Sonic Amplitude Research Articles

Design and Optimization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded with Triamcinolone Acetonide.

Principles of quality by design and design of experiments are acquiring more importance in the discovery and application of new drug carriers, such as solid lipid nanoparticles. In this work, an optimized synthesis of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with Triamcinolone Acetonide is presented using an approach that involves Stearic Acid as a lipid, soy PC as an ionic surfactant, and Tween 80 as a nonionic surfactant. The constructed circumscribed Central Composite Design considers the lipid and nonionic surfactant quantities and the sonication amplitude in order to optimize particle size and Zeta potential, both measured by means of Dynamic Light Scattering, while the separation of unentrapped drug from the optimized Triamcinolone Acetonide-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles formulation is performed by Size Exclusion Chromatography and, subsequently, the encapsulation efficiency is determined by HPLC-DAD. The proposed optimized formulation-with the goal of maximizing Zeta potential and minimizing particle size-has shown good accordance with predicted values of Zeta potential and dimensions, as well as a high value of encapsulated Triamcinolone Acetonide. Experimental values obtained from the optimized synthesis reports a dimension of 683 ± 5 nm, which differs by 3% from the predicted value, and a Zeta potential of -38.0 ± 7.6 mV (12% difference from the predicted value).

Green pathway for utilisation of orange peel dust and in silico evaluation of pharmacological potential

This study is focused on the investigation of the new ways of valorization and maximal utilisation of the fruit dust obtained from the orange peel during industrial processing in the filter tea production. Therefore, the possibility of the integration of two attractive “green” extraction methods, CO2-assisted extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), were investigated. In the first step to produce herbal extracts, supercritical carbon dioxide (Sc-CO2) extraction of the orange peel dust (OPD) was applied in the pressure range of 10–30 MPa. The second step was UAE of the OPD remaining after the Sc-CO2 extraction, with varying sonication amplitudes (20–100%). Gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry was used for the chemical characterization of Sc-CO2 extracts. Among the valuable volatile compounds, the most abundant are linoleic (31.11–41.47%) and hexadecanoic (15.22–20.58%) acid, osthol (4.53–5.42%), and 7-methoxy-8-(2-oxo-3-methylbutyl) coumarin (12.65–15.45%). Extracts obtained by UAE were analyzed by HPLC, where the dominant compounds were identified as hesperidin (848–900.24 [µg/ml]), narirutin (16.70–18.16 [µg/ml]), naringin (771.45––830.39 [µg/ml]) and rutin (47.53–104.40 [µg/ml]). Finally, the in silico testing was performed to identify pharmacologically the most valuable bioactive compounds in the extracts, and to enable screening of the possible pharmacological effect and applications of the obtained.

Application of response surface methodology in the development of parenteral emulsion using ultrasonic emulsification

Abstract: Intravenous lipid emulsion is a critical component of parenteral nutrition. Long-term administration of such therapy lead to liver dysfunction. As the cause of liver failure can be the size of lipid emulsion droplets, their reduction can positively affect the clinical condition of patients. This study aimed to develop and optimize the preparation process of intravenous lipid emulsions with reduced droplet size compared to commercially available formulations. The response surface methodology was applied to optimize the ultrasonic emulsification. The reduction of lipid droplet size was achieved by the use of a combination of 1.2% (w/w) soy phospholipids and various concentrations of Tween 80 (2, 3, and 4% (w/w)). The other variables were sonication amplitude and time of sonication. During the optimization process, fifteen soybeans oil-based intravenous lipid emulsions were developed. All formulations were characterized by the physicochemical properties appropriate for intravenous administration, i.e., MDD ranging from 119.1 ± 0.6 nm to 177.1 ± 2.1 nm, PdI below 0,219 ± 0,009. The pH and osmolarity ranged from 6.23 ± 0.01 to 6.58 ± 0 and from 328 ± 3 to 568 ± 8 mOsm/kg, respectively. The Box Behnken methodology allowed for optimizing the preparation of intravenous lipid emulsion using ultrasonic emulsification.

