Somatic Development Of Children Research Articles

Microcephaly is associated with impaired educational development in children with congenital heart disease.

ObjectivesThis study aims to evaluate the school careers of patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and microcephaly.MethodsAn exploratory online survey was conducted on patients from a previous study on somatic development in children with CHD in 2018 (n = 2818). A total of 750 patients participated in the online survey (26.6%). This publication focuses on 91 patients (12.1%) diagnosed with CHD and microcephaly who participated in the new online survey.ResultsMicrocephaly was significantly associated with CHD severity (p < 0.001). Microcephalic patients suffered from psychiatric comorbidity two times as often (67.0%) as non-microcephalic patients (29.8%). In particular, the percentage of patients with developmental delay, intellectual debility, social disability, learning disorder, or language disorder was significantly increased in microcephalic CHD patients (p < 0.001). A total of 85.7% of microcephalic patients and 47.6% of non-microcephalic patients received early interventions to foster their development. The school enrollment of both groups was similar at approximately six years of age. However, 89.9% of non-microcephalic but only 51.6% of microcephalic patients were enrolled in a regular elementary school. Regarding secondary school, only half as many microcephalic patients (14.3%) went to grammar school, while the proportion of pupils at special schools was eight times higher. Supportive interventions, e.g., for specific learning disabilities, were used by 52.7% of microcephalic patients and 21.6% of non-microcephalic patients.ConclusionPatients with CHD and microcephaly are at high risk for impaired educational development. Early identification should alert clinicians to provide targeted interventions to optimize the developmental potential.

Impact of breastfeeding on the physical and somatic development of children

Purpose: The aim of the research is the study of the influence of various types of feeding and care for the dynamics of somatic and metabolic development of children. Material and research methods: Physical - somatic development, as well as immunological indices and morbidity of children in relation to the type of feeding and principles of care were studied. For the first time prognostic criteria of risk of development of somatic pathology depending on the types of feeding and principles of care have been developed. Еhe influence of the type of feeding and the nature of care on the adaptive capacity and imbalance in the system of children's immunity in different age periods has been proved. For the first time, a cohort - prospective study was conducted with long follow-up care of children from birth to 14 years. Еhe correlation between physical, immune and somatic status of children in different age periods was first proved.

Correlations Between Auxological Indices and Thyroid Volume in Children with Stature Delay in Endemic and Non-Endemic Areas of Sibiu County

Abstract Palpation of the thyroid gland, completed by its ultrasonographic examination, is an important method for assessing endocrine disorders caused by insufficient iodine intake. Hypothyroidism (through iodine deficiency) can be one of the main endocrine causes of poor mental and somatic development in children. The data obtained after palpation and ultrasonographic determination of thyroid volume in two groups of children (6-12 years) with small stature from different areas of Sibiu County, a submontane area (endemic) and a hilly area (non-endemic), show statistically significant differences between the values obtained for the two groups. Goiter was present in over half of the children living in the endemic area, a statistically significant percentage, higher than that obtained for the hilly area; thyroid volume values were statistically significantly higher compared to those of non-endemic area. Thyroid volume correlates positively and statistically significantly, both with the auxological indices of children (height and body mass), but especially with their age.

