Solvent-free System Research Articles

Physicochemical, functional, and digestibility properties of rice starches esterified with gulupa seed oil (Passiflora edulis Sims. f. edulis)

ABSTRACT The structural modification of starch improves its physicochemical and functional properties and develops new material. Our study aimed to modify rice starch obtained from three varieties using a solvent-free system involving gulupa seed oil and lipase B from Candida antarctica. We characterized six starches (native and modified), performed a digestibility test, and determined the particle sizes, zeta potentials, and calorimetric differences between the materials. All the starches presented a charged surface between −41.6 and −58.9 mV. The modified starches’ fatty acid profiles changed according to the rice variety used, namely, the proportions of C14, C16, and C18 acids. The modified Clearfield, F60, and Oryzica 1 starches showed fatty acid content increased 85%, 23%, and 73%, respectively. The features presented by the three varieties of starch open up the possibility of their industrial application; furthermore, the starch modification process presents economic and environmental advantages.

Improved Catalytic Performance of Lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0 via Immobilization for the Sustainable Production of Flavor Esters—Adsorption Process and Environmental Assessment Studies

The aim of this study was to produce several flavor esters via esterification of octanoic acid with different commercial short-chain alcohols (methanol, propanol, isoamyl alcohol, hexanol and benzyl alcohol) and fusel oil in solvent-free systems. Lipase Eversa® Transform 2.0 immobilized via mechanism of interfacial activation on poly(styrenene-divinylbenzene) (PSty-DVB) beads was used as heterogeneous biocatalyst and its catalytic performance was compared with that of the soluble lipase. The heterogeneous biocatalyst was prepared by employing 5 mmol·L−1 buffer sodium acetate at pH 5.0 and 25 °C using an initial protein loading of 40 mg·g−1. The maximum amount of immobilized protein reached was 31 mg·g−1, corresponding to an immobilization yield of 80%. Mass transfer studies demonstrated that the lipase was preferentially adsorbed inside the pores of the support, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Lipase immobilization can be described by a pseudo-first-order kinetic model via a physisorption process. When used as biocatalysts of the target reactions, the highest conversion percentage (between 65% and 85% of acid conversion after 60–90 min of reaction) values were achieved for esterification reactions catalyzed by immobilized lipase. Reusability tests revealed high retention of the original activity of the immobilized lipase after six successive batch reactions using isoamyl alcohol (47%) and fusel oil (72%). The proposed reaction systems can be considered green processes (EcoScale score above 80), with exception of methanol medium, classified as an acceptable green process (EcoScale score of 68). These results show that the heterogeneous biocatalyst prepared can be an economic and sustainable option for flavor esters production on an industrial scale.

Biocatalytic intensified process for the synthesis of neopentyl glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate

Emollient esters are widely used ingredients in the cosmetics industry. Their chemical synthesis requires the use of high temperatures and polluting acid catalysts, resulting in environmentally unfriendly processes.This paper describes, for the first time, the biocatalytic synthesis process of the cosmetic ingredient neopentyl glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate (INCI name), a mixture of branched diesters with excellent emollient properties. The co-esterification of the acids with the alcohol is carried out in a solvent-free system, using the biocatalyst Lipozyme®435, a commercial immobilized derivative of Candida antarctica lipase B marketed by Novozymes.Process intensification has been approached by acting on three different aspects. Firstly, the use of solvent-free systems provides higher yields by operating with smaller reactor volumes. Secondly, the inhibition of the enzymatic activity caused by caprylic and capric acids has determined the need to implement a new reaction strategy consisting in the use of a fed-batch reactor, in which the acid is added to the reactor using a peristaltic pump in order to maintain an optimal acid concentration that minimizes the inhibition effects. Finally, the reusability of the biocatalyst used has been verified, allowing it to be used in at least five consecutive reaction cycles without noticeable loss of activity.All this results in an efficient synthesis process with a process productivity of 0.15 kg product/L reactor·h and a biocatalyst productivity of 167.09 kg product/kg biocatalyst. Only 6 h are needed, operating in a fed-batch reactor at 80 °C, to obtain a product with 92.5% purity. In addition, the most commonly used sustainability indicators have been calculated, reflecting that the biocatalytic process developed for the synthesis of neopentyl glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate complies with many of the principles of "green chemistry" and is suitable for future implementation on an industrial scale.