DIFLUNISAL TRANSETHOSOMES FOR TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY: FORMULATION AND CHARACTERIZATION

Objective: The work aimed to obtain an optimum formula of diflunisal transethosome by varying the types and concentrations of edge activators and optimizing the method of preparations. Methods: Sonication amplitude and sonication time were optimized based on vesicle size and polydispersity index (PDI). Transethosome formulation using different types and concentrations of edge activators would be characterized, including vesicle size, PDI, zeta potential, morphology, entrapment efficiency, and deformability index, which were carried out using the optimum sonication method to formulate the optimum formula. Results: The result indicates that 30% sonication amplitude for 5 min resulted in the smallest vesicle size with the lowest PDI. Also, F4 containing span 80 as edge activators at a concentration of 0.75% achieved the most favorable outcome, with a spherical shape, vesicle size of 75.32 nm, a PDI of 0.247, a zeta potential of-32.93mV, entrapment efficiency of 75.66% and deformability index of 40.45. Conclusion: Sonication time of 5 min with an amplitude of 30% is proven to produce optimum diflunisal transethosome, and in comparison to other vesicles, diflunisal transethosome using span 80 was able to have excellent vesicle characteristics, making it extremely promising to be developed as a transdermal delivery system.

Exploring the Variation of Sonication Amplitude and Time Parameters on the Ultrasonic Disperse Dyeing of Polyacrylonitrile Fibers

Exploring the Variation of Sonication Amplitude and Time Parameters on the Ultrasonic Disperse Dyeing of Polyacrylonitrile Fibers

Exploring optimal dispersion process parameters for fabrication of graphene-reinforced cement composites

Graphene and its derivatives have been studied as nano-reinforcement in cement-based composites to improve their mechanical, transport and durability characteristics. However, the agglomeration effect due to the strong van der Waals force between graphene sheets makes the uniform dispersion difficult and limit the efficacy of graphene. The goal of this paper is to determine an optimal dispersion process for incorporating graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) into cement-based composites. Surfactant-assisted sonication was used for the dispersion of graphene sheets. The effects of sonication amplitude, sonication duration, sample volume, surfactant type, and surfactant-to-GNP ratio on the dispersion performance were studied. As for the surfactant type, two polycarboxylate superplasticizers, two ionic surfactants, and one non-ionic surfactant were considered. Taguchi method of experimental design with an orthogonal array of L25 was employed to minimize the number of experiments needed to assess the effects of selected factors on the dispersion process. The average particle size, UV–vis absorbance, residual absorbance after 24 h, and zeta potential were measured through dynamic light scattering and UV–vis spectroscopy tests. Two multi-criteria decision making methods, namely Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) methods, were then employed to determine the optimal values of experimental factors for the dispersion. Finally, graphene-mortar composites were fabricated using two different surfactants and the properties of the developed composites were evaluated. The results indicates a 32% and 52% improvement in compressive strength and volume of permeable voids of graphene-enhanced mortar composites.

Reproduction of Nanofluid Synthesis, Thermal Properties and Experiments in Engineering: A Research Paradigm Shift

The suspension of different nanoparticles into various conventional thermal fluids to synthesize nanofluids has been proven to possess superior thermal, optical, tribological, and convective properties, and the heat transfer performance over conventional thermal fluids. This task appears trivial but is complicated and significant to nanofluid synthesis and its subsequent utilization in diverse applications. The stability of mono and hybrid nanofluids is significantly related to stirring duration and speed; volume, density, and base fluid type; weight/volume concentration, density, nano-size, and type of mono or hybrid nanoparticles used; type and weight of surfactant used; and sonication time, frequency, mode, and amplitude. The effects of these parameters on stability consequently affect the thermal, optical, tribological, and convective properties, and the heat transfer performance of nanofluids in various applications, leading to divergent, inaccurate, and suspicious results. Disparities in results have inundated the public domain in this regard. Thus, this study utilized published works in the public domain to highlight the trend in mono or hybrid nanofluid formulation presently documented as the norm, with the possibility of changing the status quo. With the huge progress made in this research area in which a large quantum of different nanoparticles, base fluids, and surfactants have been deployed and more are still emerging in the application of these advanced thermal fluids in diverse areas, there is a need for conformity and better accuracy of results. Reproduction of results of stability, thermal, optical, tribological, anti-wear, and fuel properties; photothermal conversion; and supercooling, lubrication, engine, combustion, emission, thermo-hydraulic, and heat transfer performances of formulated mono or hybrid nanofluids are possible through the optimization and detailed documentation of applicable nanofluid preparation parameters (stirring time and speed, sonication duration, amplitude, mode, frequency, and surfactant concentration) employed in formulating mono or hybrid nanofluids. This proposed approach is expected to project a new frontier in nanofluid research and serve as a veritable working guide to the nanofluid research community.