Somatic development in children with Shwachman-Diamond syndrome

BackgroundShwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare genetic, multi-systemic disease characterized by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, immune deficiency, bone marrow failure and skeletal abnormalities. Most patients present with failure in somatic development and short stature, but systematic data concerning those features are limited. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of failure in somatic development in the children with SDS.MethodsAn analysis of anthropometric measurements of 21 patients (14 girls and 7 boys),aged 2 to 17 years (mean age 6.3 years) with SDS diagnosed in The Children’s Memorial Health Institute in Warsaw, Poland was performed. The patients were measured using a Holtain Limited stadiometer, an electronic scale, a Harpenden anthropometer, a metric tape and a spreading caliper. The assessed anthropometric parameters were expressed as standard deviation scores in relation to the reference values in Poland, suitable for sex as well as calendar and growth age.ResultsA total of 66 measurements was collected and analyzed with a median number of 3 observations per patient. The group of boys presented with a significantly lower height (− 3.0 SD, p < 0.0001) and BMI (− 1.4 SD, p < 0.00001), and in the relation to the growth age a lower weight (− 1.0 SD, p < 0.001) as well as a smaller chest width (− 0.9 SD, p < 0.05), hip width (− 0,5 SD, p < 0,05) and lower limb length (− 0,5 SD, p < 0,05). The group of girls also showed significantly lower height (− 2.6 SD, p < 0.00001) and BMI (− 0.8 SD, p < 0.00001), and in relation to the growth age, lower weight (− 0.5 SD, p < 0.001) as well as decreased width of the chest (− 1.7 SD, p < 0.0001) and shoulder (− 1.0 SD, p < 0.001) were observed. Boys and girls were also characterized by significantly decreased circumference and width of head, additionally, girls had also smaller head length.ConclusionsPatients with SDS have abnormal somatic development. Both boys and girls are characterized by short stature, decreased weight, BMI, leg length, chest width as well as circumference and width of head. Anthropometric measurements provide important data on the process of growth and body proportions in children with SDS.

Somatic Development of Rural Children with Scoliosis

The formation of a proper body posture is highly affected by body build and proportions. Correct silhouette is usually observed in children with solid constitution. The objective of the study was to evaluate the somatic development of rural children with structural scoliosis as compared to their peers with correct body postures.Investigations into the biological development of rural children and youth were carried out in the years 1998—1999, in primary and secondary schools of the Southern Podlasie region. The study involved 1045 girls and 1025 boys, aged 7—19 years, including 35 subjects with structural scoliosis. Body posture was evaluated based on orthopedic examination, including the Adams’ test. The somatic development of children with structural scoliosis was charac-terized on the basis of the following measurements: body height and mass, arm and shank circumference, elbow and knee width, and Body Mass Index (BMI). The results of measurements were plotted on centile scales, elaborated for rural children of the Southern Podlasie.The results of the study indicate that, in most cases, body sizes of girls and boys with structural scoliosis reached values either meeting or lower than those recommended for rural children. The occurrence of extremely low values of body mass, BMI, musculature and skeleton stoutness measurements as well as extremely high values of body height in the analyzed children with scoliosis seems highly alarming.Keywords: body posture of rural girls and boys, structural scolioses, somatic traits.

Somatic Development in Children with Congenital Heart Defects

Somatic development is impaired in children with congenital heart defects (CHDs), and head circumference seems to be a strong predictor of neurodevelopmental prognosis. The aim of this study was to generate up-to-date reference values for the somatic development (head circumference, body weight, and length/height) of children with CHDs. Our study population consisted of all patients included in the PAN study (Prävalenz angeborener Herzfehler bei Neugeborenen in Deutschland), which was conducted prospectively over a 3-year study period by the Competence Network for Congenital Heart Defects. All children with mild, moderate, and severe CHDs born in 2006-2009 in Germany were enrolled. For computing of z-scores, only children with the following characteristics were included: appropriate for gestational age, nonsyndromic disease, term or post-term delivery, and no cardiac surgery. There were 2818 patients included. New z-scores for the described somatic measures of children with mild, moderate, and severe CHDs were computed. Comparisons with the KiGGS study (Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland) and the Berlin Longitudinal Study revealed significantly lower measurements for all measures-most notably in children with severe CHDs and/or cardiac surgery. In our cohort, no catch-up growth was seen after cardiac surgery. Children with severe CHDs demonstrated the most abnormal pattern in growth, including head circumference before and after cardiac surgery, which is indicative of accompanying brain pathology unrelated to operative injury.

