Somatic Process Research Articles

Antinociceptive antibiotics-loaded into solid lipid nanoparticles of prolonged release: Measuring pharmacological efficiency and time span on chronic monoarthritis rats.

Pain is a sensory experience of a complex physiological nature in which is not only involved the nervous system. Among its many features is the development of chronic pain that is more complicated to treat because of the central somatization processes involved, becoming inefficient treatments used in other forms of pain. Among them is the role of glial cells, whose participation is such that some authors have proposed to chronic pain as a gliopathy. Because of this, the drug target of possible treatments focuses on modulating nociceptive response affecting transduction into the central nervous system through affecting synapses in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Solid lipid nanoparticles enter the central nervous system, protecting the drug, and in addition to the advantage of having greater absorption surface, all factors that improve drug activity. This work is based on the development and characterization of lipid nanoparticles of solid phase incorporating two antibiotics, minocycline, and ciprofloxacin with antinociceptive properties and challenged them with a rat monoarthritis model using Sprague-Dawley adult male rats. The solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared to modify the lipid, and surfactant amounts to obtain the best encapsulation capacity of the antibiotics, size and z potential. By using the Randall-Selitto test, we measured its pharmacological efficiency as an anti-inflammatory and measuring the time span the antibiotics are active. The encapsulated antibiotics were at least 50% more efficient than the antibiotic alone, and that is possible to measure anti-inflammatory activity up to seven days after the antibiotic application. The former is important for example, in the veterinary field, since a single application of the antibiotic will be necessary for the complete treatment, avoiding excessive stress for the animals. We can conclude that antinociceptive antibiotics encapsulation is a very effective, environmentally safe and inexpensive method for improving the pharmacological efficiency and time span the antibiotics are acting. Since these antibiotics are both anti-microbial and antinociceptive, his use in the field of veterinary presents the advantage of being adequate in single doses, with the saving of time and stress to the animals under treatment.

Rooting of Pinus radiata somatic embryos: factors involved in the success of the process

In vitro conditions of the culture media, plant growth regulators and culture containers may cause anatomical and physiological changes that have negative effects on rooting and ex vitro acclimatization of somatic plantlets. The control of these factors could contribute to the improvement of somatic embryogenesis systems in conifers, especially in pines. The influence of macronutrient concentrations, explant type and culture containers in Pinus radiata D. Don in vitro somatic embryo rooting were analyzed. The highest rooting percentage was observed using half-strength macronutrient concentrations, complete micronutrients and vitamins of Quoirin and Lepoivre medium. Although the use of glass culture vessels was the best to increase the efficiency of the somatic embryogenesis process in terms of rooting, the use of ventilated containers resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of plants able to be planted in the field.

Insights from Proteomic Studies into Plant Somatic Embryogenesis.

Somatic embryogenesis is a biotechnological approach mainly used for the clonal propagation of different plants worldwide. In somatic embryogenesis, embryos arise from somatic cells under appropriate culture conditions. This plasticity in plants is a demonstration of true cellular totipotency and is the best approach among the genetic transformation protocols used for plant regeneration. Despite the importance of somatic embryogenesis, knowledge regarding the control of the somatic embryogenesis process is limited. Therefore, the elucidation of both the biochemical and molecular processes is important for understanding the mechanisms by which a single somatic cell becomes a whole plant. Modern proteomic techniques rely on an alternative method for the identification and quantification of proteins with different abundances in embryogenic cell cultures or somatic embryos and enable the identification of specific proteins related to somatic embryogenesis development. This review focuses on somatic embryogenesis studies that use gel-free shotgun proteomic analyses to categorize proteins that could enhance our understanding of particular aspects of the somatic embryogenesis process and identify possible targets for future studies.

Video Games and Other Online Activities May Improve Health in Ageing.