Influence of Preparation Characteristics on Stability, Properties, and Performance of Mono- and Hybrid Nanofluids: Current and Future Perspective

Nanofluids (NFs) synthesized via the suspension of diverse nanoparticles into conventional thermal fluids are known to exhibit better thermal, optical, tribological, and convective properties, photothermal conversion, and heat transfer performance in comparison with traditional thermal fluids. Stability is pivotal to NF preparation, properties, performance, and application. NF preparation is not as easy as it appears, but complex in that obtaining a stable NF comes with the harnessing of different preparation parameters. These parameters include stirring duration and speed, volume, density, base fluid type, weight/volume concentration, density, nano-size, type of mono or hybrid nanoparticles used, type and quantity of surfactant used, and sonication time, temperature, mode, frequency, and amplitude. The effect of these preparation parameters on the stability of mono and hybrid NFs consequently affects the thermal, optical, rheological, and convective properties, and photothermal conversion and heat transfer performances of NFs in various applications. A comprehensive overview of the influence of these preparation characteristics on the thermal, optical, rheological, and properties, photothermal conversion, and heat transfer performance is presented in this paper. This is imperative due to the extensive study on mono and hybrid NFs and their acceptance as advanced thermal fluids along with the critical importance of stability to their properties and performance. The various preparation, characterization, and stability methods deployed in NF studies have been compiled and discussed herein. In addition, the effect of the various preparation characteristics on the properties (thermal, optical, rheological, and convective), photothermal conversion, and heat transfer performances of mono and hybrid NFs have been reviewed. The need to achieve optimum stability of NFs by optimizing the preparation characteristics is observed to be critical to the obtained results for the properties, photothermal conversion, and heat transfer performance studies. As noticed that the preparation characteristics data are not detailed in most of the published works and thus making it mostly impossible to reproduce NF experimental studies, stability, and results; future research is expected to address this gap. In addition, the research community should be concerned about the aging and reusability of NFs (mono and hybrid) in the nearest future.

Effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on the rheology and structure of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus L.) protein emulsion gels induced by transglutaminase.

In this study, emulsion gels were prepared by sonicated grass pea protein isolates (GPPI) at different ultrasonic amplitudes (25, 50 and 75%) and times (5, 10 and 20min). Formation of emulsion gels was induced by transglutaminase. Enzymatic gelation of emulsions stabilized by sonicated GPPI occurred in two stages. A relatively fast stage led to the formation of a weak gel which was followed by a slow stage that strongly reinforced the gel structure. Emulsion gels fabricated by sonicated GPPIs showed a homogeneous and uniform droplet distribution with higher elastic modulus compared to the native protein. A stiffer emulsion gel with a higher G' was formed after the protein was treated at 75% amplitude for 10min. After sonication of GPPI, the water holding capacity (WHC) of emulsion gels increased in accordance with the mechanical properties. Higher intermolecular cross-linking within the gel network increased the thermal stability of emulsion gels fabricated by sonicated GPPI. Although sonicated-GPPI emulsion gels clearly displayed homogenous microstructure in comparison to that made with native GPPI, the microstructures of these gels were nearly identical for all sonication amplitudes and times.

Ultrasonic Treatment of Food Colloidal Systems Containing Oleogels: A Review.