Kierunek zmian w rozwoju somatycznym u dzieci i młodzieży z cukrzycą typu 1

Disorders of somatic development in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes can lead to unstable course of the disease and the difficulties in obtaining good metabolic control. Evaluation of somatic development in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in different age categories. Agroup of 97 girls and 90 boys with type 1 diabetes was examined. Children were divided into three age groups: girls with mean age of 9.1; 12.9; 16.2 years and boys with mean age of 7.6; 11.8; 16.2 years. In all subjects accurate anthropometric measurements and nutritional status assessment were conducted. Somatic traits and indices were expressed in terms of standard deviations of age and sex-specific Polish growth references. Body measurements in girls at the age of 9.1 years and boys at the age of 7.6 years did not differ significantly from the healthy population. Girls aged 12.9 years had significantly increased widths shoulder (p=0,003)) and greater body circumferences: waist (p=0,001), arm (p=0,0008) and hips (p=0,001). The boys aged 11.8 years have significantly larger greater trunk length (p=0,04) and upper limbs length (p=0,01). The oldest girls, at the age of 16.2 years excessive body weight (p=0,00001) also significantly increased circumferences of waist and hips (p=0,000001) were observed. Boys aged 16.2 years also showed significantly increased body circumferences (p=0,0001) which was particularly evident for boys with greater body height. Body mass index BMI in girls pointed to the overweight (1.50 SDS) while in boys it was normal (-0.05 SDS). The youngest girls, the duration of the disease was 2.9 +/- 0.6 years, in the older group 5.2 +/- 0.6 years and the oldest 6.9 +/- 0.6 years. The boys, the duration of illness was 1.9 +/- 0.6 years; 2.6 +/- 0.5 years; 4.8 +/- 0.7 years. The mean HbA 1c in girls was 7.1; 7.7; and 8.4%, while boys 7.4; 7.4 and 7.6%. Changes in body build in patients with diabetes type 1 are associated with chronological age, duration of disease and metabolic control. It has been observed that the increase of weight and waist circumference concern girls. Patients with overweight and obesity represent a risk of early development of complications and require special care.

Formulation of Infant Food Based on Local Cereals: Stability and Effects on Cognitive Development

Our goal was to develop nutritious; accessible and stable infants flour which would improve cognitive and behavior abilities for African children. Five formulations (F1 to F5) based on local cereals from Senegal were manufactured according to FAO/WHO nutritional requirements and composed to reach equal energetic value (400 Kcal/Kg). Flours formulation stability was studied by storage at 20°C and5 relative humidities (0%to 95%) for 10 months. Flour dextrose equivalent; color and fat composition were followed and all formulated flours showed very good stability for a storage relative humidity below 75%. During in vivo nutritional tests; a comparative weight study between mice fed with standard nutritive flour (control); and those fed with F1 to F5 formulations showed a similar slope of weight gain even if adaptation time to new feed initially retard mice growth. F2 and F3 showed the highest weight deficiency compared to the control. Y and Morris Tests; used to characterize the behavior showed that F3; F4 and F5 formulations significantly increased psychomotor activity compared to the control. Long term memory was not significantly different between all formulations; except for F5 which showed a clear improvement. F2 formulation composed of corn was the least efficient for working memory due to its low proteins quality. The low number of triplets can slightly affect the F2 alternation percent; even if this effect was not observed for the control. The other formulations gave results close to the control food. F4 and F5 formulations showed good nutritional qualities; F4; enriched with vitamins and minerals; as well as F5 enriched with fish oil gave very good results on all growth and comportment parameters. They might be effective for better cognitive and somatic development of children.

P-321 - Impact of various types of care on somatic development of children

Introduction Mental development but also growth and somatic development of children is closely related with psychical and social status. Children suffering from severe social and emotional deprivation show substantial deficits not only in mental but also growth and somatic development. It is supposed that children in foster care or institutional care may be exposed to show long-time changes in development and can show significant growth and developmental delays. Methods We have conducted an extensive study (n = 360) monitoring mental and somatic development in children in foster care - P (n = 120), in institutional care - D (n = 120) and in functional biological families -B (n = 120). We have evaluated the stage of cognitive and emotional development and also somatic development. Results The results of the presented study showed that children in institutional and foster care show significant delays in somatic development - i.e. substantially lower values of body height and weight, comparing to children from biological families (p Conclusion The results of study propose that foster and institutional care may have substantial influence on somatic development of children.

