practice to guaranty long-lasting restorations.

音波検層を用いた新潟堆積盆の圧密トレンドの検討とその構造発達史解析への応用

音波検層を用いた新潟堆積盆の圧密トレンドの検討とその構造発達史解析への応用