The use of oleogels as an alternative to solid fats to reduce the content of saturated and trans-isomeric fatty acids is a developing area of research. Studies devoted to the search for methods of obtaining oleogels with given properties are of current interest. Ultrasonic treatment as a method for modifying oleogel properties has been used to solve this problem. The number of publications on the study of the effect of ultrasonic treatment on oleogel properties is increasing. This review aimed to systematize and summarize existing data. It allowed us to identify the incompleteness of this data, assess the effect of ultrasonic treatment on oleogel properties, which depends on various factors, and identify the vector of this direction in the food industry. A more detailed description of the parameters of ultrasonic treatment is needed to compare the results between various publications. Ultrasonic treatment generally leads to a decrease in crystal size and an increase in oil-binding capacity, rheological properties, and hardness. The chemical composition of oleogels and the concentration of gelators, the amplitude and duration of sonication, the cooling rate, and the crystallization process stage at which the treatment occurs are shown to be the factors influencing the efficiency of the ultrasonic treatment.

Effects of sonication amplitude on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91E magnesium alloy

Light metals are gaining increased attention due to ecological sustainability concerns and strict emission regulations. Magnesium (Mg) is one such metal that has the potential to replace high density components, which can reduce emissions through lightweighting. However, the mechanical properties of Mg alloys must be improved for them to become viable candidates for structural applications. To this end, the current study examines the effect of sonication vibrational amplitude on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91E Mg alloy. The molten alloys were subjected to ultrasonic treatment at a frequency of 20 kHz, 180 s of processing time and vibrational amplitudes ranging from 1.25 to 15 µm. The resultant castings were characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and tensile testing. It was found that sonication with amplitudes up to 7.5 µm was able to effectively refine the secondary phases of the alloy. Similar trends were observed for grain size and yield strength. The refinement in microstructure was likely caused by the finer grain size and cavitation induced undercooling of the liquid metal. In addition, it was also noted that even the lowest level of amplitude (1.25 µm) was able to increase the density, improve the ultimate tensile strength and ductility of the castings. The tensile strength and ductility were thought to have been enhanced by ultrasonic degassing and refinement in microstructure, while the yield strength was improved through the Hall-Petch effect. The results from this study provided a basis for optimizing the sonication process and promoting its use in industry. As a result, Mg alloys improved through ultrasonic processing have the potential to replace higher density components, with consequent energy efficiency and environmental and ecological benefits.

Optimization of the Ultrasound Operating Conditions for Extraction and Quantification of Fructooligosaccharides from Garlic (Allium sativum L.) via High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Refractive Index Detector.

Dietary interventions have captured the attention of nutritionists due to their health-promoting aspects, in addition to medications. In this connection, supplementation of nutraceuticals is considered as a rational approach to alleviating various metabolic disorders. Among novel strategies, prebiotic-supplemented foods are an encouraging trend in addressing the issue. In the present investigation, prebiotic fructooligosaccharides (FOS) were extracted from garlic (Allium sativum L.) powder using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the independent sonication variables, i.e., extraction temperature (ET, 80, 90, and 100 °C), amplitude level (AL, 70, 80, and 90%) and sonication time (ST, 10, 15 and 20 min). The maximum FOS yield (6.23 ± 0.52%) was obtained at sonication conditions of ET (80 °C), AL (80%) and ST (10 min), while the minimum yield of FOS was obtained at high operating temperatures and time. The optimized FOS yield (7.19%) was obtained at ET (80 °C), AL (73%) and ST (15 min) after model validation. The influence of sonication parameters, i.e., ET, AL and ST, on FOS yield was evaluated by varying their coded levels from −1 to +1, respectively, for each independent variable. High-performance liquid chromatography with refractive index detector (HPLC-RID) detection and quantification indicated that sucrose was present in high amounts (2.06 ± 0.10 g/100 g) followed by fructose and glucose. Total FOS fractions which included nystose present in maximum concentration (526 ± 14.7 mg/100 g), followed by 1-kestose (428 ± 19.5 mg/100 g) and fructosylnystoses (195 ± 6.89 mg/100 g). Conclusively, garlic is a good source of potential prebiotics FOS and they can be extracted using optimized sonication parameters using ultrasound-assisted techniques with maximum yield percentage.