Transesterification of castor oil catalyzed by a fermented solid produced by Burkholderia contaminans using a bioreactor coupled with ultrasound irradiation.

In this work, ultrasound was used to assist the ethanolysis of castor oil in a solvent-free system, catalyzed by a dry fermented solid containing the lipase from Burkholderia contaminans (BCFS). Reactions were done at 45°C. The maximum conversion in Erlenmeyer flasks was 71% in 96h, using a loading of 9% (mass of BCFS in relation to the mass of triacylglycerols in the castor oil) and a molar ratio of ethanol:oil of 6:1, with addition of ethanol in 12 steps. In a packed-bed reactor containing 12g of BCFS, the conversions were 78% in 48h, and 83% in 72h with an ethanol to oil molar ratio of 3:1 and treatment with an ultrasound probe, with maximum power of 500W, frequency of 20kHz, and 75% of the maximum power. These results are promising given that, with an ultrasound assisted bioreactor, a higher conversion in a shorter time was achieved, with a lower ethanol to oil molar ratio than was the case in the Erlenmeyer flasks without ultrasound.

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of 1,3-diacylglycerols containing stearidonic, γ-linolenic and α-linolenic acids in a solvent-free system

1,3-Diacylglycerols (1,3-DAG) are minor components in edible oils with potential for the management of overweight and obesity. In this work, 1,3-DAG containing stearidonic acid (SDA), γ-linolenic acid (GLA), and α-linolenic acid (ALA), were synthesized by lipase-mediated catalysis following a Taguchi experimental design. SDA, GLA, and ALA are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) able to act as precursors of anti-inflammatory lipid mediators in the human body and may help with prevention or relief of inflammatory diseases. Solvent-free synthesis of 1,3-DAG was successfully performed by esterifying glycerol with free fatty acids (FFA) obtained from Echium plantagineum seed oil. Crude reaction products were further purified by saponification. Two lipases (Lipozyme® RM-IM and Lipozyme® 435) and three variables (substrate molar ratio, lipase load and reaction time) were used to optimize the reaction conditions. At the optimal conditions, 88.7 mol% of DAG was produced (68.0 mol% 1,3-DAG and 20.7 mol% 1,2-DAG) using Lipozyme® 435 at 60 °C, a glycerol:FFA molar ratio of 1:3, a lipase load of 2.0 wt%, and 4 h reaction time. Proportions of SDA, GLA and ALA in the 1,3-DAG were 32.7, 32.3 and 22.0% respectively. The synthesized 1,3-DAG have potential as functional ingredients in foods for weight and obesity management.

Multiple strategies for high-efficiency expression of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase in Pichia pastoris and production of biodiesel in solvent-free system

With the development of enzymatic routes toward biodiesel production, the process can be concerned in a commercial viewpoint. The main bottleneck is the high cost of lipases. In this study, multiple strategies were used to improve the expression level of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL) in Pichia pastoris. A recombinant P. pastoris with MFΔ signal peptide, 4 copies of tll gene and co-expression of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin was constructed. Under the optimal culture condition, the TLL activity induced by methanol reached 7770 U/mL. In order to alleviate the inhibitory effect of methanol on cell growth, an additional constitutive promoter PGCW14 was introduced and a one-step methyl ester induction strategy based on the double promoter expression system was adopted. When using biodiesel as inducer, the TLL activity reached 8700 U/mL, which was 29-fold higher relative to the original strain. Moreover, the fermentation supernatant can be used in solvent-free system to produce biodiesel. The highest biodiesel yield of 96 % was achieved after 60 h at 35 °C with TLL concentration of 30 U/g oil, water content of 20 % (w/w) and step-wise addition of methanol (methanol to oil ratio of 4:1). The strains and procedures described here provided a solid foundation for sustainable and economical enzymatic production of biodiesel.