Humans are highly adaptable organisms. Our environment is now increasingly more digital, and we need to assimilate a vast amount of information, much of which requires us to act (1). This has an impact on our neuronal stress response mechanisms, which are activated in order to minimize any disturbance to our homeostasis, or more precisely to our homoeodynamic space (2). Therefore, function is dynamically maintained within healthy limits. In this paper, we propose that by exposing ourselves to informative, co-interactive digital platforms which are defined by a variety of “Information-that-requires-action in time and on demand,” we are subjected to beneficial positive stress which upregulates neuronal function. This neuronal upregulation has a positive impact on the rest of the somatic repair processes which may reduce age-related degeneration (3). Beneficial positive stress is invoked when the information is important or significant, in the sense that it entices the organism to act, and thus adapt (i.e., reach a state which is functionally better compared to the previous one). When such information reaches the neuron, it acts as a cognitive stimulus which induces the neuron to upregulate its metabolism in order to process this new information (4). It has been argued that such exposure to novel digital information can influence our somatic repair processes through hormetic events (3). Hormesis is a widespread phenomenon in nature that is defined by a non-linear “low dose stimulation, high dose inhibition” principle. This means that exposure to a relatively weak stimulus may positively challenge the organism and upregulate the stress response. This results in health benefits, whereas an excessive, suboptimal, or prolonged exposure may result in damage and disease (5). Hormetic challenges (positive stress) may be used in order to reduce age-related dysfunction in general (6).

Correction: Nitrogen uptake and assimilation in proliferating embryogenic cultures of Norway spruce-Investigating the specific role of glutamine.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181785.].

Overexpression of EcGSH1 induces glutathione production and alters somatic embryogenesis and plant development in Hevea brasiliensis

Oxidative stress occurring during in-vitro culture is detrimental for clonal propagation by somatic embryogenesis in particular in Hevea brasiliensis. In previous work, overexpression of the gene encoding the cytosolic reactive oxygen species detoxification enzyme HbCuZnSOD led to reduce somatic embryo regeneration in Hevea. In this study, the role of antioxidant was tested by overexpression of the E.coli GSH1 gene involved in glutathione biosynthesis in rubber embryogenic callus lines. Transgenic lines were successfully established and some plants were regenerated. Overexpression of EcGSH1 gene led to glutathione over-accumulation, and affected dramatically the somatic embryogenesis process and plant development. Upon a water deficit treatment, these plants displayed the greatest drop in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, higher proline content, and higher glutathione reductase activity. Changes induced in transgenic lines overexpressing HbCuZnSOD and EcGSH1 were discussed as well as possible applications on plant material propagation, overcoming loss of natural rubber production through Tapping Panel Dryness, and tropical soil remediation.

Transcription Factors: Their Role in the Regulation of Somatic Embryogenesis in Theobroma cacao L. and Other Species.

Transcription factors are proteins that help with the control and regulation in the transcription of the DNA to mRNA by binding to special DNA sequences. With the aim to understand more about gene transcription regulation in Theobroma cacao L., this review outlines the principal transcription factors that were reported in other plants especially Arabidopsis thaliana and attempts at looking for the homologies with transcription factors in T. cacao. The information cited in this work is about the initiation, development, and maturation of the cacao somatic embryos and other crops. It is important to underline that there are very few publications in T. cacao discussing transcription factors that control the somatic embryogenesis process, but there is some information about transcription factors in other crops that we have used as a guide to try to understand this process.

Sociodemografske i psihološke karakteristike učenika kao prediktori stava prema fizičkom vaspitanju

Students' attitude toward physical education (PE) is one of the important indicators of their involvement in PE classes as well as out-of- school physical activities. The main aim of this study was to examine the predictive value of sociodemographic and psychological characteristics of the students at early and middle adolescence for the formation of their attitude toward PE. The students' gender, age, academic self-concept in PE and the state anxiety in PE were examined. Additionally, the correlation between the students' attitudes toward PE and their performance in PE classes and out-of-school physical activities was also investigated. The sample included 251 primary and secondary school students, aged 13 to 17. The following instruments were applied in this research: the physical education attitude scale (PEAS), the Academic Self-Description Questionnaire (ASDQ II) and the Physical Education State Anxiety Scale (PESAS) including the following subscales: somatic anxiety, cognitive processes and worry, as well as an additional questionnaire containing questions about gender, age, PE marks and the students' engagement in out-of-school physical activities. The results have indicated a positive correlation between the students' attitudes toward PE and the academic self-concept in PE, whereas a negative correlation between the PE attitudes and all three components of the state anxiety in PE was determined. The results of a hierarchical multiple regression have indicated that the academic self-concept in PE and a somatic component of the state anxiety in PE are significant predictors of the students' attitude toward PE. It has also been shown that the students' attitudes correlated with their performance in PE and the success achieved in out-of-school physical activities as well. It has been concluded that it is necessary to enhance the students' academic self-concept in PE and create the classroom atmosphere which will provoke positive emotional experiences in students.