Extraction of Acetogenins Using Thermosonication-Assisted Extraction from Annona muricata Seeds and Their Antifungal Activity.

The objective of this work was to find the optimal conditions by thermosonication-assisted extraction (TSAE) of the total acetogenin content (TAC) and yield from A. muricata seeds, assessing the effect of the temperature (40, 50, and 60 °C), sonication amplitude (80, 90, and 100%), and pulse-cycle (0.5, 0.7, and 1 s). In addition, optimal TSAE conditions of acetogenins (ACGs) were compared with extraction by ultrasound at 25 °C and the soxhlet method measuring TAC and antioxidant capacity. Moreover, solubility and identification of isolated ACGs were performed. Furthermore, the antifungal activity of ACGs crude extract and isolated ACGs was evaluated. Optimal TSAE conditions to extract the highest TAC (35.89 mg/g) and yield (3.6%) were 50 °C, 100% amplitude, and 0.5 s pulse-cycle. TSAE was 2.17-fold and 15.60-fold more effective than ultrasound at 25 °C and the Soxhlet method to extract ACGs with antioxidant capacity. Isolated ACGs were mostly soluble in acetone and methanol. Seven ACGs were identified, and pseudoannonacin was the most abundant. The inhibition of Candida albicans, Candida krusei, and Candida tropicalis was higher from isolated ACGs than crude extract. TSAE was effective to increase the yield in the ACGs extraction from A. muricata seeds and these ACGs have important antifungal activity.

The Effects of Ultrasound Times and Amplitudes on the Particle Size and Emulsifying Properties of Whey Protein Concentrate

The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of ultrasound times and amplitudes on the particle sizes and emulsifying properties of samples of whey protein concentrate (WPC). The ultrasound (US) application was performed using VC-7500 ultrasonic power equipment at a 20 kHz frequency, at various times (10, 20, and 30 min at a 50% amplitude) and amplitudes (60%, 80%, and 100% for 5 min). The results showed that the US procedure had a significant effect (p<0.05) on both particle sizes and emulsifying properties (p<0.05). The smallest particle size was obtained for the WPC samples exposed to 30 min of US at a 100% amplitude (US310) (498.6 nm). The WPC samples treated at a 100% amplitude showed a smaller particle size compared to the other WPC samples at 60% and 80% amplitudes. While the WPC samples treated for 10 min had the biggest particle size (790.3 nm), those treated for 30 min had the smallest particle size (697.1 nm). On the other hand, among the treatments, US310 whey protein concentrate samples had the highest EAI (emulsifying activity index) (198 m2/g) and ESI (emulsion stability index) (34.0 min), whereas the untreated WPC samples had the lowest EAI (56 m2/g) and ESI (13.0 min). In general, 30-min US treatment at a 100% amplitude showed the lowest particle size (498.6 nm) and the highest emulsifying properties (EAI: 198 m2/g and ESI: 34.0) compared to the other sonication times and amplitudes.

Synergetic effect of ultrasound and hydrodistillation for extraction of patchouli oil: Screening, optimization and comparison

Patchouli oil is highly recommended in fragrance and cosmetic industries. Patchouli alcohol is the main component as well as the prime reason for the classical aroma of the oil. An intensified concept of aiding hydrodistillation with sonication, a green concept, has been incorporated to maximize the yield of patchouli oil. With the help of Taguchi method, the screening of extraction parameters, viz., extraction time, solid loading, particle size, heating mantle power, sonication amplitude and pulse ratio was carried out while optimization was accomplished by Box-Behnken design. The highest yield (2.05%, w/w) was acquired under optimum conditions, i.e., 30% amplitude, 500 W power and 20 g solid loading. A comparative study of different techniques as well as parts of plant suggested sonohydrodistillation to be the suitable option for isolating the oil from the leaves of patchouli. GC–MS has shown the oil to be a combination of number of sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons as well as oxygenated compounds. The morphological changes in the plant material were studied using scanning electron microscope. Eventually, sonohydrodistillation has reduced the extraction time and improved the yield while maintaining the quality of the oil, hence a symbiotic effect of hydrodistillation with ultrasound was achieved. Furthermore, an evaluation of the electricity consumption and the environmental impact of sonohydrodistillation method for the extraction of the patchouli oil from the patchouli leaves indicated that the method can be considered as a green technique.