Effects of Repeated Courses of Antenatal Corticosteroids on Somatic Development in Children 6 to 10 Years of Age

This study assessed the effects of repeated courses of antenatal corticosteroids on biometric characteristics, salivary cortisol, and heart function in children 6 to 10 years of age using a retrospective cohort study. Twenty-nine children whose mothers had received two or more courses of antenatal corticosteroids were identified from hospital charts. Eighty-seven children whose mothers did not receive antenatal corticosteroids were frequency matched with the exposed group by child's age, sex, and ethnicity. The body development, heart function, and salivary corticosteroid level were evaluated at 6 to 10 years of age. The percentiles of body measurements were calculated based on the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts. The general linear models were applied to assess the observed association. Decreased head circumference ( P=0.017) and body mass index (BMI) ( P=0.047) in children 6 to 10 years of age were associated with repeated courses of antenatal corticosteroids. Morning salivary cortisol level was lower in the exposed group than the unexposed group ( P=0.048). No difference was found in height, weight, blood pressure, heart rate, and echocardiogram measurements between the two groups. Repeated courses of antenatal corticosteroid therapy are associated with decreased head circumference, BMI, and salivary cortisol level in children 6 to 10 years of age.

The Physical Development of Children in Relation to Selected Genetic and Psychosocial Factors

ISEE-362 Objective: Physical development is the positive indicator of child health, impacts on functional level of organs, and reflects many different factors. The aim of the study was the analysis of selected genetic and psychosocial influences on somatic development of children. Material and Methods: The relationship between growth parameters (height, weight, and BMI) in representative population of Slovak children (11,780) of both genders in the age range 0 to 6 years (nation-wide cross-sectional anthropometric surveys in 2001) and their duration of breast-feeding, ethnicity, environmental pollution in residence, as well as somatometric characteristics (height and weight), education and occupation of their parents, and completeness of family were analyzed using statistical program S Plus 6.0. Results: Genetic influences on height of children, impact duration from breast-feeding and SE factors, father's occupation, and education of mother were confirmed. Multiple linear regression revealed significant positive association of child height with height of parents (P < 0.001), ethnicity (P < 0.001, Romanian children are the smallest in the sample), with duration of breast-feeding (P < 0.001), occupation of father (P < 0.0125), and positive association with level of mother education (P < 0.0216) (R2 = 0.849). A significant association of children weight has been found only with weight of parents (P < 0.001) and ethnicity (P < 0.0029). BMI of children has been in significant relationship with weight and BMI of parents, which confirms the influence of family lifestyle on this parameter of body composition. Factors such as environmental pollution in residence and completeness of family have not been revealed in close associations with parameters of physical development of children. Conclusions: Assessment of endogenous and exogenous factors influencing somatic development and functional indicators represents a precondition for effective primary prevention in health care of children.

Minor neurological dysfunction, cognitive development and somatic development at the age of 3 to 11 years in very‐low‐birthweight infants with transient periventricular echodensities

To determine, using strict exclusion criteria, whether transient periventricular echodensities (TPE) in very-low-birthweight infants lead to minor neurological dysfunction and problems in cognitive and somatic development in children without major neurological impairments. 23 children with TPE were matched to 23 children without TPE. Exclusion criteria were small for gestational age, microcephaly at birth, diplegia, asphyxia, psychomotor retardation, intraventricular haemorrhage grade III/IV, major surgical interventions and malformations. The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Draw-a-Man Test and neuropaediatric examination were used for evaluation. There were no differences in demographic data, growth and socio-economic status. Significant differences with lower results in the TPE group were found in fine motor skills and in the Draw-a-Man Test. In the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, all subscales were below average in the TPE group, except the sequential processing scale. In the control group, all subscales were within the average range. By using strict exclusion criteria to eliminate other risk factors for minimal neurological dysfunction and poor cognitive development, we were able to focus on the effect of TPE. TPE seem to affect cognitive development and cause minor neurological dysfunction.