RAG Chromatin Scanning During V(D)J Recombination and Chromatin Loop Extrusion are Related Processes.

An effective adaptive immune system depends on the ability of developing B and T cells to generate diverse immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptor repertoires, respectively. Such diversity is achieved through a programmed somatic recombination process whereby germline V, D, and J segments of antigen receptor loci are assembled to form the variable region V(D)J exons of Ig and TCRs. Studies of this process, termed V(D)J recombination, have provided key insights into our understanding of a variety of general gene regulatory and DNA repair processes over the last several decades. V(D)J recombination is initiated by the RAG endonuclease which generates DNA double-stranded breaks at the borders of V, D, and J segments. In this review, we cover recent work that has elucidated RAG structure and work that revealed that RAG has a novel chromatin scanning activity, likely mediated by chromatin loop extrusion, that contributes to its ability to locate V, D, J gene segment substrates within large chromosomal loop domains bounded by CTCF-binding elements (CBEs). This latter function, coupled with the role CBE-based chromatin loop domains and subdomains within them play in focusing V(D)J recombination activity within antigen receptor loci, provide mechanistic explanations for long-standing questions regarding V(D)J segment usage diversification and in limiting potentially deleterious off-target RAG-initiated recombination events genome-wide. This review will focus mainly on studies of the mouse Ig heavy chain locus, but the principles described also apply to other Ig loci and to TCR loci in mice and humans.

Reproductive Decisions in a “Fast-Living” Sciurid: A Case Study of the Yellow Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus fulvus)

The problem of the optimal distribution of time and energy between reproduction and the other vital functions and the choice of optimal reproductive tactics concerns all animals. The sequence of decisions largely determines overall individual reproductive success and fitness. The goal of the study was to summarize the factors determining the reproductive decision of the yellow ground squirrel (Spermophilus fulvus). Despite its relatively large size and extremely long hibernation, the yellow ground squirrels is characterized by rapid growth and maturation, in combination with a short life-span; the life cycle of the yellow ground squirrel proceeds according to the “fast” scenario. Analysis of the relationship between breeding indices of females and their individual characteristics has shown that the reproductive investment and success of females do not depend on the age, body condition, or previous reproductive history of the female. The only factor found to influence female reproduction is the date of emergence from hibernation: the later a female emerges, the lower the offspring mass is and the fewer offspring survive. At the same time, female annual investment in reproduction is very large and close to the mean lifetime reproductive investment estimated for female mammals. With a short life-span (approximately 2–3 years), females do not have the opportunity to distribute the reproductive effort across many breeding attempts, they seem to be able to recover quickly after reproduction. Nevertheless, a substantial portion of mature females (about 30%) annually do not produce litters for unknown reasons. The sex ratio among reproductively active individuals during the mating period is strongly biased toward females. This is due to the lower survival of males, the late maturation of young males in comparison with females, and the fact that, even in adult males, individuals in poor physical condition are not very active and hardly search for sexual partners, i.e., males demonstrate a trade-off in the distribution of costs for somatic processes and reproduction. When there is a surplus of females emerging from hibernation, there are more receptive females in the population than reproductively active males, and operational sex ratio (OSR, the ratio between females and males ready to mate) is skewed toward females. Since females live sparsely and are sedentary during the mating period, the probability of breeding for them depends on the availability of sexual partners: the females’ breeding chances increase with an increase in the local density of males and the proportion of males in the population at the time of the female’s estrus; the only explanation for the large proportion of non-breeding females is the shortage of sexual partners. Thus, the negative effect of the shortage of males on the probability of female reproduction is shown for the first time for a natural population of mammals; this opens a new perspective on the theory of sexual conflict. This phenomenon, which is not so typical of species in which the parental investment of the female far exceeds the male’s investment, is explained by the combination of sociodemographic conditions and the life-history patterns of the yellow ground squirrel.