Laponite-Doped Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) Hydrogels

Electroacoustic characterization of soft nanocomposites has provided unique insights into the microstructure of soft nanocomposites, including nanoparticle (NP)-doped hydrogels and polyelectrolyte hydrogels without NPs. An outstanding problem is how to interpret the electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA) of charged hydrogels bearing charged NPs because both components generate an acoustic response to the electrical forcing. To this end, we study a series of Laponite XLG-doped, neutralized poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) hydrogels, drawing principally on the ESA, electrical conductivity, and linear viscoelastic rheology. The hydrogel charge density was varied by the fraction of acrylic acid monomer fAAc = 0–1 while maintaining the total monomer concentration ≈8 wt % with Laponite concentration ≈0.85 wt %. Upon comparison of data from this study to those in a recent benchmark study of charged hydrogels without NPs, Laponite doping increased the electroacoustic signal and ionic conductivity but decreased the hydrogel storage modulus. Mechanistic theoretical models predicting how the real part of the ESA (at low frequency) and ionic conductivity of polyelectrolyte hydrogels depend on fAAc were extended to Laponite-doped hydrogels, together furnishing an estimate of the partial molar volume of acrylamide (in polymer form) that is close to the value for pure acrylamide (based on its density and molecular weight). The generally lower storage modulus with Laponite doping contrasts with previous studies of Laponite-doped polyacrylamide and poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels and solutions. This seems to reflect the high degree of neutralization, which transforms an attraction between protonated carboxyl moieties and Laponite to an electrostatic repulsion. The hindering effects of polymerization and cross-linking on acrylic acid-co-acrylamide networks were also investigated by comparing the ESA and conductivity of hydrogels with their monomer solution counterparts. Systematically varying the ratio of charged to uncharged monomers, with and without chemical cross-linking, provides insights to benefit a broad range of technological applications for hydrogel nanocomposites.

Formulation, characterization, and stability of food grade oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions of essential oils of Tasmannia lanceolata, Backhousia citriodora and Syzygium anisatum

AbstractOil‐in‐water nanoemulsions were formulated using sunflower oil mixed with each of the essential oils of Tasmannia lanceolata (Tasmanian pepper leaf [TPL]), Backhousia citriodora (lemon myrtle [LM]) and Syzygium anisatum (anise myrtle [AM]) and stabilized with Tween 80 using ultrasonication. An oil‐surfactant ratio of 3:1 was found to produce the lowest emulsion droplet sizes of 96.6 nm for LM, 122.2 nm for AM and 131.8 nm for TPL. Increase in surfactant concentration above 10r resulted in larger droplet sizes, 165.8–2,647.2 nm for LM (radius, r = .82), 153.7–2,573.5 nm for AM (r = .93) and 157.4–2,621.6 nm for TPL (r = .83). Sonication for 3 min produced smaller droplet size; however, sonication for 9 min resulted in increase of droplet size by 1.48, 1.43 and 1.47 times for oils of LM (r = .82), AM (r = .93) and TPL (r = .83), respectively. A positive correlation was found between sonication amplitude (20–50%) and droplet size for nanoemulsions of LM (r = .93), AM (r = .98) and TPL (r = .95). TPL and LM nanoemulsions showed broad‐ spectrum antimicrobial activities against yeasts and bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) against weak‐acid resistant yeasts were between 0.001–0.003 and 0.002–0.007 mg/ml for nanoemulsion of TPL and between 0.003–0.014 mg/ml and 0.005–0.027 for nanoemulsion of LM, respectively. The stability and antimicrobial activity of TPL and LM essential oil nanoemulsions confirm their potential for application as food preservatives especially in beverage products that are commonly spoiled by weak‐acid resistant yeasts.