Low-cost liquid lipase selective deacidification of corn oil with high triglyceride yield

In order to remove free fatty acids (FFA) in crude oil and improve edible oil quality, deacidification was often used in oil refining. In this work, several liquid enzymes were firstly screened for the selective deacidification of the degummed corn oil, and ethanol was used as a novel fatty acyl acceptor in solvent-free system, which showed a good selective deacidification efficiency and high triglyceride yield. Reaction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology as follows: 3 % enzyme dosage and 20:1 substrate ratio (alcohol/FFA) at 50 °C for 50 min. Under these conditions, the acid value, yield of neutral oil, and contents of sterol and vitamin E of corn oil were 0.31 ± 0.06 mgKOH/g, 94.0 ± 0.5 %, 1,012.9 ± 11.2 mg/100 g, and 1,320.0 ± 3.8 mg/kg, respectively. Meanwhile, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were investigated. These results showed that this process was beneficial to selective deacidification, high yields of neutral oil and bioactive components in corn oil.

Easy and Fast Production of Solketal from Glycerol Acetalization via Heteropolyacids.

This work presents an effective and fast procedure to valorize the main waste produced from the biodiesel industry, i.e., the glycerol. The acetalization of glycerol with acetone represents an effective strategy to produce the valuable solketal, a fuel additive component. In this work, the catalytic efficiency of different commercial heteropolyacids (HPAas) was compared under a solvent-free system. The HPAs used were H3[PW12O40] (PW12), H3[PMo12O40] (PMo12) and H4[SiW12O40] (SiW12). The influence of reactional parameters such as reactants stoichiometry, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature were investigated in order to optimize experimental conditions to increase cost-efficiency and sustainability. HPAs demonstrated to be highly efficient for this type of reaction, presenting a high and fast glycerol conversion, with high selectivity to solketal under sustainable conditions (solvent-free system and room temperature medium). The activity of HPAs using 3% to glycerol weight and a glycerol/acetone ratio of 1:15 followed the order: PW12 (99.2%) > PMo12 (91.4%) > SiW12 (90.7%) as a result of the strong acidic sites after 5 min. In fact, only 5 min of reaction were needed to achieve 97% of solketal product in the presence of the PW12 as a catalyst. This last system presents an effective, selective and sustainable catalytic system to valorize glycerol.

Effects of temperature change on the rheological property of modified multiwall carbon nanotubes

Solvent-free nanofluids hold promise for many technologically significant applications. The liquid-like behavior, a typical rheological property of solvent-free nanofluids, has aroused considerable interests. However, there has been still lack of efficient methods to predict and control the liquid-like behavior of solvent-free nanofluids. In this paper, we propose a semi-discrete dynamic system with stochastic excitation describing the temperature change effects on the rheological property of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) modified by grafting sulfonic acid terminated organosilanes as corona and tertiary amine as canopy, which is a typical covalent-type solvent-free nanofluid system. The vibration of the grafting branches is simulated by employing a structure-preserving approach, and the shear force of grafting branches at the fixed end is computed subsequently. By taking the shear forces as an excitation acting on the MWCNTs, the axial motion of the MWCNTs is solved with the 7-point Gauss-Kronrod quadrature rule. The critical temperature associated with the appearance of the liquid-like behavior as well as the upper bound of the moving speed of the modified MWCNTs is determined, which can be used to predict and control the liquid-like behavior of the modified MWCNTs in engineering applications.

Effect of Different Zeolite Supports on the Catalytic Behavior of Platinum Nanoparticles in Cyclohexene Hydrogenation Reaction

In this study, 1 wt% platinum (Pt) nanoparticles were incorporated into five types of zeolites (HY, Beta, mordenite, ZSM-5, and ferrierite) with an impregnation technique. The synthesis strategy included the use of water as a solvent for the applied Pt source. Moreover, the incorporation process was performed at ambient conditions followed by calcination at 450 °C. The five prepared materials were characterized by different physical and chemical characterization techniques and the obtained results confirmed the formation of Pt nanoparticles with an average size of 5–10 nm. The catalytic performance of the prepared materials was evaluated in the hydrogenation of cyclohexene under a solvent-free system at room temperature. Pt nanoparticles supported on ZSM-5 zeolite exhibited the best catalytic performance. Moreover, the optimization of operational conditions such as temperature, pressure, and catalyst amount was investigated and the obtained results showed the possibility to convert 100% of cyclohexene within 35 min over Pt-ZSM-5. Finally, the reusability of the Pt-ZSM-5 catalyst was investigated in four consecutive runs without treatment and the obtained results showed a negligible activity loss.