Higher Trait Psychopathy Is Associated with Increased Risky Decision-Making and Less Coincident Insula and Striatal Activity.

Higher trait levels of psychopathy have been associated with both a tendency to maintain disadvantageous decision-making strategies and aberrant cortico-limbic neural activity. To explore the neural mechanisms associated with the psychopathy-related propensity to continue selecting risky choices, a non-forensic sample of participants completed a self-report psychopathy questionnaire and two runs of a risky decision-making task during H215O positron emission tomography (PET) scanning. In this secondary data analysis study, we leveraged data previously collected to examine the impact of previous drug use on risky decision-making to explore the relations between self-reported psychopathy and behavioral and brain metrics during performance of the Cambridge Decision-Making Task (CDMT), in which volunteers chose between small/likely or large/unlikely potential reward outcomes. Behaviorally, we observed that psychopathy scores were differentially correlated with the percent of risky decisions made in run 1 vs. run 2 of the task. Specifically, higher levels of psychopathy, above and beyond that attributable to drug use or sex, were associated with greater tendencies to make risky selections only in the second half (run 2) of the task. In parallel, psychopathy scores negatively correlated with regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the right insula and right ventral striatum during run 2 of the CDMT. These exploratory outcomes suggest that greater levels of psychopathy may be associated with an inability to translate experience with negative outcomes into behavioral adaptations possibly due to decreased neural efficiency in regions related to somatic and/or reward feedback processes.

Uncoding the genetic heterogeneity of myelodysplastic syndrome.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clinically heterogeneous disease characterized by functional impairment of hematopoiesis and abnormal bone marrow morphology. The type and severity of hematopoietic dysfunction in MDS are highly variable, and the kinetics of disease progression are difficult to predict. Genomic studies have shown that MDS is typically driven by a multistep somatic genetic process affecting a core set of genes. By definition, recurrent MDS driver mutations all drive clonal dominance, although they can have stereotyped positions in the clonal hierarchy or patterns of comutation association and exclusivity. Furthermore, environmental context, such as exposures to cytotoxic chemotherapy or the presence of germ-line predisposition, can influence disease pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. This review will address how an enhanced understanding of MDS genetics may enable refinement of current diagnostic schema, improve understanding of the pathogenesis of therapy-related MDS, and identify germ-line predispositions to development of MDS that are more common than recognized by standard clinical evaluation.

English

Cross-fertilization and somatic embryogenesis stand as potential useful tools for genetic improvement and vulgarization of agronomical interesting cocoa planting material for sustainable cocoa culture. Manual cross-fertilization (♀SNK13×♂UPA143) was conducted. ♀SNK13×♂UPA143 derived hybrid genotypes were tested for their susceptibility to black pods disease (BPD). The most tolerant hybrid genotype (KHACa12) was monitored for its precocity, yielding and somatic embryo potential. Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities were evaluated in association to embryogenesis in KHACa12. The cross-fertilization ♀SNK13×♂UPA143 generated around 60% of offprint’s tolerant or less susceptible to BPD. When transferred in experimental farm, KHACa12 produced flowers 18 months after planting. Mature pods from KHACa12 bearded 55±5 seeds/pod. Seventy-five pods were harvested from KHACa12 during the first season. These pods generated 6 kg of fermented-dried cocoa seeds. Somatic embryo responsive revealed that 71.041 ± 7.91% and 50.64 ± 9.48% staminodes and petals derived explants, respectively produced direct and indirect somatic embryos. Morphologically, the somatic embryos obtained were similar to zygotic embryos from the same hybrid genotype (KHACa12). Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities profiles in zygotic and somatic embryos increase during the first stages of embryogenesis, then decrease when cotyledons developed. These results might indicate that, ♀SNK13×♂UPA143 could be used to develop cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) hybrid genotypes tolerant or less susceptible to BPD. KHACa12 is an agronomic interesting hybrid genotype that could be produced in large scale and vulgarized using somatic embryogenesis process. The initiation and development of somatic embryo in KHACa12 can be monitored and modulated biochemically through peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities profiles. Key words: Breeding, tissue culture, somatic, explants, hybrid.