Annona muricata Leaves as a Source of Bioactive Compounds: Extraction and Quantification Using Ultrasound

In this work, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) (operating conditions of sonication amplitude, pulse-cycle, and extraction time) was investigated to obtain an extract rich in biologically active compounds from Annona muricata leaves. In addition, the content of bioactive compounds from the extract by the optimal UAE conditions (UAE extract) was compared with extracts prepared by decoction and infusion. Moreover, Artemia salina toxicity was evaluated in all extracts. UAE extract (using optimal conditions: 80% amplitude, 0.7 s pulse-cycle, for 4.54 min) contained 178.48 mg/100 mL of soluble phenols, 20.18 mg/100 mL of total flavonoids, 27.81 mg/100 mL of hydrolyzable polyphenols, 167.07 mg/100 mL of condensed tannins, 30.44 mg/100 mL of total alkaloids and 14.62 mg/100 mL of total acetogenins. The UAE extract exhibited a high antioxidant capacity and a higher content of bioactive compounds from ~6 to ~927-fold than decoction or infusion, depending on the type of compound. Twenty-four different phenolic compounds were identified in the samples, and UAE extract produced the highest concentration. All extracts were considered non-toxic using the A. salina test. The UAE extract from A. muricata leaves is a rich source of bioactive compounds and can be utilized to formulate therapeutic drugs or nutraceutical foods.

Modification of grass pea protein isolate (Lathyrus sativus L.) using high intensity ultrasound treatment: Structure and functional properties

In this study the effect of different high intensity ultrasound (HIU) amplitudes (25, 50 and 75%) and sonication times (5, 10 and 20 min) on the structure and functional properties of grass pea protein isolate (GPPI) was investigated. A higher sonication amplitude and longer time improved the protein solubility and surface hydrophobicity and reduced the particle size of GPPI. These physicochemical alterations in GPPI enhanced the protein adsorption at the oil–water interface, reduced the interfacial tension and increased the EAI and ESI values. SDS-page demonstrated that sonication did not change the primary structure of the protein. However, CD spectroscopy indicated a reduction in α-helix and an increase in the content of β-sheet and random coil structures in the sonicated GPPI. The free SH groups content and UV–vis absorbance intensity increased after the sonication. However, prolonged sonication up to 20 min reduced the free SH content in GPPI due to the oxidation of susceptible SH groups. HIU increased the thermal degradation of GPPI and lowered the least concentration needed for gelatinization of GPPI (LGC). Therefore, less protein powder was needed to form a strong gel compared to the non-sonicated GPPI. Sonicated GPPIs showed higher gel strength especially when 75% amplitude used for 10 min. These results showed that the HIU is a promising approach for modification of the functional properties of GPPI for food applications.

Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Psidium cattleianum Leaves: Optimization Using the Response Surface Methodology.

In this study, conditions for the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of soluble polyphenols from Psidium cattleianum (PC) leaves were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) by assessing the effect of extraction time (XET = 2, 4, and 6 min), sonication amplitude (XSA = 60, 80, and 100%), and pulse cycle (XPC = 0.4, 0.7, and 1 s). Furthermore, the optimized UAE conditions were compared with a conventional aqueous–organic extraction (AOE) method for extracting total phenolics; moreover, a phenolic profile using HPLC and antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) were also compared. According to the RSM, the best conditions for UAE to extract the highest soluble polyphenol content and yield (158.18 mg/g dry matter [DM] and 15.81%) include a 100% sonication amplitude for 4 min at 0.6 s of pulse cycle. The optimal UAE conditions exhibited an effectiveness of 1.71 times in comparison to the AOE method for extracting total phenolics, in 96.66% less time; moreover, PC leaf extracts by UAE showed higher antioxidant values than AOE. Additionally, gallic, protocateic, chlorogenic, caffeic, coumaric, trans-cinnamic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, and syringic acids, as well as kaempferol were identified in PC leaves under UAE. PC leaf extracts are widely used for therapeutic and other industrial purposes; thus, the UAE proves to be a useful technology with which to improve the yield extraction of PC leaf phytochemicals.