Synthesis, Structure, and Catalytic Activities of Two Multi-Rh-Decorated Polyoxometalates.

Two multi-Rh-incorporated polyoxometalates [NH2(CH3)2]10[Na4(H2O)8]H3[As4W42O142(OH)4(CH3COO)2Rh3(H2O)4]·13H2O·4[NH(CH3)2] (1) and [K4Na(H2O)6]KH10[As4W40O140Rh4(H2O)4]·34H2O (2) have been synthesized in acetate buffer solution. Polyanion 1a is built up atop of an acetate-modified rectangular framework [As4W42O142(OH)4(CH3COO)2]26-, while polyanion 2a contains a pure inorganic cryptand [As4W40O140]28-. All Rh atoms of these two compounds share the same hexa-coordinate distorted-octahedral geometry and are embedded into their cavities through As-Rh bonding with a bond length around 2.304(4)-2.436(5) Å. Besides, they not only represent structural novelty but also demonstrate controllable proton conduction properties. Catalysts 1 and 2 can catalyze cycloaddition of epoxides with CO2 in a solvent-free system in conjunction with 1-ethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bromide.

Study on a novel enzymatic colon-targeted particle of total saponins of Pulsatilla by mechanical grinding technology in a solvent free system

Oral colon-targeting preparation can achieve targeted drug release in the lesion site and have a great application prospect. In this study, we presented the principle of particle design in the field of materials science into the preparation of colon-targeting preparation. Enzymatic Pulsatilla saponins Colon-targeting composite Microparticles (EPCM) were prepared by mechanical grinding without any organic solvent. Firstly, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) designed by Box-Behnken was used to optimize the preparation process of EPCM, and the structure of EPCM was characterized. All-Atomic and Molecular Dynamics (AAMD) was used to calculate the compatibility between drugs and coating materials before and after release, so as to explain the principle of colon- targeted drug release in this method. Then, colon-targeting characteristics of EPCM in vitro and in vivo were investigated by experiments. Finally, the pharmacodynamics effects of this composite microparticles on Ulcerative Colitis (UC) induced by DSS in C57BL/6 mice were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the colon-targeting composite microparticles could be prepared by mechanical grinding based on particle design principle. The composite microparticles have appropriate colon-targeting drug release performance in vitro and in vivo, and have good anti-ulcerative colitis effect. This study provides a new idea for the preparation of oral colon-targeting preparation of Traditional Chinese medicine, and has evident reference value for the study of coating isolation and powder modification of traditional Chinese medicine for other purposes.

Enzymatic synthesis of mono- and disubstituted phospholipids by direct condensation of oleic acid and glycerophosphocholine with immobilized lipases and phospholipase

Lysophospholipids which contain polyunsaturated fatty acids play a key role in food and cosmetic industries because of their bioactivity. Therefore, the formation of mono- and disubstituted phospholipids is quite interesting as they could be used for the formation of different natural liposomes.Using immobilized derivatives of lipases and phospholipases, the esterification of oleic acid with glycerophosphocholine (GPC) has been studied. Thus, derivatives were quite active in completely anhydrous media and in solvent-free reaction systems where the reaction takes place.CALB biocatalyst was able to successfully form oleoyl-LPC at 60 °C in the presence of 30 % butanone, where the synthesis rate was 100 times higher than in the absence of solvents at 40 °C. On the other hand, the best synthesis rate for dioleoyl-PC was achieved with immobilized Lecitase in a solvent-free process at 60 °C, an 83 % synthesis yield was achieved with an initial synthesis rate of 4.32 mg/mL × h × g.