Scheduling batch processing machine problem with non-identical job sizes via artificial immune system

This paper considers a single batch processing machine problem, in this problem, jobs with release time and size will be assigned into some batches and processed aiming to minimize makespan. Given that this problem is NP-hard, an immunoglobulin-based artificial immune system (IAIS) algorithm is used to solve the problem. The proposed IAIS algorithm has two meaningful features. First, the searching area is limited in the somatic recombination process in order to decrease the computational time. Second, several local search methods are mixed for use in each run to change neighbor and escape from local optimum. Comparisons with an algorithm for the problem are shown to verify proposed IAIS. Comparisons results have shown that the proposed IAIS algorithm has a better performance than the existing algorithm.

Immunogenetic factors driving formation of ultralong VH CDR3 in Bos taurus antibodies.

The antibody repertoire of Bos taurus is characterized by a subset of variable heavy (VH) chain regions with ultralong third complementarity determining regions (CDR3) which, compared to other species, can provide a potent response to challenging antigens like HIV env. These unusual CDR3 can range to over seventy highly diverse amino acids in length and form unique β-ribbon 'stalk' and disulfide bonded 'knob' structures, far from the typical antigen binding site. The genetic components and processes for forming these unusual cattle antibody VH CDR3 are not well understood. Here we analyze sequences of Bos taurus antibody VH domains and find that the subset with ultralong CDR3 exclusively uses a single variable gene, IGHV1-7 (VHBUL) rearranged to the longest diversity gene, IGHD8-2. An eight nucleotide duplication at the 3' end of IGHV1-7 encodes a longer V-region producing an extended F β-strand that contributes to the stalk in a rearranged CDR3. A low amino acid variability was observed in CDR1 and CDR2, suggesting that antigen binding for this subset most likely only depends on the CDR3. Importantly a novel, potentially AID mediated, deletional diversification mechanism of the B. taurus VH ultralong CDR3 knob was discovered, in which interior codons of the IGHD8-2 region are removed while maintaining integral structural components of the knob and descending strand of the stalk in place. These deletions serve to further diversify cysteine positions, and thus disulfide bonded loops. Hence, both germline and somatic genetic factors and processes appear to be involved in diversification of this structurally unusual cattle VH ultralong CDR3 repertoire.

Somatic mutation footprinting reveals a unique tetranucleotide signature associated with intron-exon boundaries in lung cancer.

Cigarette smoke comprises a large number of carcinogenic substances that can increase DNA mutation load in epithelial cells of the mouth, throat and lungs. While a strong C:A substitution preference is abundant in tobacco-related cancer genomes, detection of complex or less abundant somatic mutation signatures may be confounded by the heterogeneity of carcinogens present in smoke. Trinucleotide signatures are defined for a variety of somatic mutation processes, yet the extent to which this configuration optimally defines and discriminates between mutational processes is not clear. Here, we describe a method that determines whether trinucleotide patterns do a good job at encapsulating a mutation signature or whether they mask underlying heterogeneity that alternative pattern structures would better define. The approach works by mapping the dependency of trinucleotide signatures in relation to sequence context to establish a 'footprint' of context dependency. Applying this technique to smoke-associated cancers, we show that a robust tetranucleotide substitution is prevalent in 17% of lung squamous cell carcinoma genomes. The signature is dominated by the substitution CT(C:A)G and is strongly associated with gene expression level and intron-exon junctions. Intriguingly, its distribution across the genome is biased towards 5' splice junctions, suggesting a novel mechanism of mutation.

Evaluation of the Extracellular Proteome Profile During the Somatic Embryogenesis Process of Coffea spp.

The somatic embryogenesis (SE) has been used as an important tool for the study of molecular events in plant cell differentiation. Some studies have revealed that suspensions of somatic embryos secrete a vast array of proteins that could be involved in the regulation of this process. Many of these molecules have been suggested to work as inductors and others as inhibitors of the process. In the present work, suspension cultures of both Coffea canephora and Coffea arabica were used to study the population of proteins secreted into the media. Two types of cultures were used; one for the propagation of suspension cultures (non-embryogenic) and another for the induction of SE (embryogenic). The evaluated days were 14 and 42 for non-embryogenic condition and 21, 42, and 98 for the embryogenic condition. An embryogenic system was established in the C. arabica species, obtaining 4,000 embryos per liter. We analyzed the proteins secreted into the culture media, both under non-embryogenic and SE induction conditions. In C. canephora medium, we found 173 proteins after 14 d of culture under non-embryogenic conditions. In C. arabica we found 523 after 14 d under non-embryogenic conditions. Under embryogenic conditions we found 379, 409 and 175 proteins after 21, 42 and 98 d, respectively. We also determined that some proteins are secreted exclusively under embryogenic conditions and others proteins under non-embryogenic conditions.