Some Trends in the Somatic Development of Children and Adolescents under Iodine-deficiency: Materials from the Saratov Region

2,106 girls and 2,169 boys from 7 to 17 were investigated in 2002-2004 in three urban settlements of the Saratov region (Povolzhje area): the town of Khvalynsk, population 15,000, with a low level of industrialization; the city of Balakovo, population 220,000, highly industrialized and with a nuclear power station; and the city of Saratov, population around 1,000,000 a regional capital, and also highly industrialized. The whole area, particularly the location of Khvalynsk, is also characterized by iodine deficiency (iodine concentration is 0.78 mkg/kg v. normal values of 5-7 mkg/kg). The program included about 30 anthropometric measurements, evaluation of developmental stages of secondary sexual characteristics, and information on menarcheal age by the status quo method. Information on parental occupation and education, as well as number of children per family was collected by questionnaire. For the analysis all the data were standardized, and further comparisons were made irrespective of age groups. The significance of differences was assessed by one-way ANOVA. For height, weight and chest circumference there are significant differences among the three populations (p < 0.001), with Khvalynsk children being the smallest in body height and weight. However, in chest circumference they are close to or even bigger (girls) than Balakovo children. The children from Khvalynsk are characterized by the lowest values for subcutaneous fat layer, both on the trunk and extremities. For the age of menarche, Khvalynsk girls have the highest values: 13 years 5 months (13.42). In Balakovo and Saratov, the corresponding figures are identical: 13 years 2 months (13.17). Secular changes in Khvalynsk and Saratov children are discussed as compared to the literature.

Somatische Entwicklung von sehr untergewichtig (&lt;1500 g) bzw. sehr unreif (&lt;32 SSW) geborenen Kindern

Objective: Concerning the long-term somatic development of children born with very low birth weight and/or born very premature,there are varying and sometimes contradictory statements. A follow-up study was carried out on premature-born children from Thuringia and Saxonia at pre-school and early school age in order to investigate the long-term somatic development of these children. Anthropological parameters were examined and compared with the data of a reference group. Methods: Of 75 boys and 53 girls aged 5 to 9.5 years with a birth weight of less than 1500 g and/or a a gestational age of less than 32 weeks the following anthropological characteristics were analysed after transformation into standard deviation scores (SDS): body height, body weight, body mass index, metric index and head circumference. Reference values were obtained from the Jena longitudinal study. Using multiple linear regression analysis, the influence of selected biological and socio-economic variables on the postnatal body height development was analysed. Results: At the age of 5 to 9.5 years the average SDS-values of body height, body weight, body mass index (only boys) and head circumference of premature-born children are significantly below reference values.There is a tendency to greater SDS-deviations in boys.The multiple linear regression model presented here shows that birth weight, gestational age, parental body height and rank in the birth order significantly influence the postnatal development of the body height. Conclusions: has been shown that on average premature-born children have not caught up on their retardation by pre-school and beginning-of-school age.The individual development of these children varies considerably due to constitutional, neonatal and social factors.

Somatic development of children and adolescents in the city of Vršac, with special reference to the secular trend

Somatic development of 827 persons of both sexes aged 11–18 has been examined at Vrsac. Anthropometric measurement was carried out using the method of the International Biological Programme. Statistically arranged data were compared with the findings of Marija Stambuk, also of cross-sectional character, published in 1937. It has been established that modern youth generations of both sexes of those ages are of higher stature, heavier body mass, wider chest circumference, longer biacromial and bitrochanteric diameter and of larger vital capacity.