Magnetic cross-linked lipase aggregates coupled with ultrasonic pretreatment for efficient synthesis of phytosterol oleate

In this study, coupling with substrate ultrasonic pretreatment technology, magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4) was used as novel biocatalyst for efficient preparation of phytosterol oleate in solvent-free reaction system. The CRL loading was 0.16 mg protein/mg CRL-FIL- CLEAs@Fe3O4. The effects of ultrasonic parameters, catalyst dosage, substrate molar ratio, and reaction temperature on the synthesis of phytosterol esters were studied. The results showed that the catalytical properties of CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4 (7.09±0.11 µmol phytosterol/mg protein. hour) was significantly improved compared with natural lipase from Candida rugosa (CRL, 5.13±0.21 µmol phytosterol/mg protein. hour). Simultaneously, ultrasonic pretreatment greatly enhanced substrate mass transfer, further reducing the esterification time. The max conversion rate 94.72% of phytosterol was obtained after 9 h reaction under optimum condition (the molar ratio of oleic acid to phytosterol was 6:1, the concentration of CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4 was 10 wt% of the phytosterol mass). After five recycles, the activity of CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4 (80.02%) was still 2.68 times higher than that of natural lipase system (29.91%). Meanwhile, the novel immobilized lipase (CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4) before and after reaction was characterized by SEM, AFM, VSM, TEM, and TGA. The results showed that CRL-FIL-CLEAs@Fe3O4 was a robust and recyclable biocatalyst for phytosterol esterification.

Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frame Derived Magnetic Co-Based Catalyst for Highly Efficient Oxidation of Aldehyde by Oxygen in Solvent-Free System

Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frame Derived Magnetic Co-Based Catalyst for Highly Efficient Oxidation of Aldehyde by Oxygen in Solvent-Free System

One-pot enzymatic synthesis of hydrophilicity and lipophilicity caffeoyl structured lipids using diacylglycerols as acceptor in solvent-free system

Caffeic acid, the naturally polyphenolic substance in coffee, fruits, vegetables and olive oil, exhibits well-known antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Overcoming its shortcomings in solubility, a one-pot approach for the lipase enzymatic transesterification synthesis of hydrophilicity and lipophilicity caffeoyl structured lipids from ethyl caffeate (EC) was established using diacylglycerols as acceptor in a solvent-free system. The results showed that food-grade Lipozyme® 435 showed the best catalytic activity for the reaction. More lipophilicity caffeoylated acylglycerols (CAGs) were selectively formed than that of hydrophilicity glyceryl caffeates (GCs) when diacylglycerols were used as caffeoyl acceptors. The activation energies for EC conversion and for the selective formations of GCs and CAGs were 52.38, 48.30, 53.79 kJ/mol for distearate (DStG), and 53.71, 62.60, 48.96 kJ/mol for Enova oil, respectively. Investigating various reaction parameters (time, temperature, enzyme dosage, and substrate ratio), the maximum EC conversion and caffeoyl structured lipids yields were achieved at 92.2% and 89.6% for DStG, and 92.3% and 90.8% for Enova oil, respectively. Using DStG as representative caffeoyl receptors, a controllable selective synthesis of high GCs and CAGs (56.8%, 54.6%) was achieved from the established response surface model. This research provides an alternative route for hydrophilicity and lipophilicity caffeoyl ester derivatives synthesis and extends the application of caffeic acid.

Designing New Sustainable Polyurethane Adhesives: Influence of the Nature and Content of Diels-Alder Adducts on Their Thermoreversible Behavior.

With a view to the development of new sustainable and functional adhesives, two Diels–Alder (DA) adducts are incorporated as a third component into the curing process of solvent-based and solvent-free polyurethanes in this study. The influence of the nature and content of the DA molecules on the retro-DA (rDA) reaction and its reversibility and cyclability is investigated. It is demonstrated that the bonding/debonding properties of the adhesives are mainly controlled by the concentration of the DA adducts, with a minimum thermoreversible bond (TB) content required that depends on the system and the total ratio between all the diols in the formulation. For the solvent-based system, rDA/DA reversibility can be repeated up to ~20 times without deterioration, in contrast to the solvent-free system where a gradual loss in the DA network reconstruction efficiency is observed. Despite this limitation, the solvent-free system presents clear advantages from an environmental point of view. The changes observed in the physical properties of these new thermoreversible adhesives are of great relevance for recycling strategies and, in particular, their potential for separating multilayered film packaging materials in order to recycle the individual polymer films involved.