Targeting mitochondrial function and proteostasis to mitigate dynapenia.

Traditionally, interventions to treat skeletal muscle aging have largely targeted sarcopenia-the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass. Dynapenia refers to the age-related loss in skeletal muscle function due to factors outside of muscle mass, which helps to inform treatment strategies for aging skeletal muscle. There is evidence that mechanisms to maintain protein homeostasis and proteostasis, deteriorate with age. One key mechanism to maintain proteostasis is protein turnover, which is an energetically costly process. When there is a mismatch between cellular energy demands and energy provision, inelastic processes related to metabolism are maintained, but there is competition for the remaining energy between the elastic processes of somatic maintenance and growth. With aging, mitochondrial dysfunction reduces ATP generation capacity, constraining the instantaneous supply of energy, thus compromising growth and somatic maintenance processes. Further, with age the need for somatic maintenance increases because of the accumulation of protein damage. In this review, we highlight the significant role mitochondria have in maintaining skeletal muscle proteostasis through increased energy provision, protein turnover, and substrate flux. In addition, we provide evidence that improving mitochondrial function could promote a cellular environment that is conducive to somatic maintenance, and consequently for mitigating dynapenia. Finally, we highlight interventions, such as aerobic exercise, that could be used to improve mitochondrial function and improve outcomes related to dynapenia.

Klhl6 Deficiency Impairs Transitional B Cell Survival and Differentiation.

Klhl6 belongs to the KLHL gene family, which is composed of an N-terminal BTB-POZ domain and four to six Kelch motifs in tandem. Several of these proteins function as adaptors of the Cullin3 E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. In this article, we report that Klhl6 deficiency induces, as previously described, a 2-fold reduction in mature B cells. However, we find that this deficit is centered on the inability of transitional type 1 B cells to survive and to progress toward the transitional type 2 B cell stage, whereas cells that have passed this step generate normal germinal centers (GCs) upon a T-dependent immune challenge. Klhl6-deficient type 1 B cells showed a 2-fold overexpression of genes linked with cell proliferation, including most targets of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome complex, a set of genes whose expression is precisely downmodulated upon culture of splenic transitional B cells in the presence of BAFF. These results thus suggest a delay in the differentiation process of Klhl6-deficient B cells between the immature and transitional stage. We further show, in the BL2 Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, that KLHL6 interacts with Cullin3, but also that it binds to HBXIP/Lamtor5, a protein involved in cell-cycle regulation and cytokinesis. Finally, we report that KLHL6, which is recurrently mutated in B cell lymphomas, is an off-target of the normal somatic hypermutation process taking place in GC B cells in both mice and humans, thus leaving open whether, despite the lack of impact of Klhl6 deficiency on GC B cell expansion, mutants could contribute to the oncogenic process.

Physiological and psychological correlates ofattention-related body sensations (tinglingandwarmth).

Body sensations play an essential role in the subjective evaluation of our physical health, illness, and healing. They are impacted by peripheral somatic and external processes, but they are also heavily modulated by mental processes, e.g.,attention, motor control, and emotion. Body sensations, such as tingling, numbness, pulse, and warmth, can emerge due to simply focusing attention on a body part. It is however an open question, if these sensations are connected with actual peripheral changes or happen "only in the mind." Here, we first tested whether the intensity of such attention-related body sensations is related to autonomic and somatomotor physiological processes and to psychological traits. In this study, attention-related body sensations were not significantly connected to changes in physiology, except warmth sensation, which was linked to decrease in muscle tension. Overall intensity of tingling significantly correlated with body awareness and tendentiously with body-mind practice. This strengthened the hypothesis that attention-related body sensations are more the result of top-down functions, and the connection with peripheral processes is weak. Here, we suggested a novel protocol to examine the effect of manipulating attention on body sensations, which together with our results and discussion can inspire future researches.