Amphiphilic halloysite nanotube enclosing molybdenum oxide as nanoreactor for efficient desulfurization of model fuels

Hollow nanomaterials are regarded as the outstanding supports due to their confinement effect and stable carries, which can enhance the performance of the supported catalysts and even simplify the process. In this work, halloysite nanotubes (HNT) are chosen as the support due to their monoclinic tubular structures with two different surface compositions and charges. By a simple impregnation-calcination approach, MoOx is immobilized in the internal surface of HNT, then modify with organosilanes on the external surface of HNT to yield the amphiphilic Mo/HNT/S nanoreactor. The catalyst exhibits prominent activity for oxidative desulfurization in solvent-free system, the desulfurization rate of dibenzothiophene (DBT) reaches 100 % and the turnover frequency (TOF) value reaches 67.5 h−1 at 60 °C with 15 min, which is higher than most reported Mo-based catalysts. The hydrophobic surface enables the nanoreactor to be well dispersed in oil phase, and H2O2 solution in the hydrophilic cavity can extract DBT to form a concentrated microenvironment of the reactants and reactive oxygen species. The confinement function of the HNT nanoreactor can enhance the activity and stability of active ingredients (MoOx) over at least 5 cycles. Additionally, oxidation products can be retained in the hydrophilic lumen and completely separated from the model fuel. This amphiphilic catalytic system eliminates the following solvent extraction step in the ODS procedure. Thus, the catalyst is a promising candidate for large-scale industrial application.

Lipase-catalyzed production of pyridoxine monolaurate in solvent-free bioreactor system

This study demonstrated that solvent-free gas bubbling system enhanced production efficiency of pyridoxine monolaurate in the esterification catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (Lipozyme 435). Volumetric productivity in solvent-free gas bubbling system (41.24 mmol/L/h) was 3.7 and 2.1-fold higher than those in conventional organic solvent system (11.10 mmol/L/h) and solvent-free system (19.86 mmol/L/h) using magnetic stirring, respectively. Among the three bioreactor systems, solvent-free gas bubbling system provided the best reusability of the lipase retaining 94.45 % of initial activity for six batch reactions. In the bioreactor system, 5-O-lauroyl-pyridoxine was regioselectively produced with maximum production of 371.17 mmol/L at 70 °C and 0.10 of substrate molar ratio ([pyridoxine]/[lauric acid]) for 9 h. Pyridoxine monolaurate exhibited interfacial activity at oil-water interfaces, suggesting it had emulsifying properties. Pyridoxine monolaurate is expected to be applied as a multi-functional emulsifier with nutritional values to replace both small molecule emulsifiers and pyridoxine hydrochloride in fortified beverages.

Green Synthesis Optimization of Glucose Palm Oleate and Its Potential Use as Natural Surfactant in Cosmetic Emulsion

This study aimed to optimize the green synthesis of glucose palm oleate catalyzed by Carica papaya Lipase (CPL) through transesterification in a solvent-free system. Palm olein was used as a fatty acid donor for transesterification reactant and was also employed as a reaction medium. Reaction optimization was performed by using response surface methodology (RSM). Seventeen synthesis conditions were generated by a Box–Behnken design and the products were further determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Fatty acid compositions of palm olein identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) found that oleic acid (51.77 ± 0.67%) and palmitic acid (37.22 ± 0.48%) were major components. The synthesis variable factors of 50 °C, 45 h reaction time, and 1400 U of CPL were predicted by the RSM to be optimum conditions and thus provided the highest glucose palm oleate of 0.3542 mmol/g. Conjugation between palm olein fatty acids and glucose via transesterification resulted in glucose palm oleate being obviously verified by UPLC, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analyses. The synthesized sugar fatty acid ester revealed an HLB value of 6.20 represented by the lowest % creaming index (%CI) of 35.40 ± 3.21%. It also exhibited a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 3.16 × 10−5 M. This study is the first report to reveal the transesterification of glucose and palm olein catalyzed by CPL in a system without using any solvent. Glucose palm oleate has been shown to be derived from an environmentally friendly synthesis process and would be promising as a potential alternative natural surfactant for cosmetic application.